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1.
Adult Levant vole (Microtus guentheri) females, which at the age of 1 or 4 days had been in direct contact for 2 h with filter paper impregnated with a suspension of diethylstilbestrol dipropionate (DES) in soybean oil (0.125 mg DES/cm2), or whose nursing mothers had been in similar contact with DES during that period, were found to be sterile in the overwhelming majority of cases. Females slightly older (5–6 days old) at the time of such contact with DES (direct, or through their nursing mothers) retained their fertility.  相似文献   

2.
A. German 《Phytoparasitica》1982,10(2):111-112
Placement of paper strips impregnated with a suspension of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in soybean oil into the cage of a pregnant Levant vole (Microtus guentheri [D. & A.]) causes disruption of pregnancy in almost all cases, provided the DES concentration is at least 0.062 mg/cm2 and the total area of the strips is at least 100 cm2. When the total strip area is 50 cm2 or the DES concentration is 0.031 mg/cm2, the activity of the strips is markedly reduced.  相似文献   

3.
A. German 《Phytoparasitica》1981,9(3):171-177
Reproduction of 105 females of Levant vole (Microtus guentheri), which ingested diethylstilbestrol (DES) with their mothers’ milk at the age of 0–12 days, and of 62 control females, was studied. In most cases ingestion of DES did not cause sterility, but delayed sexual maturity by 1.5–2 months. This delay was observed in all of the females which ingested DES when they were newborn and 1 day old, in 50% of those that received it at the age of 2 days, and in only 30–40% of those that received it at an older age. Ingestion of DES had no effect on litter size or sex ratio. The total pup production of females which were given DES through their mothers’ milk was about half that of control females.  相似文献   

4.
When strips of filter paper impregnated with a suspension of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in soybean oil are placed in the cage of a female Levant vole, they have the same effect as injection or ingestion of DES (i.e., perforation of the vagina, interruption of pregnancy, and cessation of reproduction). However, as distinct from the relatively brief effect of ingested or injected DES, the effect of these impregnated paper strips lasts 1.5-2 months, or longer. This makes it feasible to use the contact method of chemosterilization for the suppression of vole reproduction in the field.  相似文献   

5.
Citrus fruits were treated with wax coatings containing sodium 2-phenylphenate tetrahydrate (SOPP) and stored at 10 °C. No injuries appeared during 30 days' storage in Valencia oranges sprayed with waxes containing up to 4.75% of SOPP, or during 70 days' storage in Shamouti oranges and in grapefruit dipped in waxes containing up to 2.16% of SOPP. In Shamouti oranges and grapefruit dipped in waxes containing 3.1 to 3.88% of SOPP, injuries appeared at the beginning of storage. In non-injured fruits, the amounts of SOPP applied by waxing did not exceed 74.7 μg/cm2 of the fruit surface and the 2-phenylphenol (OPP) residues in the fruits did not exceed 36.8 parts/million; in injured fruits the amounts of SOPP applied varied between 105.1 and 211.3 μg/cm2 and the OPP residues between 41.5 and 123.6 parts/million. In non-injured fruit the amount of wax applied did not exceed 3.46 μl/cm2; in injured fruits the figure varied between 3.19 and 6.2 μg/cm2, suggesting that the wax coating concentrates at some places on the peel, causing injuries to the fruit. In injured grapefruit 7.93 μl/cm2 of wax was found on the injured part of the peel, and 3.21 μl/cm2 on the non-injured part, so that 124.6 μg of SOPP/cm2 corresponding to 61.6 parts/million of OPP in the fruit was applied to the fruit without causing injuries.  相似文献   

