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1.
Anoplocephala perfoliata (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea), the commonest intestinal tapeworm of horses, can cause colic, intussusceptions, ileal impactions and intestinal perforations. Common diagnostic techniques for A. perfoliata infection, i.e. coprology and serology, show inherent limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity and new approaches are thus required. Hence, the present study compared the reliability of coprological, serological (i.e. ELISA) and molecular (i.e. nested PCR) methods in detecting A. perfoliata infection in naturally infected horses and in horses treated with a combination of ivermectin and praziquantel. Of 42 horses subjected to coprological examination, 16 and 26 resulted negative and positive, respectively for the presence of A. perfoliata eggs at the coprological examination. The 26 coprologically positive animals were also positive by nested PCR. Fifteen out of the 16 horses coprologically negative were negative at the molecular assay, while one yielded a PCR product detectable on an agarose gel. Eighteen out of 26 positive horses were treated with a combination of ivermectin 18.7 mg/g and praziquantel 140.3mg/g and resulted subsequently negative by coprology and nested PCR performed 2 weeks after treatment. All infected and untreated animals had a high ELISA test optical density indicating high infection intensity and associated risk of colic. However, high optical density values were also obtained in four horses post-treatment and in three horses that were negative on molecular and coprological analysis. The results of the present work indicate that the nested PCR assay represents a valid method for the specific molecular detection of A. perfoliata in faecal samples collected from naturally infected horses and may have advantages over coprological and serological approaches for diagnosing A. perfoliata infection.  相似文献   

2.
The aim of this study with horses and a few ponies naturally infected with tapeworms was to confirm in clinical trials the efficacy and safety of a praziquantel horse paste 9%. The field trials were conducted in 1997 and 1998 in Canada, France, Germany and New Zealand. A secondary aim of the study in Canada was to determine if a 24h post-treatment fecal sample provides the best estimate of the prevalence of tapeworms in horses when using a fecal examination technique. Fecal samples were taken from each of 1062 animals at least three times pre-treatment (PRT). In Canada, fecal samples were examined using the Cornell-Wisconsin centrifugal flotation technique, and in France, Germany and New Zealand using a centrifugation/flotation technique. In each trial, the animals were randomized into two treatment groups: praziquantel horse paste 9% at 1mg/kg body weight (BW) and untreated. Fecal samples were taken from each animal nine times post-treatment and over a period of 5 weeks. In Canada, a fecal sample was taken also at 24h after treatment. Personnel examining the samples were "blinded" to treatment groups. On the day of treatment, each treated animal was examined for adverse reactions to the paste 10min after treatment and then hourly for 4h. Thereafter, each animal was examined once daily for 5 weeks. In Canada, Germany and New Zealand, the only tapeworm egg found was Anoplocephala perfoliata. In France, A. perfoliata was the most common species and a few animals had A. magna and Paranoplocephala mamillana. The prevalence of A. perfoliata among animals sampled in Canada, France, Germany and New Zealand was 51.8, 34.4, 13.1 and 26.2%, respectively. A total of 248 animals were treated with the praziquantel paste and all except one accepted it readily. There were 292 animals completing the study, 219 treated and 73 untreated. In Canada, Germany and New Zealand, the efficacy of the praziquantel horse paste 9% against A. perfoliata was 100%. In France, the efficacy against A. perfoliata, A. magna and P. mamillana was 90.9, 100 and 100%, respectively. The best estimate of prevalence for A. perfoliata in a herd was derived from fecal samples taken 24h after treatment. At 24h, 22 of 23 treated horses were positive, whereas on any day pre-treatment fewer horses were positive. Adverse reactions observed were mild to moderate colic and in only two treated horses.  相似文献   

