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1.
The brewing of beer is a very traditional process, based upon a complex endogenous enzymology occurring during the malting of grain, mashing of grist and fermentation. The relevant cereal-derived enzymes that are involved are reviewed. It is likely that the production of alcoholic beverages in breweries in the projected future will assume different paradigms, procedures which are already realistic for the production of flavoured alcoholic beverages (malternatives) and “near-beer” drinks (happoshu and other beer-like beverages) in Japan. A range of exogenous enzymes—such as glucanases, acetolactate decarboxylase and prolyl endopeptidase—are available for enhancement of the existing brewing process. 相似文献
2.
Barley is the cerealpar excellencein the production of malt for beer and other alcoholic beverages. In this work, biochemical (hordein A-PAGE) and molecular (RAPDs, AFLPs) markers have been compared for their efficiency in malt fingerprinting. To overcome the difficulties related to the quality of the DNA extracted from grain malt, malted coleoptiles are proposed as useful tissue for the extraction. On the basis of our data, we exclude a fingerprinting system based on A-PAGE hordein analysis because of the degradation of these proteins during the malting process. Comparing molecular markers for their efficiency and repeatability, we indicate AFLP analysis based on template DNA extracted from the tissue of grain malt coleoptile as an excellent tool for malt fingerprinting. 相似文献
3.
Barley sorting is an important step for selecting grain of required quality for malting prior to brewing. However, brewing with unmalted barley with added enzymes has been thoroughly proven, raising the question of whether traditional sorting for high quality malting-barley is still necessary. To gain more insight on this, we examine realtime viscosity of sorted-out and unsorted barley during downscaled mashing with added enzymes in comparison with malting quality sorted barley. A rapid visco analyser was used to simulate brewery mashing process at lab scale together with two commercial enzymes (Ondea®-Pro and Cellic®-CTec2). During downscaled mashing, viscosity profile of sorted-out barley was markedly different from others, irrespective of enzyme type, whereas a small difference was observed between the sorted and un-sorted barley. Furthermore, whilst sorted-out barley generated lowest sugar-concentration, unsorted and sorted barley resulted in higher sugar-content, regardless of the enzyme used. In terms of filterability, the Ondea®-Pro treatment resulted in significantly lower-turbidity and smaller particle-size compared to Cellic®-CTec2; however, this effect was observed in sorted and unsorted barley but not in sorted-out barley. Consequently, we find that unsorted barley demonstrates great potential for brewing with added enzymes and its use may help to improve sustainability of the brewing process. 相似文献
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自明代冲泡饮用法推行以来,一直提倡以开水现泡现饮为佳,但相比于液态茶或其他不含酒精的饮料,此法不能满足常温下随时饮用的便利化需求。为此,以古丈毛尖绿茶为泡饮对象,设计不同的浸泡时间、茶水比,在低温或常温下浸泡,通过感官结合生化鉴定筛选出最佳的浸泡组合,为优质、方便的冷泡饮茶法提供科学依据和技术参数。实验结果表明,古丈毛尖绿茶冷水泡饮的最优冲泡方法为：浸泡2 h—茶水比1：40—水温25℃。此外,与习惯的热泡法对比,更长时间的冷水浸泡使古丈毛尖绿茶茶汤品质成分逐渐浸出而在量上与前者差距不大,且其茶汤的鲜度与醇度也较好。因此,绿茶冷泡饮用是值得进一步研发推广的新方法。 相似文献
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本文针对青少年大量饮用碳酸饮料的现状，阐述了科学饮茶有利于青少年身体健康、修身养性、培养高尚的道德情操，提出了青少年如何科学合理饮茶、泡好茶，并希望茶产业推出更多适合青少年口味、绿色而又时尚的茶饮品。 相似文献
7.