6.
采用室内生物测定和田间试验相结合的方法,研究了丙环唑和醚菌酯的药液浓度及雾滴密度与其对小麦白粉病防效的关系,首次提出了杀菌剂雾滴抑制中密度 (即达到50%抑制率时所对应的雾滴密度,EN50) 这一概念。结果表明:1)室内喷施丙环唑及醚菌酯药液,当丙环唑质量浓度从0.01 g/L提高到1.0 g/L时,对应的EN50值从18.7 cm–2下降至5.1 cm–2,EN90值从755.8 cm–2下降至92.8 cm–2,雾滴杀伤半径 (r50) 从0.92 mm增大到1.77 mm;当醚菌酯质量浓度从0.01 g/L提高到1.0 g/L时,对应的EN50值从227.1 cm–2下降至1.0 cm–2,EN90值从596.1 cm–2下降至26.9 cm–2,雾滴杀伤半径从0.27 mm增大到4.00 mm。2)田间使用MG-1S植保无人机和背负式电动喷雾器喷施丙环唑和醚菌酯防治小麦白粉病,无人机施药液量为15.0 L/hm2,药液质量浓度为5.0 g/L时,在小麦旗叶及倒二叶的雾滴密度分别为29.7和9.5 cm–2,喷施丙环唑和醚菌酯3、5、7 d后,对小麦白粉病的防效分别为41.9%、80.7%、90.2%和30.8%、67.9%、84.5%;电动喷雾器施药液量为450.0 L/hm2,药液质量浓度为0.17 g/L时,在小麦旗叶及倒二叶的雾滴密度分别为287.9和204.2 cm–2,喷施丙环唑和醚菌酯3、5、7 d后的防效分别为42.1%、85.3%、94.3%和28.5%、80.1%、90.5%。研究表明,田间施用丙环唑和醚菌酯时,无需把叶片全部喷湿,只需达到一定雾滴密度即可;运用植保无人机进行高浓度、低容量喷雾时,10~30 cm–2雾滴量即可达到理想的防治效果。  相似文献   

7.
Earthworm populations in apple orchard plots sprayed with benomyl and thiophanate-methyl were greatly reduced. Lumbricus terrestris, a surface-feeding species, was not found in the treated plots. Captive worms would not feed on leaf material with spray deposits of benomyl, MBC and thiophanate-methyl at 1.75 μg/cm2, and feeding was significantly reduced when deposits were 0.87 μg/cm2. There was 100 % kill of worms in pots of soil within 14 days following a benomyl drench at the rate of 7.75 kg/ha, and a 60 % kill following a drench at the rate of 1.55 kg/ha. Worms immersed for 1 min in benomyl suspensions of 0.05 or 0.5 % died within 27 and 13 days respectively; those immersed in lower concentrations would not feed for 2 weeks but eventually did so. It is suggested that the lethal effects of benomyl may be due to anti-cholinesterase activity of the carbamate moiety of the molecule.  相似文献   

8.
Colony growth and germ tube emergence of sporangia and encysted zoospores of Phytophthora infestans were highly sensitive to cymoxanil (ED50 0.5–1.5 μg/ml), whereas differentiation of sporangia and zoospore release were insensitive at concentrations up to 100 μg/ml. Treated sporangia did not show distorted germ tubes. Oxygen consumption for glucose oxidation by germinating sporangia and zoospore motility were not inhibited at concentrations up to 100 μg/ml. Cymoxanil hardly affected the uptake of radiolabeled precursors of DNA, RNA, and protein at concentrations up to 100 μg/ml. Incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine into protein was completely insensitive. RNA synthesis as measured by [3H]uridine incorporation was differentially inhibited in the various developmental stages of the fungus. Inhibition did not occur at differentiation of sporangia, whereas at cyst and sporangial germination and mycelial growth this process was inhibited 20–45% at a concentration of 100 μg cymoxanil/ml. Endogenous RNA polymerase activity of isolated nuclei was not inhibited by cymoxanil. DNA synthesis as measured by [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation was inhibited 20–80% at the various stages of development at cymoxanil concentrations higher than 10 μg/ml. Metalaxyl, a specific inhibitor of ribosomal RNA synthesis, inhibited [3H]uridine incorporation 40–60% at all developmental stages. The data suggest that although DNA synthesis is affected more than RNA synthesis, inhibition of both biosynthetic processes is a secondary effect. The primary mode of action of cymoxanil thus remains unknown.  相似文献   