3.
The pharmacokinetic behaviour of ivermectin was investigated in adult llamas (Lama glama) by using high performance liquid chromatography with a lower limit of quantification of 2 ng/ml to measure its concentration in serum. Llamas were treated with one of three commercial formulations (injectable, pour-on or oral paste) at dosages recommended by the manufacturer, or with an experimental injectable sustained-release formulation. In five llamas given 1 per cent ivermectin subcutaneously at 200 microg/kg, the median peak serum concentration (Cmax) was 3 ng/ml and the area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) was 13.5 ng x day/ml. In six llamas treated topically with 0.5 per cent ivermedin pour-on at 500 microg/kg, Cmax was 2.5 ng/ml or less and the AUC was 7.75 ng x day/ml or less. In seven llamas with measurable concentrations of ivermedin, the median times to peak serum concentration (tmax) were six days after subcutaneous injection and seven days after treatment with the pour-on formulation. In six llamas, the serum concentration of ivermectin remained less than 2 ng/ml for 124 hours after treatment with a 1.87 per cent oral paste at 200 microg/kg. In five llamas treated subcutaneously with 25 per cent ivermectin sustained-release microspheres at 1500 microg/kg, the median Cmax was 5 ng/ml and the median AUC was 224 ng x day/ml.  相似文献   

4.
The impact of a late fall treatment on the spring rise of fecal egg counts was evaluated in a controlled study with Canadian horses treated with 2 different dewormers immediately after removal from pasture for winter housing. The horses were stabled until the end of the trial period. Seventeen weanlings, 20 yearlings, and 15 2-year-old horses located in Ontario, which were presumed to be naturally infected with cyathostomins after pasture grazing, were randomly allocated to either a group treated with 0.4 mg/kg of moxidectin and 2.5 mg/kg of praziquantel or a group treated with 0.2 mg/kg of ivermectin and 1.5 mg/kg of praziquantel. Three weeks after treatment, all strongyle fecal egg counts were reduced to zero for both treatment groups. However, at 5 months post-treatment, mean geometric fecal egg counts were statistically higher for the yearlings and 2-year-old horses treated with ivermectin than for the yearlings and 2-year-old horses treated with moxidectin (P < 0.0001).  相似文献   

5.
Four groups of six parasite-naive calves were infected at seven day intervals with three doses of infective larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus. Twenty-one days after the first dose three of the groups were treated either with an injectable formulation of ivermectin at a dose rate of 200 micrograms/kg bodyweight, or with pour-on preparations of levamisole at 10 mg/kg or ivermectin at 500 micrograms/kg. On day 28 two calves from each group were slaughtered and their burdens of lungworms counted. On day 35 the remaining calves were reinfected with D viviparus infective larvae at a rate of 80 L3/kg. The levamisole preparation was 94.6 per cent effective and both ivermectin preparations were 100 per cent effective against the initial infections. The ivermectin-treated calves were protected from the reinfection which subsequently became patent in the levamisole-treated and control calves.  相似文献   

6.
Eighty horses were involved in a comparative, controlled, and randomised field study conducted in Australia and Brazil. This study was undertaken to address the duration of efficacy (by faecal egg count reduction) of four anthelmintic pastes and to measure the time required between treatments on horses naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematodes. The treatment interval was based on the egg reappearance period (ERP), defined as "the period after treatment when horses have reached a positive egg count equal or superior to 200 eggs per gram (epg) of faeces". Horses were ranked according to pre-treatment faecal egg counts and randomly allocated on Day 0 to one of the four treatment groups (n=16). Group A received a combination of ivermectin at 200 microg/kg and praziquantel at 1.5mg/kg, Group B received an ivermectin paste at 200 microg/kg, Group C received a reference product containing ivermectin at 200 microg/kg, Group D received a moxidectin paste at 400 microg/kg, and Group E received a placebo. Horses were individually faecal sampled at weekly interval from Days 0 to 70 after treatment and coprocultures were made on pooled samples at the pre-treatment time on D-7 in Brazil and D-6 in Australia.The nematode population was mainly composed of small strongyles (Cyathostominae, Gyalocephalus spp., Triodontophorus spp.). All products were efficient (>90% efficacy) until Day 42 with no statistical difference between groups. From Day 49 onwards, Group C reached the threshold, while Group B exceeded this threshold on Day 56. Groups A and D remained below 200 epg for the entire study period (70 days). The interval between two anthelmintic treatments can vary according to the threshold. The ERP was defined as the period after treatment while the output of eggs is negligible or considered as acceptable. The mean number of days calculated to recurrence of 200 epg and more was, respectively, 60 days for product A, 56 days for products B and C, and 64 days for product D. If treatments are combined with other methods of limiting exposure to infective larvae on pasture, the number of treatments required will be reduced even further.  相似文献   

