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1.
Intramuscular fat content is increased by feeding of low lysine diets in pigs. Reduction in dietary lysine intake results in low plasma lysine concentration and low cytosolic lysine concentration in skeletal muscles. From these observations, we hypothesized that low plasma lysine concentration in pigs fed on low lysine diets reduced supply of lysine from blood circulation to preadipocytes, and this limited supply of lysine might promote adipocyte differentiation in porcine muscles. In order to verify the hypothesis, we investigated the effects of low concentrations of lysine in culture medium on differentiation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes. Low concentration of lysine suppressed lipid accumulation and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and enzyme activity of fatty acid synthase. mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) were lower in cells cultured in low lysine medium. On the other hand, mRNA and protein expressions of C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ were not inhibited by low concentrations of lysine in culture medium. These results indicate that low lysine concentrations in culture medium inhibit differentiation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes through inhibiting the mRNA expressions of PPARγ and C/EBPα.  相似文献   

2.
Myogenesis is precisely proceeded by myogenic regulatory factors. Myogenic stem cells are activated, proliferated and fused into a multinuclear myofiber. Pax7, paired box 7, one of the earliest markers during myogenesis. It has been reported that Pax7 regulates the muscle marker genes, Myf5 and MyoD toward differentiation. The possible roles of Pax7 in myogenic cells have been well researched. However, it has not yet been clarified if Pax7 itself is able to induce myogenic fate in nonmyogenic lineage cells. In this study, we performed experiments using stably expressed Pax7 in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes to elucidate if Pax7 inhibits adipogenesis. We found that Pax7 represses adipogenic markers and prevents differentiation. These cells showed decreased expression of PDGFRα, PPARγ and Fabp4 and inhibited forming lipid droplets.  相似文献   

3.
试验旨在研究染料木黄酮对3T3-L1细胞增殖与分化的影响以及对分化过程中相关基因表达的影响。以浓度为0、10、50、100、200μmol/L的染料木黄酮处理细胞,测定不同天数3T3-L1细胞相对增殖量、细胞合成脂肪量以及第8天与脂肪合成有关的基因PPARγ、FASN、LPL、ACC、HSL的相对表达量。结果表明：在增殖方面,染料木黄酮能显著抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的增殖（P〈0.05）。随着染料木黄酮浓度的增加,细胞增殖的抑制作用越强。当浓度为200μmol/L时,细胞停止增殖。在分化方面,染料木黄酮能显著减少3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化合成脂肪的量（P〈0.05）。随着染料木黄酮浓度的增加,细胞分化合成脂肪量减少。染料木黄酮能显著减少3T3-L1细胞与脂肪合成有关的基因PPARγ、FASN、LPL、ACC、HSL的相对表达量（P〈0.05）。在浓度为50μmol/L时,PPARγ基因相对表达量最低;在浓度为200μmol/L时,FASN基因相对表达量最低;在浓度为10μmol/L时,LPL基因相对表达量最低;在浓度为200μmol/L时,ACC基因相对表达量最低;在浓度为10μmol/L时,HSL基因相对表达量最低。分析推测,染料木黄酮通过抑制与脂肪合成相关基因的表达来减少脂肪合成量。  相似文献   

4.
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5.
过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)是体内脂肪形成的必需转录因子,处于脂质沉积过程中信号传递通路的核心枢纽位置,促进多能间充质干细胞向脂肪细胞的定向、增殖分化和脂质沉积。本文首先介绍了PPARγ的基本结构和调控靶基因的基本特征,然后以脂肪细胞形成和脂肪沉积为主线,综述了PPARγ信号通路在脂肪细胞形成、脂肪沉积和脂肪因子分泌、营养水平等脂肪代谢过程的调控作用,最后对PPARγ与生物钟相互反馈调节关系以及其在脂质沉积中扮演重要作用进行了概述,对进一步深入综合了解PPARγ对脂肪代谢调控的分子机制具有重要意义,为脂肪代谢及相关疾病的人工干预提供靶基因和新途径。  相似文献   

