共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
土壤对疏水性有机污染物的吸附实际上是土壤中矿物和有机质两部分共同作用的结果。土壤有机质的作用相当重要，因为与矿物相比，它通常对疏水性有机污染物具有较大的热力学亲合力。因此，土壤吸附有机污染物机理的研究主要是从土壤有机质的角度进行的。土壤有机质组成复杂，主要包括非特异性有机质和腐殖质，其中腐殖质约占有机质总量的50％-80％，包括胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素。早期的实验研究认为疏水性有机污染物在土壤有机质相中表现为线性分配，可以用平衡分配系数来描述。但是，随着实验研究的深入，平衡分配模型不能合理解释疏水性有机污染物的一些吸附特征，如非线性吸附、溶质竞争吸附以及解吸过程的滞后现象等。后来，Weber和Huang提出土壤吸附有机污染物的三端元模型。同时Pignatello和Xing提出双模式吸附模型。都认为土壤有机质存在明显的不均匀性，并且提出了“软碳”与“硬碳”的概念。 相似文献
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土壤中多氯联苯的生物有效性及其影响机制研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
多氯联苯(PCBs)属于环境中广泛存在的持久性有机污染物(POPs),威胁生态系统安全与人体健康。为评价典型土壤中PCBs的生态风险,揭示其生物有效性以及影响生物有效性的分子机制将具有重要科学意义。本文以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为土壤模式生物,模拟土壤中6种典型PCBs化合物(PCB-18、PCB-20、PCB-28、PCB-101、PCB-105、PCB-114)的富集动力学过程,并分析了蚯蚓吸收累积对土壤中PCBs总量的影响。结果表明,对于PCB-18、PCB-20和PCB-28,蚯蚓富集15天能够达到动力学过程的近平衡状态,而PCB-101、PCB-105和PCB-114则在30天达到近平衡状态,这可能是由于分子体积增大致使PCBs自由穿越生物膜并为生物体有机脂相富集的过程受到一定程度的限制,吸收速率变慢。PCBs生物有效性与典型分子性质(α、Kow)之间高度线性相关,从微观层面上揭示了影响生物有效性的分子机制,进一步表明PCBs分子体积、分子极化率及其疏水作用是影响生物有效性的主要因子,为典型土壤中PCBs污染物的生态风险预测与评价提供科学依据。 相似文献
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从三个方面综述了蚯蚓对土壤污染的指示作用:(1)通过调查污染区土壤中蚯蚓种群的数量和结构反映土壤污染情况;(2)利用蚯蚓进行生态毒理风险评价,指示污染物对土壤生态系统可能造成的危害;(3)利用蚯蚓监测土壤污染。并阐述了蚯蚓对重金属的主要耐性机制:(1)脂质过氧化保护酶系统缓解氧化胁迫;(2)分隔、固定作用;(3)螯合解毒作用;(4)溶酶体和细胞质粒抑制重金属活性。同时,分析了蚯蚓强化污染土壤修复的潜力,认为蚯蚓可以通过改善土壤理化性质、增强微生物活性、改变污染物的活性等强化污染土壤的生物修复过程。 相似文献
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近些年来,环境中的微塑料污染引起了全世界的广泛关注。微塑料具有比表面积大、吸附力强等特点,其易与环境中的典型污染物(如有机污染物和重金属)相互作用,改变这些污染物的环境行为。明确微塑料对有机污染物和重金属的吸附解吸作用过程和机制,对于明确有机污染物和重金属的环境行为及毒性效应的相应变化具有重要的意义。本文系统综述了微塑料对有机污染物和重金属吸附解吸作用的研究进展,着重从微塑料性质(类型、形貌特征、表面官能团、极性、吸附位点、结晶度、老化程度)、污染物性质(表面官能团、疏水性、极性、浓度、形态等)以及环境因素(温度、pH、盐度、离子强度、表面活性剂、微生物膜)3个方面,系统分析了微塑料对典型污染物吸附解吸的作用过程和机理。微塑料对有机污染物和重金属的吸附解吸主要受表面吸附、孔隙填充、络合作用以及疏水作用等的影响。微塑料对污染物的吸附动力学绝大部分符合动力学(准)二级模型,部分符合一级动力学;吸附等温线基本符合Frendlich模型、Langmuir模型和Henry模型,部分符合线性模型和复合模型。未来应加强微塑料对一些新型污染物吸附解吸方面的研究工作,进一步明确微塑料与典型污染物之间相互作用的过程和机理,并建立相关的数据库和模型。希望为后续的微塑料吸附解吸典型污染物的相关研究提供借鉴与参考,也为科学地认识微塑料的环境行为提供依据。 相似文献
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水溶性污染物和有机污染物在非饱和带的运动规律是当前土壤物理学研究的前沿领域，模拟反应性溶质的运移模型，必须包含溶质和土壤基质之间的保持和释放反应。本文简要综述土壤对溶质保持反应的平衡模型、动力学模型和多反应模型的主要特点。 相似文献
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不同有机物料对黄土高原治沟造地土壤水分运移的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了改善黄土高原治沟造地土壤结构较差的问题,采用一维定水头土柱模拟试验,探讨了不同有机物料(生物有机肥、粉碎秸秆、50%粉碎秸秆+50%生物有机肥、尿素、对照)对治沟造地土壤湿润锋推移、累积入渗量、入渗速率和土壤水分蒸发特征的影响,并采用Green-Ampt模型、Philip模型和Kostiakov模型拟合分析土壤水分入渗规律。结果表明:(1)粉碎秸秆与有机肥均降低了土壤水分移动速率,增强了土壤持水能力;粉碎秸秆同时降低了土壤稳定入渗速率,与对照相比减小了17.65%;(2)湿润锋推进深度与累积入渗量呈良好的线性关系;通过对3种入渗模型拟合发现,Philip模型和Kostiakov模型的拟合效果较好,符合黄土高原治沟造地土壤入渗率和时间的动态关系;(3)土壤水分蒸发过程中,添加粉碎秸秆具有阻截和蓄积土壤水分,提高土壤含水量的积极作用。 相似文献
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挥发性有机物污染土壤蒸气抽排模型研究进展 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