7.
We examined the efficacy of ivermectin in the control of ear mites (Psoroptes cuniculi) in rabbits. The study involved 40 female and 35 male rabbits that were known to be naturally infested with ear mites. After a period of acclimation to the animal care facilities, the rabbits were ranked on the visual appearance of any ear lesion and the number of mites on glycerin-dipped ear swabs. The rabbits were then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups; vehicle only (group 1), 50 micrograms of ivermectin/kg of body weight (group 2), 100 micrograms of ivermectin/kg (group 3) and 200 micrograms of ivermectin/kg (group 4). The rabbits were treated by SC injections on day 0 and day 14 of the trial; thus, the total dose of ivermectin given to groups 1 through 4, was 0, 100, 200, or 400 micrograms/kg, respectively. The study ended 2 weeks after the last treatment. Ear lesions of the treated rabbits improved significantly (P less than 0.001). By 28 days after the first treatment, the mean number of mites on the ear swabs (both ears) was 57.5 for untreated rabbits and 9.1, 0.5, and 2.5, respectively, for rabbits in groups 2, 3, and 4. The mean number of mites recovered from the ears of the untreated rabbits at necropsy was 24,297. For groups 2, 3, and 4, the mean number of mites recovered from the ears was 5,352, 96, and 96, respectively. The efficacy of treatment with a total dose of 100 micrograms/kg was 77.96%, with 200 micrograms/kg was 99.61%, and for 400 micrograms/kg was 99.61%.  相似文献   

8.
Three groups of ten 4-month-old red deer (Cervus elaphus) calves naturally infected with lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus) were treated with either oral ivermectin (200 microg/kg), topical (pour-on) ivermectin (500 microg/kg) or oral oxfendazole (5 mg/kg). Faecal larval counts for lungworm were undetectable or very low for 14 days after treatment with oxfendazole, 28 days after treatment with oral ivermectin and for 49 days after treatment with topical ivermectin. This pilot study suggests that the topical formulation of ivermectin was very effective against lungworm and had a more persistent action than the oral ivermectin formulation in young red deer.  相似文献   

9.
A clinical trial was performed to compare the effects of flumethrin and ivermectin treatments of grazing heifers at one farm in central Japan. 64 heifers were randomly allocated into two groups. Flumethrin (1 mg/kg pour on) was applied approximately once every 3 weeks to heifers in one group and heifers in the second group were injected approximately once every month with ivermectin (200 microg/kg; id). Between groups, no significant differences were detected in the proportions of animals that showed parasitemia of Theileria sergenti and conception risks. Significantly lower average log-transformed nematode-egg counts and higher average daily weight gain were observed in the ivermectin-treated group. Animals with higher body weight at the start of grazing and lower log-transformed total nematode-egg and coccidia-oocyst counts had higher odds of conceiving. Animals with ivermectin treatment, lower body weight at the start of grazing and lower log-transformed coccidia-oocyst count had higher daily weight gain. Ivermectin may be more useful in this farm because of the higher productivity for cattle and lower cost for its usage.  相似文献   

10.
Twenty-eight foals whose dams were treated IM with ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg of body weight) on the day of parturition were compared with 35 foals whose dams were administered only the vehicle. The effect of ivermectin on the vertical transmission of Strongyloides westeri and foal heat diarrhea was determined by a comparison of results obtained in the 2 groups. Foals from treated mares had significantly fewer S westeri eggs per gram of feces from 17 to 28 days postpartum. There were no differences observed in the frequencies of severity of foal heat diarrhea between the treated and control groups. In another experiment, using the same foals, 32 foals were treated IM with ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) at 21 days of age and were compared with 31 foals administered only the vehicle. Significantly fewer S westeri eggs were recovered from the ivermectin-treated foals on day 26 to day 32, the completion day of the trial.  相似文献   