6.
Obesity is a growing health problem in humans as well as companion animals. In the development and progression of obesity‐associated diseases, the members of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) are proposed to be involved. Particularly, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in cats has increased enormously which is often been linked to obesity as well as to RAS. So far, reports about the expression of a local RAS in cat adipocytes are missing. Therefore, we investigated the mRNA expression of various RAS genes as well as the adipocyte marker genes adiponectin, leptin and PPAR‐γ in feline adipocytes using quantitative PCR. To characterize the gene expression during adipogenesis, feline pre‐adipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes in a primary cell culture and the expression of RAS key genes measured. All major RAS components were expressed in feline cells, but obvious differences in the expression between pre‐adipocytes and the various differentiation stages were found. Interestingly, the two enzymes ACE and ACE2 showed an opposite expression course. In addition to the in vitro experiments, mature adipocytes were isolated from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. Significant differences between both fat depots were found for ACE as well as AT1 receptor with greater expression in subcutaneous than in visceral adipocytes. Visceral adipocytes had significantly higher adiponectin and PPAR‐γ mRNA level compared to the subcutaneous fat cells. Concerning the nutritional status, a significant lower expression of ACE2 was measured in subcutaneous adipocytes of overweight cats. In summary, the results show the existence of a potentially functional local RAS in feline adipose tissue which is differentially regulated during adipogenesis and dependent on the fat tissue depot and nutritional status. These findings are relevant for understanding the development of obesity‐associated diseases in cats such as diabetes mellitus.  相似文献   

7.
To examine the effects of dietary β‐carotene (βC) or retinyl palmitate (RP) on fatty acid (FA) profile and mRNA expression, samples were collected from 24 Angus‐cross calves that were allotted to four treatments consisting of RP supplemented at 2200 IU/kg, and synthetic β‐carotene (SβC) supplemented at one, five or 10 times RP. Longissimus muscle (LM) cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid was greater in RP compared to SβC1X (P = 0.04). The polyunsaturated:saturated FA increased linearly (P = 0.04) in the LM as dietary SβC increased. Expression of βC oxygenase 2 (βCO2), an enzyme that cleaves β‐carotene, was greater in the LM for SβC1X compared to RP and decreased linearly as SβC increased (P ≤ 0.02). Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression in the LM increased in SβC1X compared to RP (P = 0.03); however, PPARγ and retinoic acid X receptor α (RXRα) expression decreased linearly (P = 0.02) in the LM with increasing SβC. Retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) expression tended (P = 0.10) to decrease linearly in the LM with increased SβC. In conclusion, SβC supplementation increased mRNA expression of some lipogenic genes in the LM, but increasing dietary SβC inhibited their expression and tended to increase polyunsaturated FA.  相似文献   

8.
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9.
This study was designed to investigate effects of xanthophylls on serum lipid profile (triglyceride, TG; cholesterol, CHO; high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDLC; and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDLC) and nuclear factor (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma, PPARγ; PPAR gamma coactivator 1 alpha, PGC1α; retinoid X receptor gamma, RXRγ; and retinoic acid receptor alpha, RARα) gene expression of breeding hens and chicks. In experiment 1, 432 hens were divided into three groups and fed diets supplemented with 0 (as control group), 20 or 40 mg/kg xanthophylls. Blood was sampled at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of trial. Liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were sampled at 35 days of trial. Results showed that serum HDLC level of hens was increased after dietary 40 mg/kg xanthophyll addition for 21, 28 and 35 days, while serum TG, CHO and LDLC were not affected. Xanthophyll addition also increased PPARγ expression in jejunum, RXRγ expression in duodenum and jejunum, and RARα expression in liver and duodenum. Experiment 2 was a 2 × 2 factorial design. Male chicks hatched from 0 or 40 mg/kg xanthophyll diet of hens were fed diet containing either 0 or 40 mg/kg xanthophylls. Liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were sampled at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days after hatching. Blood samples were also collected at 21 days. Results showed that in ovo xanthophylls elevated PPARγ in duodenum and jejunum, and RXRγ and RARα in liver of chicks mainly within 1 week after hatching, while dietary xanthophylls increased serum HDLC level and PPARγ and RXRγ in liver from 2 weeks onwards. In conclusion, our research suggested xanthophylls can regulate serum lipid profile and nuclear factor expression in hens and chicks.  相似文献   