9.
The effect of fungicide spray droplet density (droplet cm-2), droplet size, and proximity of the spray droplet deposit to fungal spores was investigated with Mycosphaerella fijiensis ascospores on the banana (Musa AAA) leaf surface for two contact fungicides: chlorothalonil and mancozeb. When droplet size was maintained at a volume median diameter (VMD) of 250 μm while total spray volume per hectare changed, M. fijiensis ascospore germination on the leaf surface fell below 1% for both fungicides at a droplet deposit density of 30 droplet cm-2. At a droplet deposit density of 50 droplet cm-2, no ascospores germinated in either fungicide treatment. When both droplet size and droplet cm-2 varied while spray volume was fixed at 20 litre ha-1, ascospore germination reached 0% at 10 droplet cm-2 (VMD=602 μm) for both fungicides. At lower droplet densities (2–5 droplet cm-2 VMD=989 μm and 804 μm respectively), ascospore germination on the mancozeb-treated leaves was significantly lower than on the chlorothalonil-treated leaves. The zone of inhibition surrounding a fungicide droplet deposit (VMD=250 μm) on the leaf surface was estimated to extend 1·02 mm beyond the visible edge of the spray droplet deposit for chlorothalonil and 1·29 mm for mancozeb. The efficacy of fungicide spray droplet deposit densities which are lower than currently recommended for low-volume, aerial applications of protectant fungicides was confirmed in an analysis of leaf samples recovered after commercial applications in a banana plantation. Calibrating agricultural spray aircraft to deliver fungicide spray droplets with a mean droplet deposit density of 30 droplet cm-2 and a VMD between 300 and 400 μm will probably reduce spray drift, increase deposition efficiency on crop foliage, and enhance disease control compared to aircraft calibrated to spray finer droplets. © 1997 SCI.  相似文献   

10.
American cockroaches injected with sublethal doses of DDT (0.75 μg/roach) at 5-day intervals showed a 40% reduction in oligomycin-sensitive Mg2+ATPase from muscle homogenates, and a 23% reduction of Na+-K+ATPase from nerve cords. Thus, the maximum effect measured occurred with the same enzyme and tissue as determined from in vitro studies. The metabolite, DDE, used at 15 μg per roach, gave no significant change in activity of the ATPase system following injection. In contrast, high single doses of DDT (7.5 μg/roach) and 100 μg DDE and dicofol per roach caused over 30% increase in oligomycin-sensitive Mg2+ATPase of muscle and a 10–15% increase in Na+-K+ATPase of nerve cords measured 24 and 48 hr later. While a similar response was observed for Mg2+ATPase activities in cockroaches that were immobilized, the increase in enzyme activities were much greater than that caused by the pesticides.  相似文献   

11.
The concentration of psoralens in celery (Apium graveolens L.), variety ‘Tender Crisp’, harvested 120 days after planting, was 12 μg g-1 f.wt, compared with 18 μg g-1 f.wt in celery harvested 150 days after planting. After 1 month of storage at 2°C, concentrations of psoralens in the 120- and 150-day-old celery were 82 and 118 μg g-1 f.wt, respectively. Concentrations of psoralens in the 120- and 150-day-old celery inoculated withBotrytis cinerea Pers., after 1 month of storage at 2°C, were 266 and 294 μg g-1 f.wt, respectively.  相似文献   

12.
I. Harpaz  M. Wysoki 《Phytoparasitica》1984,12(3-4):189-191
A 1% concentration ofBacillus thuringiensis wettable power (containing 16,000 IU/mg), applied at a rate of 48,000 IU/cm2, killed 95% of 4th-instar larvae of the carob moth,Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), after 66 h and 100% after 85 h of exposure in laboratory tests. The mortality caused by a 0.5% concentration (24,000 IU/cm2) was significantly lower and presumably inadequate for practical application against this pest.  相似文献   

13.
Using monosized oil-based droplets of dicofol against Tetranychus urticae eggs on 1 cm2 discs of bean leaf, the effects of varying droplet diameter (18–146 μm) and concentration of active ingredient (0.5–40 g litre?1) on egg mortality were investigated. A positive curvilinear relationship was found between the spacing of droplets required to produce 50% kill (LS50) and the original diameter of the droplet, D, such that: where b varied from 0.65 to 1.44 and bore a U-shaped relationship to concentration. Thus, there was an optimum concentration of about 10 g litre?1, with control efficiency reducing as much as nine times at the extreme concentrations, and even more from the smallest to the largest droplets. The theoretical, practical and economic implications are discussed.  相似文献   

14.
In a comparison of potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Czapek’s Dox broth (CDB) agar with and without benomyl, aa growth media forHelminthosporium pedicellatum Henry (Trichometasphaeria pedicellatum Nelson), PDA was 1.5 times more efficient than CDB under all conditions. Growth rate was negatively correlated with benomyl concentration, and was inhibited 11% and 74% at benomyl concentrations of 10 μg and 200 μar, respectively, on both media. Pure isolates of the fungus were recovered from corn roots only where roots had been sterilized with 10% sodium hypochlorite. Root sterilization may thus be more important than medium amendment in isolating pure cultures ofedicellatum from plant roots.  相似文献   