土壤蒸气抽排是一种当前国外广泛应用的土壤现场修复技术,它能经济高效地去除非饱和带土壤中的挥发性有机污染物。本文详细叙述了土壤蒸气抽排中的地下抽排气体流场模型和污染物去除模型的发展过程和研究现状;描述了适合不同情况的一维、二维和三维抽排气体流场模型,以及不存在非水相液体和存在非水相液体的两类污染物去除模型的特点和适用条件;总结了运用各种模型,分析土壤气透性、污染物挥发性和抽排流速等主要因素对土壤蒸气抽排去污效果的影响及所取得的研究成果;对土壤蒸气抽排模型的研究和运用中目前需要解决的问题及发展前景进行了展望。 相似文献
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土壤有机质对疏水性有机污染物的非线性吸附及其影响因素 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
土壤有机质(SOM)是土壤的重要组成部分,它对疏水性有机污染物(HOCs)的吸附作用对污染物在环境中的迁移转化有着至关重要的影响。近年来的一些研究表明,HOCs在SOM上的吸附行为并不严格地符合传统的线性分配模型。本文综述了近年来一些学者提出的SOM对HOCs的非线性吸附作用的机制及其影响因素,认为SOM的组成和结构均对HOCs的吸附有着重要的影响。SOM吸附在土壤矿物表面后,其结构或各组分的比例发生了改变,从而对其本身的吸附作用产生影响。溶液的化学环境(主要是阳离子)会对SOM的结构和吸附作用产生影响,特别是当溶液中存在一些过渡金属(如,铜或银)的离子时,共吸附的金属离子可能会与多环芳烃类分子形成阳离子-π键的作用,从而促进多环芳烃类物质在SOM上的吸附。 相似文献
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金鑫 FredrickOrori Kengar 王芳 谷成刚 杨兴伦 Ulrike Doerfler Reiner Schroll Jean Charles Munch 蒋新 《土壤学报》2017,54(1):108-117
氯代持久性有机污染物的农田土壤污染呈现污染浓度低、面积大、新源污染不断输入的特点。农田土壤本身微生物种类丰富,对氯代有机污染物具有较大的降解潜力和未知性。本试验以典型高氯代和低氯代持久性有机污染物——六氯苯(HCB)和滴滴涕(DDT)为研究对象,结合~(14)C同位素示踪技术,研究HCB和DDT在热带水稻土和甘蔗地土壤的矿化现象,同时监测HCB和DDT在两种土壤中的挥发、降解产物以及结合残留。结果表明,经84 d好氧培养,HCB和DDT在两种土壤中的矿化量分别仅为0.14%和3%,低氯代有机污染物DDT的矿化速率显著高于高氯代有机污染物HCB。然而,两种土壤对HCB或DDT的矿化没有显著性差异。HCB或DDT在水稻土中的挥发量略微高于甘蔗地土壤,两种土壤中HCB和DDT的挥发量在0.1%~0.6%之间,表明挥发不是其主要的环境过程。在DDT污染水稻土和甘蔗地土壤中添加1.25%的堆肥增加了DDT在土壤中的矿化与结合残留,减少了DDT的挥发。本研究结果表明土壤在好氧条件下对氯代持久性有机污染物的自然消解能力非常弱,而有机肥的使用有助于土壤中持久性氯代有机污染物的矿化消除。 相似文献
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Eco-risk of an organic pollutant in soil is quite influenced by the property of the soil and contamination history. To evaluate the influence of these factors on the availability of organic pollutants, earthworm accumulation of pyrene in six different soils were studied in this paper used unaged and aged samples. Moreover, butanol extraction and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of pyrene in these samples were determined simultaneously, and the relationship between bioaccumulation and extraction by butanol and SFE before and after aging were investigated in order to find a rapid method to predict the bioavailability. The results showed that, for unaged samples, percentages of pyrene accumulated by the earthworms (Eisenia foetida), extracted by butanol and mild supercritical fluid were 1.9–18.5%, 41.8–50.8% and around 50%, respectively. Generally, the percentages of the earthworm accumulation decreased significantly and butanol extraction decreased slightly with the content of soil organic matter (SOM) in soils. Clay content might also influence pyrene availability when SOM content is smaller than 1%. However, mild SFE could not differentiate the availability of the pyrene in unaged soils. Both the bioavailability and the chemical availability of pyrene decreased significantly after aged in soils for 120 days, and the percentages of availability by the three test methods were 0.87–3.65%, 18.7–27.6% and 12.9–28.2%, respectively. A correlation relationship study of pyrene extractability by butanol and mild SFE with bioavailability to earthworm uptake for aged soils suggested that mild SFE was a better approach to predict the bioavailability of organic chemicals in field soils compared to butanol extraction. 相似文献