10.
为了验证过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPAR)γ选择性抑制剂T0070907对鸡PPARγ基因表达的促进作用,本研究利用荧光定量PCR检测了不同浓度T0070907对鸡成纤维细胞(DF-1细胞)中PPARγ基因mRNA转录水平的影响,结果显示,随着T0070907浓度的增加,鸡PPARγ基因的表达量逐渐升高,并且在T0070907浓度为5μmol/L时极显著高于对照组(p<0.01);利用western blot检测了T0070907对PPARγ蛋白表达的影响,结果显示,5μmol/L的T0070907对DF-1细胞中PPARγ2蛋白的表达有一定的促进作用;利用双荧光素酶报告基因技术检测了不同浓度T0070907对PPRE报告基因活性的影响,结果显示,随着T0070907浓度的增加,DF-1细胞中PPRE报告基因活性逐渐增强,并且在T0070907浓度为0.5μmol/L时该报告基因活性显著高于对照组(p<0.05),当T0070907浓度为2μmol/L、5μmol/L时,与对照组之间的差异达到极显著水平(p<0.01);利用双荧光素酶报告基因技术检测了T0070907和罗格列酮(Rosi)对PPRE报告基因活性的影响,结果显示,单独添加T0070907或Rosi均可显著增强PPRE报告基因活性(p<0.05),同时,添加T0070907并不能降低Rosi对PPRE报告基因活性的促进作用。本研究结果表明,作为PPARγ抑制剂的T0070907对鸡PPARγ基因的mRNA的转录水平、蛋白表达及其蛋白活性均具有促进作用,推测与哺乳动物不同,鸡PPARγ可能具有其独特的表达方式和调控机制。本研究结果对完善PPARγ抑制剂在生理学及药理学上的研究、为PPARγ功能研究选择准确的拮抗剂、预防和治疗炎症相关疾病等方面具有重要意义。  相似文献   

11.
1,25（OH）2D3是维生素D的主要活性形式,影响人和动物脂肪形成,为探究其在猪脂肪细胞增殖分化中的作用,试验从3~5日龄仔猪皮下脂肪组织分离培养前体脂肪细胞,并以浓度为0、0.1、1、10、100和1 000 nmol/L的1,25（OH）2D3分别处理,在培养的0、1、2、4、6、8和10 d采用MTT比色法检测细胞增殖活性;在诱导分化后0、1、2、4、6、8和10 d,以油红O染色提取法和实时荧光定量PCR检测细胞成脂分化及分化标志基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）和脂肪酸合成酶（FAS）表达。结果显示,0.1和1 nmol/L 1,25（OH）2D3显著促进猪前体脂肪细胞增殖（P<0.05）,而浓度为10~100 nmol/L时则抑制细胞增殖（P<0.05）;0.1和1 nmol/L 1,25（OH）2D3显著抑制猪前体脂肪细胞分化（P<0.05）,降低PPARγ和FAS mRNA表达水平（P<0.05）,但在浓度为10和100 nmol/L时,显著促进猪前体脂肪细胞分化（P<0.05）,上调PPARγ和FAS mRNA表达（P<0.05）;浓度达1 000 nmol/L时,可能对细胞有毒性作用。综合以上结果,低浓度1,25（OH）2D3促进猪前体脂肪细胞增殖,而通过下调PPARγ表达抑制分化;高浓度1,25（OH）2D3抑制猪前体脂肪细胞增殖,通过上调PPARγ表达促进分化。1,25（OH）2D3对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖和分化具有双向作用。  相似文献   