11.
Effect of ivermectin on performance of beef cattle on Georgia pastures   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
A total of 469 cows and calves from 2 herds, each on 6 pastures, was used to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy and animal-performance benefits of ivermectin given subcutaneously at a dosage of 200 micrograms/kg to nursing beef calves and their dams during a grazing season. Pastures were paired across the 2 herds. Three pasture groups from 1 herd were randomly assigned to either a nonmedicated control or to a medicated group. Treatment assignments were reversed in the other herd. The control groups comprised 110 cows and 108 calves, whereas 127 cows and 124 calves were treated with ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg). The cows were treated once, in late spring, and the calves were treated twice, once in late spring and again in midsummer. Cattle from one herd were weighed on days - 12, 21, 49, 77 (day of 2nd treatment for calves), and 105, and the other herd was weighed on days - 6, 23, 57, 86 (day of 2nd treatment for calves), and 113. Rectal fecal samples for nematode egg counts were obtained from approximately 25% of the cattle in each pasture on weighing days; usually, the same cattle were sampled each time. Calves treated with ivermectin gained (P less than 0.05) more weight than control calves up to the 2nd treatment date and up to the termination of the study. There was no significant difference between treated and control cows, with regard to weight gain over either interval. Treated calves had fewer positive fecal egg counts (P less than 0.01) and passed fewer eggs (P less than 0.05) after both treatments than did control calves. There were no differences in either number of eggs or number of negative cows between treatment groups. Adverse reactions attributable to treatment were not seen.  相似文献   

12.
The efficacy of an oral formulation of ivermectin plus praziquantel in the reduction of nematode and cestode egg counts in horses was assessed in 273 horses under field conditions at 15 sites in North America (n = 6) and Europe (n = 9). Horses were confirmed by fecal examination to have natural infections of strongyles (100%) and tapeworms (76%). Replicates of four horses were formed at each site, and in each replicate three animals received ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg body weight) plus praziquantel (1 mg/kg body weight) oral paste and one animal remained untreated or received vehicle paste. Fecal samples were collected for fecal nematode and cestode egg counting before and 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, and 16 days after treatment. Horses treated with ivermectin plus praziquantel oral paste had significantly (P <.01) lower posttreatment strongylid and cestode egg counts (reductions of 98% or more) than controls. Combined site analyses revealed that 95% or 96% of the horses positive for cestode eggs before treatment that were treated with ivermectin plus praziquantel were negative for cestode eggs at each posttreatment fecal examination. No adverse reactions attributable to ivermectin plus praziquantel oral paste treatments were observed. The results of the studies demonstrated that ivermectin plus praziquantel paste was highly effective in reducing egg shedding by gastrointestinal nematodes and cestodes, and no adverse reactions were observed in horses treated under field conditions.  相似文献   

13.
Thirty hamsters diagnosed with a Notoedres infestation on the basis of their clinical signs and skin scrapings were allocated to three matched groups. The hamsters in group 1 received ivermectin at 400 microg/kg subcutaneously once a week for eight weeks, those in group 2 were treated with moxidectin at 400 microg/kg orally once a week, and those in group 3 were treated with moxidectin at the same dosage, but twice a week. The hamsters' skin lesions were scored weekly on the basis of the severity of crusting, erythema, scaling and excoriations at various sites. In all three groups the lesion scores were significantly lower after four and eight weeks, and there was no significant difference between the efficacy of the treatments. However, at the end of the treatment, skin scrapings were negative in only 60 to 70 per cent of the animals in each group.  相似文献   

14.
Ma M  Guan G  Lu B  Liu A  Liu Z  Chang Z  Li F  Chang F  Luo J  Lu W  Zhang Q  Yuan G  Yin H  Boulard C 《Veterinary parasitology》2003,117(1-2):147-151
A chemotherapy trial was conducted to determine the lowest dosage of injectable preparation of ivermectin against Hypoderma spp. infestation in yaks in Tibetan areas in Tianzhu county, Gansu province, in northwest of China. One hundred and sixty yaks were randomly divided into four groups of 40 yaks for the trial. The first three groups were treated by subcutaneous injection in the neck with 0.1% ivermectin (respectively, 1, 5, 10 microg/kg body weight). The fourth group was not treated and considered as control group. All the experiments were performed in November 2000 and the animals were examined for the presence of warbles in the next March and May. The results indicated that there was no warbles found on the back of treated animal while third stage larvae were palpated on back of some of the yaks in control group. It is concluded that dosage of 1 microg/kg ivermectin injectable was sufficient to kill or stop development of larvae of Hypoderma spp. in naturally infected yaks if administrated in November.  相似文献   