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Martina G Vijver Jos P.M VinkCornelis J.H Miermans Cornelis A.M van Gestel 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(1):125-132
Earthworms may take up chemicals from soil and pore water, both through their skin (dermal) and by ingestion (oral). It remains unclear, however, what the relative importance of these pathways is. To assess bioavailability of pollutants in soil to earthworms, it is necessary that the contribution of each pathway is known. Lumbricus rubellus were sealed by means of medical histoacryl glue, to block ingestion of soil particles and pore water. For 6 d, these earthworms showed good survival and vitality and no soil ingestion was found. Equal metal uptake was found by sealed and unsealed earthworms exposed to an inert sand matrix continuously flushed with contaminated water. Therefore, pore water uptake via ingestion contributes little to metal accumulation. Uptake rates of Cd, Cu and Pb in sealed and unsealed earthworms exposed to two contaminated field soils were similar. Uptake and elimination kinetics of Zn were significantly lower in sealed earthworms exposed to one of the two field soils. Body concentrations of Cu and Pb could be completely attributed to the dermal route. For internal Cd and Zn concentrations, however, 0-17 and 21-30%, respectively, were derived from ingestion. It is concluded that for metals the dermal route is the uptake route of importance. The sealing method described here may be useful in a variety of earthworm nutrition and contamination-effect studies. 相似文献
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Current knowledge of earthworm feeding ecology is reviewed, with particular reference to food selection, ingestion, digestion and assimilation, and the use of novel techniques to advance understanding of the functional significance of these processes.
Traditional research methods including direct observation of feeding behaviour, gut content analysis, choice tests, and litter bags have provided a wealth of information on earthworm feeding. However, there is a lack of the mechanistic, quantitative information required to characterise adequately their functional role in soil ecosystem processes such as soil C sequestration and loss, decomposition of organic residues, the maintenance of soil structure and trophic interactions with plants and microorganisms.