12.
【目的】研究miR-140-5p在前脂肪细胞（3T3-L1）成脂分化过程中的功能及其作用机制。【方法】待3T3-L1细胞汇合度达100%时诱导其成脂分化，收集分化第―1（诱导分化前1 d）、0、1、2、3、5、7天的细胞，用实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-140-5p相对表达量；将miR-140-5p mimics、NC转染3T3-L1细胞并诱导成脂分化，油红O染色观察脂滴形成情况，实时荧光定量PCR检测成脂标志基因CAAT增强子结合蛋白β（C/EBPβ）、CAAT增强子结合蛋白δ（C/EBPδ）与过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）相对表达量；利用miRandn和TargetScan在线网站预测miR-140-5p的靶基因；通过对比序列差异分析P300/CBP相关因子（PCAF）的3'-UTR序列中与miR-140-5p的结合位点序列在小鼠、人等不同物种间的序列保守性。将miR-140-5p mimics、inhibitor、NC转染3T3-L1细胞并诱导成脂分化，实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-140-5p、PCAF相对表达量，Western blotting检测PCAF蛋白水平；将PEGFP-N1-PCAF、PEGFP-N1转染3T3-L1细胞，油红O染色观察脂滴形成情况，实时荧光定量PCR检测PCAF、C/EBPδ、PPARγ基因相对表达量，Western blotting检测C/EBPβ、C/EBPδ、PPARγ蛋白表达水平。将3条PCAF siRNA（siRNA1、siRNA2、siRNA3）、siRNA NC转染3T3-L1细胞，Western blotting法检测PCAF蛋白水平，筛选最佳PCAF siRNA。将最佳PCAF siRNA和siRNA NC转染3T3-L1细胞，油红O染色观察脂滴形成情况，实时荧光定量PCR检测PCAF、C/EBPβ、C/EBPδ与PPARγ基因相对表达量，Western blotting检测C/EBPβ、PPARγ蛋白表达水平。分别将miR-140-5p mimics、NC与PGL0-PCAF 3'-UTR载体和PGLO空载体共转染293T细胞，用双荧光素酶报告试验检测miR-140-5p与PCAF的靶向关系。【结果】在诱导3T3-L1细胞成脂分化过程中，与诱导分化前1 d相比，在细胞成脂分化第1、2天时miR-140-5p相对表达量极显著升高（P＜0.01），在分化第3天时显著升高（P＜0.05）。与NC组相比，miR-140-5p mimics组脂滴数量明显增加，miR-140-5p mimics组成脂标志基因C/EBPδ与PPARγ相对表达量均极显著升高（P＜0.01）。靶基因预测结果表明，miR-140-5p与PCAF存在预期结合位点；保守性分析结果表明，靶基因PCAF结合位点序列在不同物种间具有高度保守性。与NC组相比，mimics组miR-140-5p和PCAF相对表达量均极显著升高（P＜0.01），inhibitor组miR-140-5p极显著降低（P＜0.01）、PCAF显著降低（P＜0.05），PCAF蛋白表达量显著升高（P＜0.05）。与PEGFP-N1组相比，PEGFP-N1-PCAF组脂滴数量增多，PCAF、PPARγ基因相对表达量和C/EBPβ、C/EBPδ蛋白水平极显著升高（P＜0.01），PPARγ蛋白水平显著升高（P＜0.05）。PCAF siRNA1、siRNA2与siRNA3均极显著抑制PCAF蛋白的表达（P＜0.01），siRNA3的效果最显著，因此选择siRNA3进行后续试验。与NC组相比，PCAF siRNA3组3T3-L1细胞中脂滴数量较少，PCAF、C/EBPβ、C/EBPδ、PPARγ基因相对表达量和C/EBPβ蛋白水平均极显著下降（P＜0.01）。双荧光素酶报告试验结果显示，miR-140-5p与PCAF基因之间无靶标关系。【结论】内源性miR-140-5p在3T3-L1细胞分化过程中表达升高，miR-140-5p可能通过间接上调PCAF基因表达促进3T3-L1细胞成脂分化。  相似文献   

13.
为探究葛根素对松辽黑猪前体脂肪细胞成脂分化的调控作用,在细胞诱导液中分别添加0、10、20、40、60和80 μmol/L葛根素进行成脂诱导分化,用油红O染色法和甘油三酯酶法检测脂肪细胞分化过程中脂滴聚集情况和甘油三酯含量以考察脂质沉积和分化效果,并确定葛根素的最佳添加浓度;用实时荧光定量PCR检测对照组(0 μmol/L)和最佳葛根素浓度添加组成脂标志基因细胞过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)、CCAAT-增强子结合蛋白α(C/EBPα)及成脂分化基因乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)、脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABP4)、应激蛋白(TRIB)和叉头框蛋白O1 (FOXO1)的mRNA的表达水平,用Western blotting检测PPARγ和C/EBPα的蛋白表达水平。结果表明,与对照组相比,20、40和60 μmol/L葛根素均显著增加脂滴和甘油三酯含量(P<0.05),且40 μmol/L葛根素效果最佳;实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,与对照组相比,40 μmol/L葛根素显著上调成脂标志基因PPARγ、C/EBPα及成脂分化基因ACC、FABP4、FOXO1和TRIB的表达(P<0.05);Western blotting结果显示,与对照组相比,40 μmol/L葛根素显著增加PPARγ蛋白表达(P<0.05)。综上所述,40 μmol/L葛根素能够促进松辽黑猪前体脂肪细胞的成脂分化和脂质沉积。  相似文献   