Charilaos Xiros Evangelos Topakas Petros Katapodis Paul Christakopoulos 《Industrial Crops and Products》2008,28(2):213-224
Brewer's spent grain (BG), the most abundant brewing by-product, is used in the present study as a low-cost feedstock for the production of ethanol by the mesophilic fungus Fusarium oxysporum using a consolidated bioconversion process. The production of required cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes was optimized under solid-state cultivation (SSC) concerning carbon source and initial moisture. The optimal medium contains BG and corn cobs (CC) in a ratio 7:3 while the optimal initial moisture is 66% (w/w). SSC in a laboratory horizontal bioreactor using the optimized medium allowed the large-scale production of a multienzymic system including endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, β-d-glucosidase, xylanase, feruloyl esterase, acetyl esterase, β-d-xylosidase and α-l-arabinofuranosidase. Chromogenic (fluorogenic) 4-methylumbelliferyl substrates were used to partially characterize the extracellular proteome of the microbe after the separation by isolectric focusing (IEF) electrophoresis. Alkali pretreatment of brewer's spent grain and different aeration levels were studied for the optimization of the ethanol production by F. oxysporum in a consecutive submerged fermentation. A yield about 65 g ethanol kg−1 of dry BG was obtained with alkali pretreated BG under microaerobic conditions (0.01 vvm) corresponding to 30% of the theoretical yield based on total glucose and xylose composition of BG. 相似文献
8.
典型造型名优绿茶茶多酚浸出规律的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文研究了冲泡时间与水温对不同典型造型名优绿茶茶汤中茶多酚浸出浓度与浸出速率的影响,结果表明,随着冲泡时间的延长与冲泡水温的升高,茶多酚的浸出浓度不断上升,浸出速率逐步降低;造型、冲泡水温、冲泡时间对茶汤中茶多酚的浸出浓度与浸出比率的影响达到了极显著水平.各造型名优绿茶茶多酚的浸出浓度与速率快慢顺序为:卷曲形(以碧螺春为代表)>针形(以雨花茶为代表)>直条形(以信阳毛尖为代表)>单芽形(以竹叶青为代表)>扁形(以西湖龙井为代表)>朵形(以黄山毛峰为代表). 相似文献
9.
为探讨添加糯小麦对普通小麦和粳高粱酿酒特性的影响,将糯小麦按一定比例分别添加到普通小麦和粳高粱中,以未添加糯小麦的普通小麦和粳高粱为对照,在酒厂生产条件下分别进行小曲酒酿造,对所得白酒的酒精度、出酒率、理化指标、香味成分、口感及香味进行分析。结果表明,普通小麦添加糯小麦后所得白酒的总酸、总酯、杂醇油含量降低,但不同添加比例的酒精度变化不大;添加50%糯小麦的白酒口感和香味最好。粳高粱添加糯小麦后所得白酒的酸类、杂醇类、醛类物质含量降低,酯类物质含量提高;添加25%及50%糯小麦的出酒率降低,添加75%糯小麦的出酒率增加;添加50%及75%糯小麦的白酒口感和香味得到改善,添加50%糯小麦的白酒口感、香味最佳。因此,糯小麦的添加不同程度地提升了粳高粱和普通小麦的酿酒品质。 相似文献
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将白叶单枞、金萱、鸠坑3个茶树品种鲜叶加工成不同发酵程度的茶原料,通过对其理化成分分析及感官审评,研究不同茶饮料的品质稳定性;深入探讨茶叶原料发酵程度及其生化基质对茶饮料冷后浑稳定性的影响。结果表明:不同品种茶叶原料制成的茶饮料因为生化基质的不同,茶汤冷藏后效果明显不同。透明度:金萱优于鸠坑;白叶单枞最差;絮状沉淀与茶汤的分界线不清晰,随着发酵程度的加重,沉淀物的量明显增加,其沉淀物颜色也逐渐变深。金萱原料制成的茶饮料中能看到明显的灰褐色沉淀和白色沉淀的分层。同一品种,随着发酵程度的增加,冷后浑固形物总量先增加后减少;同个品种的样品中,红茶工艺制作的全发酵茶叶饮料中沉淀物形成总量相对较少,说明红茶较适合于制作茶饮料。沉淀物中茶多酚含量平均为36.47%,说明茶多酚是沉淀物形成的主要控制因子之一;沉淀物中多酚含量不受茶叶中多酚含量的影响;随着茶叶原料发酵程度的加深,沉淀物中的多酚含量先增加后减少。而茶叶中EGC随着发酵程度的加深,其含量先增加后减少;所以EGC有可能是茶汤固形物形成量的主要决定因子。 相似文献
11.
Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is the insoluble residue generated from the production of wort in the brewing industry. This plant-derived by-product is known to contain significant amounts of valuable components, which remain unexploited in the brewing processes. Therefore, it is essential to develop a more detailed characterization of BSG in order to highlight its potential in developing new value-added products and simultaneously solve the environmental problems related to its discharge. The content of BSG in several biologically active compounds (fatty acids, polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity) as well as its volatile fingerprint were assessed and compared with the composition of barley, malt and wheat flour samples. The obtained results emphasized the importance and the opportunities of the re-use of this agro-industrial by-product. 相似文献
12.
Zain MM Kofli NT Rozaimah S Abdullah S 《Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS》2011,14(9):526-532
Bioethanol production using yeast has become a popular topic due to worrying depleting worldwide fuel reserve. The aim of the study was to investigate the capability of Malaysia yeast strains isolated from starter culture used in traditional fermented food and alcoholic beverages in producing Bioethanol using alginate beads entrapment method. The starter yeast consists of groups of microbes, thus the yeasts were grown in Sabouraud agar to obtain single colony called ST1 (tuak) and ST3 (tapai). The growth in Yeast Potatoes Dextrose (YPD) resulted in specific growth of ST1 at micro = 0.396 h-1 and ST3 at micro = 0.38 h-1, with maximum ethanol production of 7.36 g L-1 observed using ST1 strain. The two strains were then immobilized using calcium alginate entrapment method producing average alginate beads size of 0.51 cm and were grown in different substrates; YPD medium and Local Brown Sugar (LBS) for 8 h in flask. The maximum ethanol concentration measured after 7 h were at 6.63 and 6.59 g L-1 in YPD media and 1.54 and 1.39 g L-1in LBS media for ST1 and ST3, respectively. The use of LBS as carbon source showed higher yield of product (Yp/s), 0.59 g g-1 compared to YPD, 0.25 g g-1 in ST1 and (Yp/s), 0.54 g g-1 compared to YPD, 0.24 g g-1 in ST3 . This study indicated the possibility of using local strains (STI and ST3) to produce bioethanol via immobilization technique with local materials as substrate. 相似文献
13.
Brewer's spent grain (BSG), the most abundant brewing by-product, has hidden and underexploited nutritional potential. In order to valorize BSG, the effects of three commercial xylanases and a peptidase on water unextractable arabinoxylans (WUAX) were studied. Comparing all treatments, higher addition of xylanase resulted in an increase in water extractable arabinoxylans (WEAX). In the most efficient treatment, xylanase alone was able to solubilise 23.7% of WUAX, while the peptidase showed no effect. However, when added together with xylanase, peptidase increased the solubilisation of WUAX up to 1.6 folds. A positive correlation between particle size reduction and solubilisation of WUAX was also proved through milling BSG. These results suggest that access to xylan backbone increases with proteolytic activities, proving a synergistic effect of these specific enzymes. Therefore, if properly treated before being added as ingredient, BSG could add health functionalities to foodstuff while reducing the environmental impact of brewing industries. 相似文献
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窨茶用栀子花中糖苷酶活性与醇类香气的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
测定了栀子花开放过程中对应8种醇类香气成分的前体物含量及其相应香气催化酶活性的变化,用pNP法测定栀子花开放过程中各部位的5种糖苷酶活性。结果表明:香气前体物含量与香气催化酶活性均从蕾期的低水平骤增至初开时的最高峰,随后酶活性迅速下降而香气前体物含量仍维持较高的水平直至花完全开放。五种糖苷酶活性在开花过程中的变化规律各异,其中β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的变化与香气催化酶活性的变化规律较接近。线性回归分析结果表明,完整花中的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性(r=0.9563*)、花萼中的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性(r=0.9584* ) 相似文献
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冲泡过程中西湖龙井茶黄酮苷类浸出特性及滋味贡献分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本研究提出了一种基于HPLC的茶叶黄酮苷类物质检测方法,采用此方法分析了西湖龙井茶中黄酮苷类物质在不同冲泡条件下的浸出特性,并通过Dot值（浓度与阈值的比值）分析黄酮苷类物质对茶汤滋味的影响。结果表明：（1）该检测方法可以较好地分离和测定茶叶中11种黄酮苷类物质;（2）传统冲泡条件下,西湖龙井茶中以杨梅素-3-O-半乳糖苷（Myr-gala）和槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷（Que-rut）为主,随着冲泡温度的提高和时间的延长,11种黄酮苷类物质除了山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷（Kae-rut）外,都呈不同程度的增加,其中槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷（Que-rut）和槲皮素-3-O-半乳糖苷（Que-gala）的浸出速率较快,而杨梅素-3-O-鼠李糖苷（Myr-rha）和牡荆素-2"-O-鼠李糖苷（Vit-rha）的浸出速率较慢;（3）通过Dot值分析,槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷（Que-rut）、槲皮素-3-O-半乳糖苷（Que-gala）和杨梅素-3-O-半乳糖苷（Myr-gala）的Dot值均高于10,可能是茶汤滋味的重要贡献物质。 相似文献
18.