15.
A study was conducted to evaluate the activity of a single administration of doramectin or ivermectin against severe, induced infestations of Cochliomyia hominivorax. Twenty-four Holstein bull calves were allocated to four groups of six animals each and treated either with saline, doramectin 1%, or either one of two formulations of ivermectin 1% at a dose rate of 200 microg/kg. On Day 12 after treatment, each calf was anesthetized and two wounds were created on the left side of the shoulder and rump of each calf and 2 h later, each wound was implanted with 100 newly hatched larvae of C. hominivorax. On Day 15 after treatment, the procedure was repeated on the right side of each calf. Wounds were examined daily for 5 days and evidence of live larvae was recorded. Doramectin provided reduction in myiasis of 90.9 and 83.3% at 12 and 15 days after treatment, respectively, compared to the saline control treatment (P < 0.0001). In contrast, there were no significant differences in the number of calves with myiasis between those treated with either of the ivermectin formulations and the saline control.  相似文献   

16.
Thirty resident horses at a boarding stable in Alberta were used to evaluate the relative efficacies of ivermectin, oxibendazole, and pyrantel pamoate in reducing fecal egg output in adult horses under routine management conditions during spring and early summer, and to more clearly define the duration of suppression of fecal egg production following anthelmintic treatment. Horses were blocked according to pretreatment egg counts and randomly assigned to one of three treatments: pyrantel pamoate at 6.6 mg/kg body weight; oxibendazole at 10 mg/kg body weight; or ivermectin at 200 μg/kg body weight. All treatments were administered orally as a paste on day 0.Fecal samples were collected for examination by the modified Wisconsin procedure before treatment, and then at 4-11 day intervals up to day 72.

Very few if any strongyle eggs were found in the feces of any horses up to day 35. On days 42, 50 and 57, the geometric mean egg count for the ivermectin group was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that for the oxibendazole or pyrantel pamoate groups. Based on a survival curve analysis of the data, the mean number of days for recurrence of eggs in the feces was significantly longer for the ivermectin group than for the oxibendazole and pyrantel pamoate groups.

Under conditions encountered in this study, the posttreatment interval to resumption of fecal egg out-put in horses treated with ivermectin was eight to nine weeks, compared with five to six weeks for horses treated with oxibendazole or pyrantel pamoate.

  相似文献   

17.
The prophylactic efficacy of microdoses of injectable and pour-on ivermectin formulations against larval stages of Przhevalskiana silenus was assessed in naturally infected goats in the region of Calabria (southern Italy).Sixty-eight goats from two goat farms were divided into five groups: one group remained untreated, while the other four groups were treated with microdoses of ivermectin (5 and 10 microg/kg injectable formulation and 10 and 20 microg/kg pour-on formulation).The microdoses of ivermectin were fully effective in the treatment of goat warble fly infestation (GWFI) as no larvae emerged from the warbles in the treated groups, while all the larvae emerged in the control groups. Irrespective of the type of formulation used, the difference between the treated groups and the control group was statistically significant (P< 0.001). By contrast, no statistical differences were found between the goats treated with the injectable formulation and those receiving the pour-on applications, and between the two doses of the injectable and pour-on formulations used. Given the plasma concentrations it attains at its lowest dose (0.052 - 0.042 ng/ml for the injectable formulation and 0.030 ng/ml for the pour-on) the injectable formulation seems to offer the most reliable route for the administration of ivermectin microdoses and it is acceptable for milk consumption. The introduction of ivermectin in the early eighties and the use of microdoses in some cases have made it possible to control cattle hypodermosis in large areas of Europe. As with cattle hypodermosis, the administration of ivermectin microdoses in goats is particularly interesting because of the low costs involved and the low levels of residues found in goat milk; it may thus constitute the basis for GWFI control campaigns in areas where the disease is prevalent.  相似文献   