Stable isotope ratio analysis of light elements (C, N, and S) offers a powerful research tool to reveal and quantify trophic relationships of earthworms in soil food webs, while molecular techniques can further enhance understanding of the interactions between earthworms and microorganisms and their functional significance. 相似文献
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《European Journal of Soil Biology》2002,38(3-4):225-231
A wide range of pollutants reach the soils of natural and managed ecosystems in concentrations that can affect their function. These chemicals, which include pesticides, heavy metals, acid deposition and a range of industrial chemicals, can reach soils in many different ways and by various routes. The ecological impacts of these chemicals on agricultural systems can involve effects at the: (i) organism population level, in terms of individual life histories (birth rate, numbers, growth, mortality); (ii) at the community level in terms of effects on plant/plant, plant/microbial, or plant/faunal interactions, species diversity and on soil food webs; (iii) at the ecosystem level, effects on primary and secondary productivity, organic matter breakdown and nutrient cycling; (iv) at the landscape level, changes in spatial heterogeneity of plants and soil organisms, material transfer of soil and nutrients, and hydrologic transfers of nutrients. Currently available methods of assessing the effect of pollutants include single species laboratory tests, a few multi-species assays, and integrated soil microcosms and terrestrial model ecosystems. The latter two methods produce data on the effects of pollutants on populations, communities and ecosystems as well as the fate of pollutants. 相似文献
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David J. Spurgeon Lindsey Lister Peter Kille M. Gloria Pereira Julian Wright Claus Svendsen 《Pedobiologia》2011
A frequent characteristic of earthworms collected from contaminated sites is that they show considerable variation in measured tissue chemical concentrations. What is not certain is whether this variation results from local scale heterogeneity in soil concentrations and associated variation in exposure or rather from systematic and biologically based differences in earthworm pollutant handling. To assess patterns of earthworm chemical uptake and associated variation, accumulation was investigated in two bespoke toxicokinetic studies with the organic chemicals chlorpyrifos and fluoranthene and in a reanalysis of two published toxicokinetic studies with the metals Pb and Cd. The analysis of all data-sets highlighted extensive variation around one compartment model fits. Such consistently high variability, despite the homogenous nature of exposure within the test systems, hints at extensive biological variation in earthworms within the pathways involved in pollutant handling (uptake, metabolism, excretion) which goes beyond the simple methodological variation of a single test. The identified variation between individuals has important implications in areas such as biomarker analyses and secondary poisoning assessment. Further it indicates the presence of substantive selectable variation in pollutant handling that could support the development of pollutant tolerance in earthworms. 相似文献
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Earthworms are significant ecosystem engineers and are an important component of the diet of many vertebrates and invertebrates, so the ability to predict their distribution and abundance would have wide application in ecology, conservation and land management. Earthworm viability is known to be affected by the availability and quality of food resources, soil water conditions and temperature, but has not yet been modelled mechanistically to link effects on individuals to field population responses. Here we present a novel model capable of predicting the effects of land management and environmental conditions on the distribution and abundance of Aporrectodea caliginosa, the dominant earthworm species in agroecosystems. Our process-based approach uses individual based modelling (IBM), in which each individual has its own energy budget. Individual earthworm energy budgets follow established principles of physiological ecology and are parameterised for A. caliginosa from experimental measurements under optimal conditions. Under suboptimal conditions (e.g. food limitation, low soil temperatures and water contents) reproduction is prioritised over growth. Good model agreement to independent laboratory data on individual cocoon production and growth of body mass, under variable feeding and temperature conditions support our representation of A. caliginosa physiology through energy budgets. Our mechanistic model is able to accurately predict A. caliginosa distribution and abundance in spatially heterogeneous soil profiles representative of field study conditions. Essential here is the explicit modelling of earthworm behaviour in the soil profile. Local earthworm movement responds to a trade-off between food availability and soil water conditions, and this determines the spatiotemporal distribution of the population in the soil profile. Importantly, multiple environmental variables can be manipulated simultaneously in the model to explore earthworm population exposure and effects to combinations of stressors. Potential applications include prediction of the population-level effects of pesticides and changes in soil management e.g. conservation tillage and climate change. 相似文献
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The sources of bioavailable metals for earthworms were investigated in a Zn-, Pb- and Cd-contaminated soil. Selective sequential extractions (SSE) of metals were performed on soil samples with different amounts of contamination and compared with the body burden concentration of metals in two earthworm species: Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus rubellus. The most labile forms (water extractable and exchangeable) of metals were poorly related with metal accumulation by the earthworms, except for Cd, whereas the moderately available forms (acid-soluble, bound to iron oxides and organic matter) were related to the pattern of metal accumulation by earthworms. This indicates that the ingestion of metals bound to soil components is likely to be a more important uptake route than the dermal uptake of dissolved ions for metals entering the body tissue of earthworms. 相似文献