14.
Skeletal muscle fiber is largely classified into two types: type 1 (slow‐twitch) and type 2 (fast‐twitch) fibers. Meat quality and composition of fiber types are thought to be closely related. Previous research showed that overexpression of constitutively active peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)δ, a nuclear receptor present in skeletal muscle, increased type 1 fibers in mice. In this study, we found that hexane extracts of Yamabushitake mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) showed PPARδ agonistic activity in vitro. Eight‐week‐old C57BL/6J mice were fed a diet supplemented with 5% (w/w) freeze‐dried Yamabushitake mushroom for 24 hr. After the treatment period, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were excised. The Yamabushitake‐supplemented diet up‐regulated the PPARδ target genes Pdk4 and Ucp3 in mouse skeletal muscles in vivo. Furthermore, feeding the Yamabushitake‐supplemented diet to mice for 8 weeks resulted in a significant increase in muscle endurance. These results indicate that Yamabushitake mushroom contains PPARδ agonistic ligands and that dietary intake of Yamabushitake mushroom could activate PPARδ in skeletal muscle of mice. Unexpectedly, we observed no significant alterations in composition of muscle fiber types between the mice fed control and Yamabushitake‐supplemented diets.  相似文献   

15.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of excess leucine (Leu) vs. its metabolites α‐ketoisocaproate (KIC) and β‐hydroxy‐β‐methyl butyrate (HMB) on Leu metabolism, muscle fibre composition and muscle growth in growing pigs. Thirty‐two pigs with a similar initial weight (9.55 ± 0.19 kg) were fed 1 of 4 diets for 45 days: basal diet, basal diet + 1.25% L‐Leu, basal diet + 1.25% KIC‐Ca, basal diet + 0.62% HMB‐Ca. Results indicated that relative to the basal diet and HMB groups, Leu and KIC groups exhibited increased Leu concentrations and decreased concentrations of isoleucine, valine and EAAs in selected muscle (p < 0.05) and had lower mRNA levels of MyHC I and higher expression of MyHC IIx/IIb (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the basal and HMB‐supplemented groups. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of AMPKα and UCP3 were higher but the myostatin mRNA levels were lower in the soleus muscle of the HMB group than those from other groups (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrated that doubling dietary Leu content exerted growth‐depressing effects in growing pigs; dietary KIC supplementation induced muscular branched‐chain amino acid imbalance and promoted muscle toward a more glycolytic phenotype; while dietary HMB supplementation promoted the generation of more oxidative muscle types and increased muscle growth specially in oxidative skeletal muscle, and these effects of HMB might be associated with the AMPKα‐Sirt1‐PGC‐1α axis and mitochondrial biogenesis.  相似文献   

16.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of (‐)‐hydroxycitric acid ((‐)‐HCA) on lipid and glucose metabolism, and further analyzed these actions whether associated with modulation of aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A2 (ALDH3A2) expression in chicken embryos. Results showed that (‐)‐HCA decreased triglyceride content and lipid droplet counts, while these effects induced by (‐)‐HCA were reversed in chicken embryos pre‐transfected with sh4‐ALDH3A2. (‐)‐HCA decreased malic enzyme, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1c mRNA level, while increased carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) and peroxisome proliferators‐activated receptor α (PPARα) mRNA level; and the action of (‐)‐HCA on lipid metabolism factors had completely eliminated in embryos pre‐transfected with sh4‐ALDH3A2. Chicken embryos pre‐transfected with sh4‐ALDH3A2 had eliminated the increasing of serum glucose and hepatic glycogen content induced by (‐)‐HCA. (‐)‐HCA decreased phosphofructokinase‐1 and increased G6P, fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and pyruvate carboxylase mRNA level in chicken embryos. Similarly, the effect of (‐)‐HCA on these key enzyme mRNA level was reversed in embryos pre‐transfected with sh4‐ALDH3A2. Furthermore, (‐)‐HCA increased PPAR‐γ‐coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α), PPARα, hepatic nuclear factor‐4A, PEPCK, and CPT1A protein level, and these actions of (‐)‐HCA disappeared in embryos pre‐transfected with sh4‐ALDH3A2. These results indicated that (‐)‐HCA reduced fat accumulation and accelerated gluconeogenesis via activation of PGC‐1α signaling pathway, and these effects of (‐)‐HCA might associate with the increasing of ALDH3A2 expression level in chicken embryos.  相似文献   

17.
α‐1,3‐Galactosyltransferase (α‐GalT), an enzyme creating Galα1‐3Gal (α‐Gal) epitope on the cell surface in some mammalian species such as pigs, is known to be a key factor that causes hyperacute rejection upon transplantation from pigs to humans. To establish the RNA interference‐based suppression of endogenous α‐GalT messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis in porcine preimplantation embryos, we determined the suitable embryonic stage at which stage such approach is possible by using the semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR) and the cytochemical method using a fluorescence‐labeled Bandeiraea simplicifolia Isolectin B4 (BS‐I‐B4). Staining with BS‐I‐B4 demonstrated that α‐Gal epitope expression was first recognized at the 8‐cell stage, and increased up to the hatched blastocyst stage. Single embryo‐based qRT‐PCR also confirmed this pattern. These results indicate that creation of α‐Gal epitope is proceeded by de novo synthesis of α‐GalT mRNA in porcine preimplantation embryos with peaking at the blastocyst stage.  相似文献   