18.
A study was conducted to investigate the persistent nematocidal activity of two avermectins against experimentally-induced infections of Ascaris suum in swine. Seventy-two nematode-free cross-bred pigs of similar bodyweight were randomly allotted to nine treatment groups of eight pigs each. Eight of the groups were treated with injectable solutions containing 300 microg of doramectin/kg (IM) or 300 microg of ivermectin/kg (SC) either 0 (same day), 7, 14, or 21 days prior to an oral challenge of 50000 embryonated A. suum eggs. The ninth group (control) was challenged in parallel without any avermectin treatment. At 41 or 42 days after challenge, pigs were euthanatized and adult and larval stages of A. suum were collected from the gastrointestinal tract of each pig and counted. Both avermectins significantly (P < 0.0002) reduced nematode counts when given on the day of challenge (0 days prior), and the efficacy was 100% and 97.5% for doramectin and ivermectin, respectively. Doramectin given 7 days prior to challenge significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced nematode counts, and the efficacy was 98.4%. For all other avermectin-treatment groups, nematode counts were not significantly reduced compared to those in control pigs. These data indicated that anthelmintic activity of ivermectin against A. suum persisted for less than 7 days and the activity of doramectin persisted for more than 7, but less than 14 days.  相似文献   

19.
Ivermectin is widely used in veterinary medicine as an anthelminthic and generally has a wide margin of safety, but Collies are prone to ivermectin toxicity. Two groups of Collies were presented to the University of California Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH) with ivermectin toxicity. The medical records of the 2 groups of Collies were reviewed retrospectively. Group I comprised 5 adult Collies that received at least 400 microg/kg ivermectin p.o. and were presented to the VMTH 3 hours after intoxication. These Collies showed marked clinical signs on presentation. Three of these dogs required mechanical ventilation and were euthanized for financial reasons; the remaining 2 dogs were comatose but recovered in 5-7 days. Group II was comprised of 12 adult Collies presented to the VMTH 2 days (n = 10) and 5 days (n = 2) after subcutaneous injection of 200-250 microg/kg ivermectin. These animals showed greater variation in severity of illness among individuals; 5 animals progressed to stupor or coma, whereas 4 animals remained ambulatory. Most of these dogs' clinical signs deteriorated from the day of intoxication until approximately day 6, from which time they showed gradual but steady improvement. All of the Collies in this group survived, but it took 3 weeks for most of them to recover. Collies suffering from ivermectin toxicity can have a severe and prolonged clinical course requiring intensive nursing care. Respiratory, cardiovascular, and nutritional support may all be required. With appropriate care, however, the prognosis for complete recovery is good.  相似文献   

20.
A study was undertaken to evaluate and compare faecal excretion of moxidectin and ivermectin in horses after oral administration of commercially available preparations. Ten clinically healthy adult horses, weighing 390-446 kg body weight (b.w.), were allocated to two experimental groups. Group I was treated with an oral gel formulation of moxidectin at the manufacturer's recommended therapeutic dose of 0.4 mg/kg b.w. Group II was treated with an oral paste formulation of ivermectin at the recommended dose of 0.2 mg/kg b.w. Faecal samples were collected at different times between 1 and 75 days post-treatment. After faecal drug extraction and derivatization, samples were analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography using fluorescence detection and computerized kinetic analysis.For both drugs the maximum concentration level was reached at 2.5 days post administration. The ivermectin treatment groups' faecal concentrations remained above the detectable level for 40 days (0.6 +/- 0.3 ng/g), whereas the moxidectin treatment group remained above the detectable level for 75 days (4.3 +/- 2.8 ng/g). Ivermectin presented a faster elimination rate than moxidectin, reaching 90% of the total drug excreted in faeces at four days post-treatment, whereas moxidectin reached similar levels at eight days post-treatment. No significant differences were observed for the values of maximum faecal concentration (C(max)) and time of C(max)(T(max)) between both groups of horses, demonstrating similar patterns of drug transference from plasma to the gastrointestinal tract. The values of the area under the faecal concentration time curve were slightly higher in the moxidectin treatment group (7104 +/- 2277 ng.day/g) but were not significantly different from those obtained in the ivermectin treatment group (5642 +/- 1122 ng.day/g). The results demonstrate that although a 100% higher dose level of moxidectin was used, attaining higher plasma concentration levels and more prolonged excretion and gut secretion than ivermectin, the concentration in faeces only represented 44.3+/- 18.0% of the total parental drug administered compared to 74.3 +/- 20.2% for ivermectin. This suggests a higher level of metabolization for moxidectin in the horse.  相似文献   

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