共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Between 6 and 10 months of age, the infant's ability to discriminate among native speech sounds improves, whereas the same ability to discriminate among foreign speech sounds decreases. Our study aimed to determine whether this perceptual narrowing is unique to language or might also apply to face processing. We tested discrimination of human and monkey faces by 6-month-olds, 9-month-olds, and adults, using the visual paired-comparison procedure. Only the youngest group showed discrimination between individuals of both species; older infants and adults only showed evidence of discrimination of their own species. These results suggest that the "perceptual narrowing" phenomenon may represent a more general change in neural networks involved in early cognition. 相似文献
2.
Infants' discrimination of the duration of a rapid spectrum change in nonspeech signals 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Two-month-old infants discriminated complex sinusoidal patterns that varied in the duration of their initial frequency transitions. Discrimination of these nonspeech sinusoidal patterns was a function of both the duration of the transitions and the total duration of the stimulus pattern. This contextual effect was observed even though the information specifying stimulus duration occurred after the transitional information. These findings parallel those observed with infants for perception of synthetic speech stimuli. Specialized speech processing capacities are thus not required to account for infants' sensitivity to contextual effects in acoustic signals, whether speech or nonspeech. 相似文献
3.
Gazzaniga MS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,289(5486):1887-1888
Although there are elegants maps of the human brain that reveal differences in cellular architecture between different cortical regions, there is not much information about how corresponding cortical regions differ between the left and right hemispheres. As Gazzaniga explains in his Perspective, new results reveal the surprising finding of asymmetry in area 22 (which is important for language processing) of the left and right hemisphere (Galuske et al.). Clusters of neurons in area 22 of the left hemisphere are spaced farther apart and have longer axons cabling them together than neuronal clusters in area 22 of the right hemisphere. 相似文献
4.
Joshi AK 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,253(5025):1242-1249
Natural language processing (NLP) is the study of mathematical and computational modeling of various aspects of language and the development of a wide range of systems. These include spoken language systems that integrate speech and natural language; cooperative interfaces to databases and knowledge bases that model aspects of human-human interaction; multilingual interfaces; machine translation; and message-understanding systems, among others. Research in NLP is highly interdisciplinary, involving concepts in computer science, linguistics, logic, and psychology. NLP has a special role in computer science because many aspects of the field deal with linguistic features of computation and NLP seeks to model language computationally. 相似文献
5.
Crinion J Turner R Grogan A Hanakawa T Noppeney U Devlin JT Aso T Urayama S Fukuyama H Stockton K Usui K Green DW Price CJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5779):1537-1540
How does the bilingual brain distinguish and control which language is in use? Previous functional imaging experiments have not been able to answer this question because proficient bilinguals activate the same brain regions irrespective of the language being tested. Here, we reveal that neuronal responses within the left caudate are sensitive to changes in the language or the meaning of words. By demonstrating this effect in populations of German-English and Japanese-English bilinguals, we suggest that the left caudate plays a universal role in monitoring and controlling the language in use. 相似文献
6.
Infant vocal babbling has been assumed to be a speech-based phenomenon that reflects the maturation of the articulatory apparatus responsible for spoken language production. Manual babbling has now been reported to occur in deaf children exposed to signed languages from birth. The similarities between manual and vocal babbling suggest that babbling is a product of an amodal, brain-based language capacity under maturational control, in which phonetic and syllabic units are produced by the infant as a first step toward building a mature linguistic system. Contrary to prevailing accounts of the neurological basis of babbling in language ontogeny, the speech modality is not critical in babbling. Rather, babbling is tied to the abstract linguistic structure of language and to an expressive capacity capable of processing different types of signals (signed or spoken). 相似文献
7.
