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作物土传病害的危害及防治技术 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
近20年来,保护地在中国有了较大的发展,而保护地的发展和作物的连年栽培,导致土传病害和根结线虫发生越来越重,连续栽培3~5年后,作物产量和品质受到严重的影响,已成为生产中的突出问题。本文简述了我国重要作物如玉米、小麦、棉花、大豆、油菜的土传病害种类,以及高附加值作物黄瓜、番茄、茄子、辣椒、瓜类等作物的土传病害种类和20年来的变化。介绍了土传病害的防治方法,如农业防治包括轮作、抗性品种、嫁接、有机质补充、生物熏蒸、厌氧消毒;物理防治技术如太阳能消毒、蒸汽消毒、热水消毒、火焰消毒;化学防治技术如氯化苦、棉隆、威百亩、二甲基二硫、异硫氰酸烯丙酯、硫酰氟;生物防治技术如木霉、枯草芽胞杆菌、荧光假单胞菌、植物促生菌,以及预防为主的综合防治技术。种子、种苗消毒技术在本文中也进行了介绍。 相似文献
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K. Reinink 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1986,92(1):3-14
From 1981 to 1984, 27 experiments were carried out to evaluate and develop the EPIPRE system for supervised pest and disease management in wheat. The results of these experiments led to an adjustment of the EPIPRE recommendation for control ofSeptoria spp. After this adjustment only minor differences remained between EPIPRE and the general recommendation in the number and type of sprays and in net yields. The EPIPRE advice models for stripe rust, leaf rust, mildew and cereal aphids were reliable. More research is needed onSeptoria spp. and the modelling of pesticide action and efficiency. Reduction in pesticide application as a result of using EPIPRE was less than was expected at the start of the EPIPRE project. A reason for this is that pesticide use in wheat in the Netherlands is low in comparison with surrounding countries. Application of sprays above the level of EPIPRE recommendation were often found to be economically worthwhile, but their economic advantage, compared to the adapted EPIPRE recommendation or to the general recommendation, was small and did not justify intensive, high-input crop protection strategies. EPIPRE had positive educational effects, but probably few short-term economic benefits for the farmer. This limits the participation in the advice system. In the future the EPIPRE information on disease and pest management will be incorporated into a computerized management system for wheat growing, that comprises all crop husbandry measures from sowing to harvest.Samenvatting Van 1981 tot 1984 werden 27 proeven uitgevoerd om het EPIPRE-systeem voor geleide bestrijding van ziekten en plagen in tarwe te evalueren en verder te ontwikkelen. De resultaten van deze experimenten gaven aanleiding tot een forse aanpassing van het EPIPRE-advies voorSeptoria spp. Na deze aanpassing verschilden het EPIPRE advies en het Algemene advies, zoals gegeven door de Voorlichtingsdientst, nog slechts weinig wat betreft het aantal en het type van de bespuitingen en de netto opbrengst. De EPIPRE-adviesmodellen voor gele roest, bruine roest, meeldauw en bladluizen bleken te voldoen. VoorSeptoria spp. en het modelleren van de werking en efficiëntie van bestrijdingsmiddelen is meer onderzoek nodig. De reductie in het gebruik van bestrijdingsmiddelen door gebruik van EPIPRE bleek minder te zijn dan aanvankelijk werd verwacht. Een van de redenen hiervoor is dat het gebruik van bestrijdingsmiddelen in de tarweteelt in Nederland laag is in vergelijking met omringende landen. Vaker spuiten dan EPIPRE adviseerde bleek vaak economisch verantwoord, maar het voordeel t.o.v. EPIPRE of het Algemene advies was klein en geeft geen reden om over te gaan tot intensieve bestrijdingsregimes. Deelnemers aan EPIPRE waarderen de educatieve aspecten van het systeem, maar hebben waarschijnlijk op korte termijn slechts weinig economische voordelen van deelname. Dit bemoeilijkt de uitbreiding van het aantal deelnemers. In de komende jaren zal de EPIPRE-advisering ingebouwd worden in een compleet geautomatiseerd teeltbegeleidingssysteem, dat alle belangrijke teelthandeling van zaaien tot oogsten zal bevatten. 相似文献