18.
Two hundred and forty 1‐day‐old male Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments with six replicates of eight chickens per replicate cage for a 42‐day feeding trial. Broiler chickens were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 250, 500, 750 or 1000 mg/kg betaine, respectively. Growth performance was not affected by betaine. Incremental levels of betaine decreased the absolute and relative weight of abdominal fat (linear P < 0.05, quadratic P < 0.01), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) (linear P < 0.05), and increased concentration of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) (linear P = 0.038, quadratic P = 0.003) in serum of broilers. Moreover, incremental levels of betaine increased linearly (P < 0.05) the proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPARα), the carnitine palmitoyl transferase‐I (CPT‐I) and 3‐hydroxyacyl‐coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HADH) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, but decreased linearly (P < 0.05) the fatty acid synthase (FAS) and 3‐hydroxyl‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA (HMGR) mRNA expression in liver of broilers. In conclusion, this study indicated that betaine supplementation did not affect growth performance of broilers, but was effective in reducing abdominal fat deposition in a dose‐dependent manner, which was probably caused by combinations of a decrease in fatty acid synthesis and an increase in β‐oxidation.  相似文献   

19.
Expression of programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 (PD‐L1) on tumor cells has been associated with immune escape in human and murine cancers, but little is known regarding the immune regulation of PD‐L1 expression by tumor cells and tumor‐infiltrating macrophages in dogs. Therefore, 14 canine tumor cell lines, as well as primary cultures of canine monocytes and macrophages, were evaluated for constitutive PD‐L1 expression and for responsiveness to immune stimuli. We found that PD‐L1 was expressed constitutively on all canine tumor cell lines evaluated, although the levels of basal expression were very variable. Significant upregulation of PD‐L1 expression by all tumor cell lines was observed following IFN‐γ exposure and by exposure to a TLR3 ligand. Canine monocytes and monocyte‐derived macrophages did not express PD‐L1 constitutively, but did significantly upregulate expression following treatment with IFN‐γ. These findings suggest that most canine tumors express PD‐L1 constitutively and that both innate and adaptive immune stimuli can further upregulate PD‐L1 expression. Therefore the upregulation of PD‐L1 expression by tumor cells and by tumor‐infiltrating macrophages in response to cytokines such as IFN‐γ may represent an important mechanism of tumor‐mediated T‐cell suppression in dogs as well as in humans.  相似文献   

20.
Leptin and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) are adipogenic proteins that are actively involved in metabolic homeostasis of fat. Recently, it was reported that fat tissue in humans and rodents differs in metabolic activity relative to anatomical location of the fat tissue (i.e. depots) and animal age. Hence, we hypothesized that leptin and PPARγ production in various fat depots in female pigs differs in response to acute fasting, and that these responses vary with physiological maturity of the animal. Sixteen intact crossbred immature female pigs [prepubertal (PP); 132.2 ± 4.1 days] and 16 sexually mature female pigs (M; 224 ± 7.4 days) housed in an open‐air, concrete slab, sheltered barn were randomly assigned to either Control or Fasted treatments. Control pigs (PP, n = 8; M, n = 8) had ad libitum access to feed, while Fasted pigs (PP, n = 8; M, n = 8) were denied access to feed from the onset of the study (0 h) to euthanasia at 72 h. Immediately post‐mortem, fat samples were collected from the subcutaneous, pelvic, kidney, and heart (M pigs only) fat depots and analysed for leptin and PPARγ mRNA and protein content. Acute fasting decreased mean leptin mRNA tissue content in a depot specific manner in M pigs (p < 0.01), while mean leptin protein concentrations in fat tissues did not differ with fat depot or age of the pig. Furthermore, acute fasting did not affect mean PPARγ mRNA tissue content in a fat depot or age dependent manner. Mean concentrations of PPARγ protein in fat depots tended to be greater in M vs. PP pigs (p = 0.07). We suggest that these data provide evidence that acute fasting has a greater effect on leptin than PPARγ production in a fat depot dependent manner in M pigs, which may be indicative of changing physiological demands as an animal matures.  相似文献   

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