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喹诺酮类药物研究进展及在兽医临床的应用问题 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
喹诺酮类药物已成为合成抗菌芗中最具有开发前途的一类药物。兽医临床常用药物有不同的特点和应用。与此同时，此类药物的毒性反应、耐药性及药物残留等问题不断出现，针对各方面的问题，提出此类药物的发展前景。 相似文献
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目前预防治疗雏鸡白痢病的药物颇多,常用的有氯霉素、痢特灵、部分磺胺类药以及抗生素等。从临床看都有一定效果,但由于长期反复使用,有些药物出现耐药性,有些药物在使用上存在局限性(如痢特灵难溶于水且易造成中毒,氯霉素味苦难溶于水),影响了疗效和造成药物部分浪费。 相似文献
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氯霉素残留及其检测方法的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
氯霉素是第一个人工合成的广谱抗生素,因其效价高,价格低廉,曾经在我国畜牧业中得到广泛应用,成为畜禽疾病防治的重要药物.随着氯霉素的广泛应用和研究,发现其有毒、副作用.2002年农业部发布第193号公告将氯霉素及其盐,酯列入食品动物禁用兽药名单.本文将就目前此类药物残留的研究情况作一综述. 相似文献
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为了掌握大通县某奶牛场引起奶牛乳房炎的主要致病菌及耐菌药物,无菌采集病牛乳样,进行细菌分离培养和细菌药敏试验。结果显示,该奶牛场奶牛乳房炎的主要致病菌为2种溶血性链球菌,即ɑ-溶血性链球菌和β-溶血性链球菌。两种致病菌对不同药物的敏感性不同,α-溶血性链球菌对阿莫西林、庆大霉素、红霉素、青霉素、先锋V号具有一定的耐药性,对氯霉素、四环素敏感性较高;β-溶血性链球菌对阿莫西林、庆大霉素、青霉素、红霉素、环丙沙星、先锋V号具有一定的耐药性,对氯霉素、四环素较敏感。 相似文献
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To determine associations between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter coli, 155 isolates were obtained from the feces of apparently healthy grow-finish pigs in Japan. In addition, data on the use of antibiotics collected through the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system in Japan were used for the analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors to antimicrobial resistance in C. coli in pigs for the following antimicrobials: ampicillin, dihydrostreptomycin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, and enrofloxacin. The data suggested the involvement of several different mechanisms of resistance selection. The statistical relationships were suggestive of co-selection; use of macrolides was associated with enrofloxacin resistance (OR=2.94; CI(95%): 0.997, 8.68) and use of tetracyclines was associated with chloramphenicol resistance (OR=2.37; CI(95%): 1.08, 5.19). The statistical relationships were suggestive of cross-resistance: use of macrolides was associated with erythromycin resistance (OR=9.36; CI(95%): 2.96, 29.62) and the use of phenicols was associated with chloramphenicol resistance (OR=11.83; CI(95%): 1.41, 99.44). These data showed that the use of antimicrobials in pigs selects for resistance in C. coli within and between classes of antimicrobials. 相似文献
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Fluoroquinolone resistance in Staphylococcus intermedius 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Four canine isolates of S. intermedius resistant to enrofloxacin were isolated amongst a total of 429 screened. Two of these were shown to exhibit resistance also to marbofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Whilst molecular studies have shown the mechanism of resistance to these quinolone antibiotics to be similar in a number of staphylococcal species, it was not possible to confirm this mechanism in Staphylococcus intermedius . 相似文献
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Busani L Graziani C Franco A Di Egidio A Binkin N Battisti A 《The Veterinary record》2004,155(23):733-738
Between June and September 2002 a telephone survey of Italian beef and dairy cattle veterinarians was made to obtain information about their use of antibiotics and their perception of the problem of antimicrobial resistance. A total of 106 veterinarians, selected at random from the membership lists of two professional societies, were interviewed by telephone, using a structured questionnaire concerning their background, training and continuing education activities, and current type of practice; their diagnostic, treatment, and prophylactic practices for mastitis, calf scours and respiratory disease; and their perception of the threat posed by antimicrobial resistance. The median age of the interviewees was 42.5 (range 28 to 75) years; 62 per cent treated only dairy cattle, 10 per cent treated only beef cattle and 28 per cent treated both. Laboratory support was requested 'frequently' or 'always' by 67 per cent of the veterinarians when treating mastitis, by 37 per cent when treating calf scours and by 17 per cent when