15.
3-Phenylindole is an antimicrobial compound active towards many fungi and gram-positive bacteria. At 5 μg/ml it inhibits growth of Aspergillus niger. Higher concentrations (50 μg/ml) also suppress spore germination; they do not kill the fungus. Dry weight of the fungus still increases for 1 or 2 days after fungicide treatment. The toxicant has no effect on O2 uptake even at higher concentrations (100 μg/ml). The compound markedly affects composition of the lipid fraction of A. niger inducing a decrease in phospholipid concentration with a coincident increase in free fatty acids. Sterol pattern and sterol concentration were not affected. Antifungal activity was reversed by phospholipids added to the medium. 3-Phenylindole induced a slight leakage of 32P-labeled compounds from the treated cells under growth conditions but not under nongrowth conditions. A strain of A. niger resistant to 3-phenylindole had the same phospholipid and sterol pattern as the wild type, but the level of both components was higher (40–60%). The 3-phenylindole-resistant strain showed resistance to triarimol and pimaricin. The wild type and the resistant strain both took up 3-phenylindole quite rapidly and accumulated it in the mycelium. 3-Phenylindole possibly interferes with phospholipid function in cell membranes, although the specific site of action has not yet been elucidated.  相似文献   

16.
Twenty trifluoromethylphenyl amides were synthesized and evaluated as fungicides and as mosquito toxicants and repellents. Against Aedes aegypti larvae, N-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzamide (1e) was the most toxic compound (24 h LC50 1940 nM), while against adults N-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (1c) was most active (24 h LD50 19.182 nM, 0.5 μL/insect). However, the 24 h LC50 and LD50 values of fipronil against Ae. aegypti larvae and adults were significantly lower: 13.55 nM and 0.787 × 10−4 nM, respectively. Compound 1c was also active against Drosophila melanogaster adults with 24 h LC50 values of 5.6 and 4.9 μg/cm2 for the Oregon-R and 1675 strains, respectively. Fipronil had LC50 values of 0.004 and 0.017 μg/cm2 against the two strains of D. melanogaster, respectively. In repellency bioassays against female Ae. aegypti, 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetamide (4c) had the highest repellent potency with a minimum effective dosage (MED) of 0.039 μmol/cm2 compared to DEET (MED of 0.091 μmol/cm2). Compound N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)hexanamide (4a) had an MED of 0.091 μmol/cm2 which was comparable to DEET. Compound 4c was the most potent fungicide against Phomopsis obscurans. Several trends were discerned between the structural configuration of these molecules and the effect of structural changes on toxicity and repellency. Para- or meta- trifluoromethylphenyl amides with an aromatic ring attached to the carbonyl carbon showed higher toxicity against Ae. aegypti larvae, than ortho- trifluoromethylphenyl amides. Ortho- trifluoromethylphenyl amides with trifluoromethyl or alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon produced higher repellent activity against female Ae. aegypti and Anopheles albimanus than meta- or para- trifluoromethylphenyl amides. The presence of 2,6-dichloro- substitution on the phenyl ring of the amide had an influence on larvicidal and repellent activity of para- trifluoromethylphenyl amides.  相似文献   

17.
The effects of two pesticides, dieldrin and captan, upon the growth and macromolecular syntheses of the vegetative cells of Dictyostelium discoideum strain Ax-2 were investigated. Dieldrin at a concentration of 5 μg/ml inhibited growth as well as the synthesis of RNA, DNA, and protein, while as little as 1 μg/ml of captan produced the same effects. After a 1-hr exposure to either pesticide, all macromolecular syntheses ceased. Within a period of 5 to 10 hr the amoebae began to shrink, and eventually some lysis occurred. Lysis was most pronounced in cells incubated with captan. When the amoebae were grown in the presence of 5 μg/ml of either pesticide and then washed and resuspended in fresh medium, the effects on growth were annulled. No growth inhibition was observed when 0.05 M cysteine was added prior to the addition of 5 μg/ml of captan. Further experimentation to study possible degradation effects of these two synthetic pesticides upon RNA and protein molecules showed that breakdown of these macromolecules into TCA-soluble units did not occur. Preliminary studies have also shown that [2-14C]uracil and [14C]amino acids are taken up in their respective pools in the presence of captan or dieldrin.  相似文献   