Anja I. Pekkarinen Tuija H. Sarlin Arja T. Laitila Auli I. Haikara Berne L. Jones 《Journal of Cereal Science》2003,37(3):349-356
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) that is infested with Fusarium head blight (FHB, ‘scab’) is unsuitable for malting and brewing because it may contain mycotoxins and has unacceptable malting quality. Fungal proteinases are apparently often involved in plant-microbe interactions, where they degrade storage proteins, but very little is known about the enzymes that the fungi produce in the infected grain. We have shown previously that one plant pathogenic fungus, Fusarium culmorum, produced subtilisin- and trypsin-like enzymes when grown in a cereal protein medium. To establish whether these proteinases were also synthesized in FHB-infested barley in vivo, field-grown barley was infested as the heads emerged. Extracts were prepared from the grain as it developed and matured and their proteolytic activities were measured with N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe p -nitroanilide and N-benzoyl-Val-Gly-Arg p -nitroanilide. The heavily infested barleys contained both subtilisin- and trypsin-like activities. These enzymes reacted with antibodies prepared against each of the two F. culmorum proteinases, indicating that those produced in the laboratory cultures and in the field-infested barley were the same. The presence of these proteinases correlated with the degradation of specific buffer-soluble proteins in the infested grains. These enzymes readily hydrolyzed barley grain storage proteins (C- and D-hordeins) in vitro. The presence of these Fusarium proteinases in the barley indicates that they probably play an important role in the infestation, but exactly how and when they function is not clear. 相似文献
19.
Werner Schuphan 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1970,20(1-2):35-68
The criteria of yield increases is being subjected to a causal examination. Maximum yields — brought about by large nitrogen supply — are being examined with respect to their influence upon disease potential, increase of quality — and non-parasitic defects as well as upon decrease of useful and increase of undesirable compounds. Observations from the world literature as well as our own experiments with vegetables over many years, particularly with spinach serve as evidence. Stimulation of diseases and pests through overnourishment with nitrogen refer particularly to rust, downy mildew, septoria and botrytis organisms as well as to lice and mites. Amongst non-parasitic diseases one has to list a great number of quality defects, a lessening of resistance against mechanical damage at harvest and during transport, a reduction in quantity of commercial grades, flavour losses and above all a decline of keeping in winter storage. Exessive nitrogen supply also results in a decline in content of valuable constituents and increase in biogenic toxicants as well as in plant components to undesirable levels from a technological and nutritional physiological point of view. Fig. 10 summarises these results. The following valuable constituents are particularly affected: dry matter, total sugar, vitamin C, essential oils and potassium, magnesium and phosphoric acid amongst the minerals. Undesirable increase of enzyme activity as well as that of free amino acid content — coupled with a decrease of biological protein value are additional consequences of excess nitrogen fertilizing. Increases of undesirable compounds refer to crude protein (e.g. brewing barley and sugar beet), nitrate nitrogen (spinach) potentially a health hazard to infants (methaemoglobinemia) in case where toxic nitrite is formed in the spinach from nitrate. The removal of watersoluble nitrate from spinach overnourished with nitrogen by prolonged blanching, suggested in some publications, is to be rejected owing to the then unavoidable in part enhanced losses of water soluble compounds of nutritive value, including vitamins and minerals. 相似文献