treating respiratory diseases. Twenty per cent reported using prophylactic antibiotics 'often' or 'sometimes' for calf scours, 28 per cent for respiratory diseases, and 62 per cent reported their use 'always' or 'often' for mastitis. Fluoroquinolones, phenicols or third/fourth-generation cephalosporins were prescribed as first-choice drugs by 54 per cent for calf scours, by 12 per cent for bacterial respiratory diseases and by 6 per cent for mastitis. Therapeutic failure was reported 'often' (21 per cent) or 'sometimes' (64 per cent) and was the main predictor in a multivariate model of the use of newer antibiotics. The level of awareness of the problem of antibiotic resistance was high, although more than half of the interviewees were confident that new antimicrobial drugs were already available to replace those of lower effectiveness. 相似文献
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昆虫抗药性机制研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
由于杀虫剂的长期使用,昆虫产生的抗药性已成为农林虫害治理面临的重大问题。研究昆虫抗药性机制有助于为农林害虫防控、资源昆虫抗性品系选育及新型杀虫剂研发提供科学指导。长期以来,人们通过对模式昆虫、卫生昆虫和农林害虫的研究,对昆虫的代谢抗性、靶标抗性有了一定认识,继而利用分子生物学手段克隆、分析了一些抗性相关基因,目前正从基因组学角度去深入阐明昆虫抗药性机制。结合近年来的研究成果,由昆虫抗药性涉及的主要解毒酶入手,对昆虫抗药性形成的生理生化及分子生物学机制作一综述。 相似文献
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牧草育种工作是草牧业可持续发展的重要基础,目前除了应用传统育种的方法外,应用分子育种方法也取得一些突破性进展,特别是在抗逆性分子育种研究上取得了一定的实际性成果。株型是综合的农艺性状,是影响植物群体结构及产量形成的重要性状。现在株型在一年生作物株型分子机理及调控网络等方面已进行了深入系统的研究,而对于牧草株型调控机理研究颇少,大多研究是在与产量相关性状及其基础性分子育种等方面。针对影响植物株型形成因素及其机理进行了归纳总结,并对牧草株型性状相关研究进展进行了综述,最后简要评述了当前在牧草株型育种研究上所存在的关键问题,提出了相关建议,并指出可借鉴作物株型育种前沿研究方向制定牧草株型育种的研究策略。 相似文献
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Importance of integrons in the diffusion of resistance. 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
A Carattoli 《Veterinary research》2001,32(3-4):243-259
Horizontal transfer of resistance genes is a successful mechanism for the transmission and dissemination of multiple drug resistance among bacterial pathogens. The impact of horizontally transmitted genetic determinants in the evolution of resistance is particularly evident when resistance genes are physically associated in clusters and transferred en bloc to the recipient cell. Recent advances in the molecular characterisation of antibiotic resistance mechanisms have highlighted the existence of genetic structures. called integrons, involved in the acquisition of resistance genes. These DNA elements have frequently been reported in multi-drug resistant strains isolated from animals and humans, and are located either on the bacterial chromosome or on broad-host-range plasmids. The role of integrons in the development of multiple resistance relies on their unique capacity to cluster and express drug resistance genes. Moreover, the spread of resistance genes among different replicons and their exchange between plasmid and bacterial chromosome are facilitated by the integration of integrons into transposable elements. The association of a highly efficient gene capture and expression system, together with the capacity for vertical and horizontal transmission of resistance genes represents a powerful weapon used by bacteria to combat the assault of antibiotics. 相似文献
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牛抗病基因与其自身的抗病性和免疫能力有一定的相关性,因此研究相关抗病基因对提高牛自身免疫能力和选育优良后代有重要意义,文章着重介绍了国内外关于天然抗性相关巨噬细胞蛋白1（natual resistant macrophage protein 1,Nramp1）、主要组织相容性复合物（major histocompatibility complex,MHC）、甘露糖结合凝集素（maflnan binding lectin,MBL）、Toll样受体（Toll-like receptors,TLR）及干扰素基因（interferon,IFN）与牛某些疾病相关性的研究进展,及其是否可用于后代育种的分子标记,如MHC与奶牛的乳房炎密切相关;牛TLR4基因的外显子1760 C>T突变中的CC基因型可作为奶牛乳房炎抗性筛选中的分子标记等。笔者认为研究这些抗病基因可更深层次了解牛的抗病机制,同时借助先进的技术手段如分子标记、基因工程等,可更好的选育出抗病后代,抗病基因在育种中的应用将是未来研究抗病性和免疫能力的主要方向。 相似文献
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偃麦草属种质资源在普通小麦育种中的应用现状简介 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
小麦作为我国最主要的粮食作物之一,其品质和产量的稳步提高对国家粮食安全起着极其重要的作用。偃麦草属作为小麦属的近缘属,具有很多普通小麦本身所不具备的遗传特性。控制这些特性的基因对改良普通小麦的抗性和品质等方面具有重要作用。本研究就偃麦草属种质资源在普通小麦远缘杂交育种中的应用现状进行了总结,涉及利用偃麦草属创制育种材料的研究和偃麦草属在改良小麦特性育种方面的应用。在后者中,分别从偃麦草属中的一些物种在小麦抗病、提高小麦抗逆境性能和改良小麦谷蛋白品质育种等方面进行了简介。结果表明,引入偃麦草属中的一些种的新的抗病基因,如抗条锈病的基因,抗黄矮病的基因以及抗赤霉病的基因等,发现其后代出现有优良的抗相关病的突变体,而且通过偃麦草与普通小麦的杂交及回交转育工作,获得了抗旱和耐胁迫的品质比较优良的小麦品种,偃麦草属在改良小麦谷蛋白品质方面有一初步介绍。 相似文献