Mapping neuronal inputs to REM sleep induction sites with carbachol-fluorescent microspheres 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
J J Quattrochi A N Mamelak R D Madison J D Macklis J A Hobson 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,245(4921):984-986
The cholinergic agonist carbachol was conjugated to latex microspheres that were fluorescently labeled with rhodamine and used as neuroanatomical probes that show little diffusion from their injection site and retrogradely label neurons projecting to the injection site. Microinjection of this pharmacologically active probe into the gigantocellular field of the cat pontine brain stem caused the awake cats to fall into rapid movement (REM) sleep indistinguishable from that produced by free carbachol. Three-dimensional computer reconstruction of the retrogradely labeled neurons revealed a widely distributed neuronal network in the pontine tegmentum. These pharmacologically active microspheres permit a new precision in the characterization and mapping of neurons associated with the control of behavioral state and of other cholinergic networks. 相似文献
8.
The ability to recognize people by their voice is an important social behavior. Individuals differ in how they pronounce words, and listeners may take advantage of language-specific knowledge of speech phonology to facilitate recognizing voices. Impaired phonological processing is characteristic of dyslexia and thought to be a basis for difficulty in learning to read. We tested voice-recognition abilities of dyslexic and control listeners for voices speaking listeners' native language or an unfamiliar language. Individuals with dyslexia exhibited impaired voice-recognition abilities compared with controls only for voices speaking their native language. These results demonstrate the importance of linguistic representations for voice recognition. Humans appear to identify voices by making comparisons between talkers' pronunciations of words and listeners' stored abstract representations of the sounds in those words. 相似文献
9.
刘安产 《湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2006,(4)
演讲是融情、言、声、义、态于一体的综合艺术。在演讲过程中,要涉及到有声语言、态势语言的交叉表达,生理、心理的表征体现,风度气质的真实展示,情感的控制与运用等。因此进行演讲时,必须宏观把握、全面控制,力求做到立体协调、动静互见、雅趣共济、坦诚相向。 相似文献
10.
Dehaene S Pegado F Braga LW Ventura P Nunes Filho G Jobert A Dehaene-Lambertz G Kolinsky R Morais J Cohen L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6009):1359-1364
Does literacy improve brain function? Does it also entail losses? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we measured brain responses to spoken and written language, visual faces, houses, tools, and checkers in adults of variable literacy (10 were illiterate, 22 became literate as adults, and 31 were literate in childhood). As literacy enhanced the left fusiform activation evoked by writing, it induced a small competition with faces at this location, but also broadly enhanced visual responses in fusiform and occipital cortex, extending to area V1. Literacy also enhanced phonological activation to speech in the planum temporale and afforded a top-down activation of orthography from spoken inputs. Most changes occurred even when literacy was acquired in adulthood, emphasizing that both childhood and adult education can profoundly refine cortical organization. 相似文献
11.
Precocious cardiac orienting in a human anencephalic infant 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An anencephalic infant, 3 to 6 weeks old, responded to acoustic stimulation with cardiac decelerations typical of the response pattern seen in normal, older infants. Such precocity implies unexpected competence of lower brain structures and suggests that, in the normal infant, feedback from immature higher centers may sometimes interfere with rather than modulate the functioning of lower centers. 相似文献
12.
边疆少数民族大学生进入大学后由于言语交流的障碍，导致心理问题的产生。通过对边疆少数民族大学生汉语言语使用情况的抽样调查，进一步了解使其产生交流障碍的言语因素，并对这些因素加以分析，找出边疆少数民族大学生使用汉语言语的难点、排斥情况和言语对心理健康的影响方式，从而更好地培养边疆少数民族大学生进入更大、更先进的言语环境的适应性，使其健康成长。 相似文献
13.
The brain maintains internal models of its environment to interpret sensory inputs and to prepare actions. Although behavioral studies have demonstrated that these internal models are optimally adapted to the statistics of the environment, the neural underpinning of this adaptation is unknown. Using a Bayesian model of sensory cortical processing, we related stimulus-evoked and spontaneous neural activities to inferences and prior expectations in an internal model and predicted that they should match if the model is statistically optimal. To test this prediction, we analyzed visual cortical activity of awake ferrets during development. Similarity between spontaneous and evoked activities increased with age and was specific to responses evoked by natural scenes. This demonstrates the progressive adaptation of internal models to the statistics of natural stimuli at the neural level. 相似文献
14.