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为探明在小麦不同生育期施用新型杀菌剂丙硫菌唑及施用次数对小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON毒素总量[包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)?3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-ADON)?15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-ADON)]的控制效果, 2020年-2021年通过田间自然发病和人工接种发病试验的方法, 研究了小麦不同生育期施用丙硫菌唑及施用次数对小麦赤霉病的防效, 并通过液相色谱-串联质谱法测定了不同处理小麦籽粒中对DON毒素总含量?结果表明, 30%丙硫菌唑可分散油悬浮剂(OD)防治2次对小麦赤霉病的防效和对DON毒素的控制效果均显著高于防治1次; 防治2次时, 其首次最佳防治时期为小麦齐穗期至扬花20%, 防效为90.25%~95.13%, 毒素控制效果为77.35%~79.97%?30%丙硫菌唑OD作为防控小麦赤霉病的新型药剂具有良好的应用前景, 本研究为该药剂推广应用于小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON毒素的防控提供了科学依据? 相似文献
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M. Gerlagh J.J. Amsing W.M.L. Molhoek A.I. Bosker-van Zessen C.H. Lombaers-van Der Plas J. Köhl 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(4):377-386
In two successive seasons, the effect of treatment of geranium stock plants with the competitive saprophytic fungus Ulocladium atrum as a biocontrol agent against Botrytis cinerea was compared to a fungicide treatment with Euparene M. B. cinerea incidence and severity on the stock plants, B. cinerea spore load in the air around stock plants and death of cuttings due to B. cinerea were scored. B. cinerea incidence and severity were much stronger in the second than the first experiment. This was quantitatively expressed by higher numbers of conidia of B. cinerea monitored in the second than the first year, both on necrotic (a maximum for the control of 27.5 × 106 spores per sample - all necrotic leaves of five plants - in experiment 1 against 86 × 106 in experiment 2) and green leaves, but numbers of conidia of B. cinerea recovered from the air were only slightly different. The death rate of cuttings was moderate in the first and extremely high in the second experiment. For the fungicide treatment, maximum sample values of 7% and 76% of 6-week old cuttings were killed in the first and the second experiment respectively. Treatment with U. atrum was effective in reducing all parameters studied. With the exception of the spore load of B. cinerea in the air and the success of cuttings, the effect of U. atrum varied from as good as the fungicide to half as effective. In the first trial, only Euparene M reduced spore load in the air, in the second trial only U. atrum consistently did so. In the first trial U. atrum reduced death of 4-week old cuttings, though less than fungicide (1.2, 20 and 38% killed with fungicide treatment, U. atrum treatment and control respectively). In the second trial only the fungicide reduced loss of cuttings. The impact of the data on the integration of U. atrum in a control system of B. cinerea in geranium is discussed. 相似文献
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植物源羊脂酸除草活性及其响应机制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为研制新型植物源除草剂,需从植物中筛选具有除草活性的天然产物,本研究将椰子经物理压榨成椰子油,椰子油经皂化、酸化、蒸馏分段,再经气质联用仪鉴定其中具有除草活性的产物,并采用室内生测法和田间药效试验对该产物的除草活性进行评价,测定其在不同光照和浓度条件下对小飞蓬Conyza canadensis的3种防御酶——L-苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响。结果表明:从椰子油中筛选的具有除草活性的产物经鉴定为羊脂酸,气质色谱图中保留时间为6.20 min。羊脂酸具有较高的除草活性,EC_(50)为14.07 mg/L,100 m L的20%羊脂酸水乳剂喷施后15 d对20 m~2非耕地杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为90.25%和90.37%,即与对照药剂草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂除草效果相当。低浓度羊脂酸对小飞蓬的防御酶活性影响不显著,较高浓度下L-苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性显著上升,多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性显著下降,当光强为100~120μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、温度为18~20℃时,这种变化在完全黑暗条件下较完全光照条件下更为明显。表明羊脂酸除草机理可能与其抑制杂草的光合作用有关。 相似文献