18.
噻唑锌是中国自主创新研制的高效噻二唑类有机锌杀菌剂，主要防治作物细菌性病害。为评价其对水生生物的危害，以大型溞Daphnia magna为研究对象，采用半静态法，将大型溞暴露于不同质量浓度的噻唑锌中，通过48 h和21 d暴露试验，分别研究了噻唑锌对大型溞的急性和慢性毒性效应，同时采用高效液相色谱 (HPLC) 分析方法进行了噻唑锌实际浓度分析，确保试验过程中噻唑锌浓度保持在可接受范围内。结果表明:噻唑锌对大型溞的48 h-EC50值为213.3 μg/L，剂量-效应方程为y = 3.08x ? 7.10 (r为0.93)；持续暴露21 d，一定浓度噻唑锌对大型溞有明显的毒性效应，其中4.26 μg/L浓度组对大型溞的各项生命指标均有显著影响 (P < 0.05)，与溶剂对照组相比，F0代大型溞单雌总产溞数和产胎数平均减少53.45%和31.15%，首胎时长平均延迟2.75 d，并可显著降低蜕壳次数，抑制溞体生长。所有观测指标中，噻唑锌对大型溞F0代单雌总产溞数、单雌产胎数和21 d体长的最高无可观察效应浓度 (NOEC) 为2.13 μg/L。同时，F1代染毒各处理组的单雌总产溞数和产胎数均有明显减少，溞体生长受抑制，但与溶剂对照组均没有显著性差异。在F1代大型溞恢复试验中，各观测指标与对照组相比均无显著差异，说明噻唑锌对大型溞子代影响不明显。研究结果表明，噻唑锌对亲代大型溞的生长发育和繁殖能力有不良影响，存在一定的水生生态风险。  相似文献   

19.
A combined TBZ — iprodione treatment was more effective in inhibiting growthin vitro ofBotrytis cinerea isolates obtained from decayed celery than either of the fungicides applied separately. This was exhibited for both TBZ-resistant and TBZ-sensitive isolates. TBZ at 500 (μg ml-1 plus iprodione at 1000 μg ml-1 reduced celery decay beyond the reduction obtained by each fungicide alone. When applied prior to inoculation, the combined treatment prevented decay by the TBZ-sensitive/iprodione-resistant isolates and reduced initial decay by the TBZ-resistant/iprodione-sensitive isolates to 3–10% of the level without treatment. Under natural infection conditions iprodione showed better decay control than TBZ, and at 1500 μg ml-1 it reduced initial decay during prolonged storage to 3% of the no-treatment level. Although TBZ (500 μg ml-1) or iprodione (1000 μg ml-1) applied separately reduced decay significantly, the combination of lower concentrations of each fungicide was sufficient to eliminate decay development almost totally. The combined treatment also inhibited decay bySclerotinia sclerotiorum, which contributed 3% of the total soft rot in stored celery.  相似文献   

20.
The purpose of this study was to examine the differential activities of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) with respect to atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-S-triazine] and EPTC (S-ethyldipropyl thiocarbamate) metabolism. GSH-S-transferase was isolated from proso millet shoots and roots. When assayed spectrophotometrically using CDNB (1-chloro 2,4-dinitrobenzene) as a substrate, the shoot enzyme had only 10% of the activity of corn shoot enzyme while the root enzyme had 33% the activity of corn root enzyme. However, when proso millet shoot GSH-S-transferase was assayed in vitro using 14C-ring-labeled atrazine, it degraded the atrazine to water-soluble products at the same rate as the corn shoot enzyme. Incubation of excised proso millet and corn roots with [14C]EPTC indicated that uptake of EPTC was similar in both plants. However, proso millet metabolized the EPTC to water-soluble products at only half the rate of corn. Glutathione levels of proso millet roots were 35.9 μg GSH/g fresh wt, compared with 65.4 μg GSH/g fresh wt for corn. However, a 2.5-day pretreatment with R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2-2-dichloroacetamide) elevated proso millet GSH levels to 62.7 μg GSH/g fresh wt. R-25788 did not elevate the activity of proso millet GSH-S-transferase, in contrast to its effects on corn. We conclude that differences in response to atrazine and EPTC in proso millet and corn are a result of their differential metabolism.  相似文献   

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