目的：为提高新生儿、婴儿颅内出血的治疗水平。方法：收集我科资料较完整的新生儿与婴儿颅内出血患儿l2例，对其病因、临床和影像学表现、诊断和手术治疗、随访和综合性干预措施作了回顾性研究。结果：12例颅内出血的原因，证实属维生素K缺乏症5例、产伤2例、早产儿2例、窒息2例、脑血管畸形(AVM)l例。主要临床表现是：频繁抽搐、尖叫、呕吐、昏迷。全部进行手术治疗，术后痊愈11例(91．7％)，合并肺部感染死亡l例(8．3％)。11例随访并予综合性干预措施后经智力发育指数(MPI)与运动发育指数(PDI)检测，结果11例均接近或达到同龄正常儿水平。结论：尽早手术清除血肿，可减轻后者对脑组织的毒性刺激，并能改善预后，术后随访结合综合性干预措施，可减少颅内血肿对今后小儿体能和智力的影响；手术适应症应放宽。 相似文献
15.
The cerebral cortex of the human brain is a sheet of about 10 billion neurons divided into discrete subdivisions or areas that process particular aspects of sensation, movement, and cognition. Recent evidence has begun to transform our understanding of how cortical areas form, make specific connections with other brain regions, develop unique processing networks, and adapt to changes in inputs. 相似文献
16.
Speech perception in infants 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
Discriminiationi of synthetic speech sounds was studied in 1- and 4-month-old infants. The speech sounds varied along an acoustic dimension previously shown to cue phonemic distinctions among the voiced and voiceless stop consonants in adults. Discriminability was measured by an increase in conditioned response rate to a second speech sound after habituation to the first speech sound. Recovery from habituation was greater for a given acoustic difference when the two stimuli were from different adult phonemic categories than when they were from the same category. The discontinuity in discrimination at the region of the adult phonemic boundary was taken as evidence for categorical perception. 相似文献
17.
王树娟 《信阳农业高等专科学校学报》2010,20(3):75-76
继索绪尔结构主义语言学后,奥斯汀又提出了言语行为理论,它标志着语言理论的转向。擅长从语言入手研究的解构主义学者德里达、德曼、米勒都对言语行为理论有着自己的观点,不同程度地对解构主义言语行为理论做出了贡献。 相似文献
18.
A neuronal antigen in the brains of Alzheimer patients 总被引：44，自引：0，他引：44
A monoclonal antibody was prepared against pooled homogenates of brain tissue from patients with Alzheimer's disease. This antibody recognizes an antigen present in much higher concentration in certain brain regions of Alzheimer patients than in normal brain. The antigen appears to be a protein present in neurons involved in the formation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, and in some morphologically normal neurons in sections from Alzheimer brains. Partial purification and Western blot analysis revealed the antigen from Alzheimer brain to be a single protein with a molecular weight of 68,000. Application of the same purification procedure to normal brain tissue results in the detection of small amounts of a protein of lower molecular weight. 相似文献
19.
程文华 《安徽农业大学学报》2006,(5):115-117
简约是语言历时演变的一种趋势。本文对英语简约语言现象加以阐述,包括对词法,句法,修辞等不同层面简约样态的分析,并通过语例描写总结了语言表征简化的特点。 相似文献
20.
Schlaggar BL Brown TT Lugar HM Visscher KM Miezin FM Petersen SE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,296(5572):1476-1479
A critical issue in developmental cognitive neuroscience is the extent to which the functional neuroanatomy underlying task performance differs in adults and children. Direct comparisons of brain activation in the left frontal and extrastriate cortex were made in adults and children (aged 7 to 10 years) performing single-word processing tasks with visual presentation; differences were found in circumscribed frontal and extrastriate regions. Conceivably, these differences could be attributable exclusively to performance discrepancies; alternatively, maturational differences in functional neuroanatomy could exist despite similar performance. Some of the brain regions examined showed differences attributable to age independent of performance, suggesting that maturation of the pattern of regional activations for these tasks is incomplete at age 10. 相似文献