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Growing chick‐pea in sustainable systems requires the use and development of more competitive genotypes which can complement the effects of reduced input weed control. A 2‐year study assessed the competitive ability of 13 genotypes grown in either the presence or absence of weeds, in a split‐plot design including the weeds in pure stands. Crop and weed density, phenology, relative biomass of crop (RBc) and weeds (RBw), crop yield characters, crop biometric traits in the absence of weeds, relative biomass total of mixtures (RBT) and crop competitive ability (Cb = ln RBc/RBw) were recorded. Lines C136, C120, C101 and C106, and cultivars Pascià, Visir and Sultano gave the best seed yield in the absence of weeds (1.8–2.0 t ha?1 DM). Weeds reduced yield by 75% and 83% in C136 and C133 and by 87–97% in the other genotypes. Weed biomass in mixture (mainly Chenopodium album) averaged 4.42 t ha?1 DM. Chick‐pea genotypes C136 and C133 were the most competitive, but weeds were more competitive than any of the chick‐peas. Cb was correlated directly to the height of first fertile pod (r2 = 0.84) and inversely to the insertion angle of primary branches to the vertical (r2 = 0.77). Intergenotypic variation for competitive ability could be exploited in integrated weed control using more competitive genotypes, or used in breeding programmes aimed to develop highly competitive cultivars on the basis of easily screenable characters. 相似文献
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桑天牛为杨树等林木重要蛀干害虫,在我国大部分地区广泛分布,且其防治是一个世界性的难题,通过对桑天牛在生物学特性、防治方法与技术等方面的研究进展进行综述,为桑天牛的综合治理提供参考。 相似文献
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桂林植物园白蚁防治研究初报 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
桂林植物园的树木受白蚁危害率为27.1％,其中以家白蚁(Coptotermes formosanus)、黄翅大白蚁(Macrotermes barneyi)危害最大,分别占总危害率的61.2％和36.5％。受害树种以樟树最为严重,占受害树种的73.8％。利用白蚁活巢的指示物鸡枞菌［Termitomyces albuminosus (Berk)］、三踏菌(Termitomyces sp.)进行挖巢灭蚁,取得很好的效果,4年来共挖巢329窝,取得很好的效果。 相似文献
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在蔬菜田对不同生物防治技术组合对叶菜害虫的控制作用及其生态、经济效益进行了研究和分析,结果表明:生物防治技术组合对菜心和芥蓝害虫的防治效果比以化学农药为主的防治效果更好,能显著增加田间天敌密度,并能明显提高经济效益。 相似文献
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从白菜根际土壤中分离到一株对白菜黑腐病菌具有显著拮抗效果的生防细菌CX03。根据生物学特征、生理生化分析、Biolog测定及多基因系统发育分析，鉴定菌株CX03为产酶溶杆菌Lysobacter enzymogenes。酶学试验结果表明，菌株CX03在代谢过程中产生纤维素酶、蛋白酶和几丁质酶。通过抑菌谱分析，证明菌株CX03具有广谱拮抗作用，对野油菜黄单胞野油菜致病变种、密执安棒杆菌密执安致病变种等5种病原细菌和尖孢镰孢菌、辣椒疫霉菌等4种病原真菌具有显著的拮抗效果。通过盆栽试验结果显示，菌株CX03处理组的白菜黑腐病症状明显减轻，防治效果达到90.4%，显著高于春雷霉素的防治效果84.1%。综上所述，本文首次报道了一株对植物病原细菌具有抗菌活性的产酶溶杆菌生防菌株CX03，其生防性状优良，在植物病害生物防治中具有一定的应用潜力，为国内生物防治研究提供了新的微生物资源。 相似文献
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J Hershenhorn B Zion E Smirnov A Weissblum N Shamir E Dor G Achdari H Ziadna A Shilo 《Weed Research》2015,55(1):42-50
Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge) is considered one of the most noxious weeds affecting agricultural areas worldwide. With its fast growth rate, it competes with annual crops for water, minerals, light and space. It excretes allelopathic materials that impede crop development. Controlling this weed is difficult and is done mostly by manual weeding, cultivation and herbicides, with limited effectiveness. A method was developed for the control of C. rotundus. A machine penetrates the soil and rearranges it, so that the tubers are lifted to the upper soil layer, where they are left exposed to the hot summer climate, dehydrate and die. The method was tested in seven field experiments on various soil types. Two months after the experimental plots were irrigated, 70–100% weed control was observed. The machine's speed (at 1.2 or 1.8 km h?1) and the number of treatments (one, or two treatments a month apart) did not influence the level of weed control. The method has a very high potential to replace manual weeding and application of herbicides. Further work will test whether the treatment has a long‐term effect or should be repeated every season. 相似文献
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Effect of anaerobic soil disinfestation amendment type and C:N ratio on Cyperus esculentus tuber sprouting,growth and reproduction 
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下载免费PDF全文 Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a cultural technique primarily targeted for control of soilborne plant pathogens, but can also impact weed propagules. A repeated pot study was conducted to evaluate ASD treatment impact on sprouting and growth of introduced Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) tubers using dry molasses‐based and wheat bran‐based amendment mixtures at four carbon‐to‐nitrogen (C:N) ratios (from 10:1 to 40:1) and compared with a non‐amended control. The mean percentage of sprouted tubers recovered after ASD treatment was lower for wheat bran‐based (42%) than dry molasses‐based (65%) amendments, and tuber production was 1.6‐fold higher in dry molasses‐based than wheat bran‐based treatments. The highest percentage of sprouted tubers (79%) and the highest mean production of large tubers (threefold higher than wheat bran‐based and 1.7‐fold higher than molasses‐based amendments) were observed for the non‐amended control. Tuber sprouting was significantly lower from all ASD treatments (regardless of amendment C:N ratio) compared with the non‐amended control at a 15 cm burial depth. New tuber production was lowest at C:N ratios of 10:1 and 20:1 and more than twofold higher in the non‐amended control. Wheat bran‐based amendments reduced above‐ground C. esculentus biomass compared with the non‐amended control and ASD treatments with molasses‐based amendments, and reduced below‐ground biomass compared with molasses‐based amendments. Above‐ground biomass was highest at amendment C:N ratio of 10:1, and below‐ground biomass was highest at amendment C:N ratio of 40:1 and the non‐amended control. ASD treatment with wheat bran‐based amendments at lower C:N ratios reduced tuber sprouting and reproduction compared with the non‐amended control, but not at rates high enough to use as a primary weed management tactic. 相似文献
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In plant disease management, surfactants are generally used in combination with pesticides to facilitate delivery of the pesticide chemicals to the target sites in plants, vectors, or pathogens. Their intended use is rarely for direct effect on plant pathogens. However, trends in recent studies have revealed an appreciable increase in their use for direct management of plant diseases. In this paper, we briefly review the progress made in the use of surfactants for disease management, as adjuvants and when applied for direct effect. We carried out experiments to evaluate the effect of selected synthetic surfactants (Cohere, Kinetic, Silwet-77, and Induce) on powdery mildew in squash and bacterial spot in tomato. Results from this study showed that the effect of surfactants on these pathogens is dependent on the type of plant pathogen or disease. All tested surfactants exhibited in vitro bactericidal activity against Xanthomonas perforans, a causal pathogen of bacterial spot of tomato. In the greenhouse, Cohere significantly reduced disease severity of powdery mildew in squash compared to the untreated control. Cohere also showed promise in field trials against bacterial spot of tomato, but the other surfactants tested promoted this disease. Our studies demonstrate the importance of evaluating surfactants for their use in management of plant diseases both for direct effect and as adjuvants in tank mix. 相似文献
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七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus和松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura作为多种害虫的天敌昆虫，广泛应用于生物防治中。本研究按标准采用药膜法分别测定了37%联苯·噻虫胺悬浮剂、24%溴虫腈·甲维盐悬浮剂、45%吡虫·虫螨腈悬浮剂和20%甲维盐·茚虫威悬浮剂四种杀虫剂对七星瓢虫2龄幼虫和松毛虫赤眼蜂成蜂的急性接触毒性，并进行了安全性评价。结果表明：37%联苯·噻虫胺悬浮剂、24%溴虫腈·甲维盐悬浮剂、45%吡虫·虫螨腈悬浮剂和20%甲维盐·茚虫威悬浮剂对七星瓢虫的LR50分别为0.0327、6.90、5.00和1.25 g a.i./hm2，其中24%溴虫腈·甲维盐悬浮剂对七星瓢虫为高风险性，其余药剂为极高风险；对赤眼蜂的LR50分别为2.35×10-3、0.0129、6.46×10-3和0.127 g a.i./hm2，均属极高风险。本研究为杀虫剂对七星瓢虫和松毛虫赤眼蜂的负效应影响研究提供一定数据支持。 相似文献
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我国草地贪夜蛾应急防控研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith), 是联合国粮农组织全球预警的重大迁飞性农业害虫, 其扩散速度快、影响范围大、为害程度重, 对我国粮食生产构成了严重威胁。化学农药作为目前主要的应急防控措施, 对抑制害虫种群扩散迁飞、减轻作物受害、保障粮食安全具有重要作用, 随着化学杀虫剂的使用, 草地贪夜蛾的抗药性会逐渐增强, 防控难度将不断加大, 因此, 制定合理的应急防控方案具有重要的意义。本文根据国内的研究情况重点从卵、幼虫、成虫等方面综述了草地贪夜蛾应急防治研究进展, 以期为我国进一步做好草地贪夜蛾的有效防控提供参考。 相似文献