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1.
基于流固耦合的分动器齿轮两相流动数值模拟与试验 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
针对分动器齿轮啮合传动中,润滑油运动过程缺乏研究和油压油速等相关参数不确定的问题,应用数值模拟与试验相结合的方法进行了详细的分析。建立分动器齿轮流场三维模型,基于流固耦合理论,应用Fluent UDF命令设定齿轮动网格运动,建立VOF两相流模型进行数值模拟,结果表明:0～0.5T(小齿轮以400 r/min速度旋转一周耗时为1T)时刻,从动大齿轮旋转带油对啮合区润滑起主要作用、速度流线在啮合区附近出现明显的漩涡现象、啮合齿面间压力值相对较大、两相流模型的改变对齿轮带油润滑效果有较大影响;应用高速摄影技术,对透明分动器壳体内流场流动情况进行观察试验,其油面波动与数值模拟结果作对比,最大误差为12.2%,误差较小,表明试验与数值模拟的分析结果相吻合。研究成果为下一步改善分动器齿轮润滑方面的工作提供参考。 相似文献
2.
球面圆弧锥齿轮接触点轨迹方程 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了提高农业机械等领域的中央传动系统中齿轮的承载能力,减小中央传动的总体尺寸,降低机构的离地间隙,研究了一类理想状态下的球面圆弧锥齿轮。该文根据圆弧锥齿轮的啮合原理、坐标转换以及球面三角几何的方法,确定了球面圆弧锥齿轮接触点轨迹方程和齿轮副圆弧齿廓齿面方程,进一步完善了球面圆弧锥齿轮的设计理论,并根据研究出的方程,进行了齿轮的三维造型,为正确的设计和加工大端面呈理想球面且螺旋齿形端面为圆弧齿廓的球面圆弧螺旋锥齿轮提供了理论基础,也为后续的球面圆弧锥齿轮的参数化设计和数字化加工提供了研究基础。 相似文献
3.
为提高农机装备传动齿轮于润滑条件恶劣、变速、重载工况下的抗胶合承载性能,该研究将表面涂层强化技术应用于啮合齿面。首先,基于齿轮啮合原理、摩擦学、热力学等理论,建立涂层与齿轮接触特性、胶合承载能力关系数学模型,分析不同膜基弹性模量比下系统应力场的分布特点,阐明齿面摩擦系数对油膜厚度、瞬时接触温度的影响规律,为择取齿面抗胶合涂层提供理论参考。由此进一步对标准钢球表面分别沉积含钨ta-C和a-C:H碳膜,通过四球法评价涂层材料摩擦学性能,并在FZG(Forschungsstelle für Zahnr?der und Getriebesysteme)传动试验台上对两种涂层齿轮进行耐胶合试验。结果表明：与无涂层齿轮相比,碳膜摩擦副跑合性更好,其中a-C:H涂层的sp2 C-C键含量高于ta-C,具有更低的摩擦系数(0.055～0.058);ta-C涂层齿轮抗胶合承载能力提高了2个FZG载荷级,a-C:H涂层齿轮至少提升了4个载荷级;ta-C齿面展现为涂层剥落后的磨粒磨损和黏着磨损;且无涂层齿面与ta-C齿面均显示出热胶合与微点蚀损伤竞争性关系,并兼存齿面塑性变形;而a-C... 相似文献
4.
针对传统齿轮马达径向力不平衡、只能输出一种转矩和转矩脉动较高的问题,提出了力平衡型多输入齿轮马达。该马达在一个壳体内有内、外两种马达,可通过不同的连接方式实现4种定转矩和定转速的输出。通过对马达的输出转矩进行理论计算和试验,分析了马达在4种工作方式下的瞬时转矩及转矩脉动,结果表明,单个马达工作时的转矩脉动与啮合齿轮的齿数有关。多个马达同时工作时的转矩脉动与齿轮啮合点的位置及脉动周期有关,当3个内马达共同工作,内、外马达共同工作,内、外马达差动工作时,在内、外马达脉动周期相同的前提下,可调节啮合点的位置,分别使3个小齿轮的轮齿啮合位置相差1/3,内、外马达轮齿啮合位置相差1/2,内、外马达轮齿啮合位置相同,通过瞬时转矩的叠加,使输出合转矩的脉动最小。试验结果表明,在调节齿轮啮合点的位置后,相同工作方式下的转矩脉动程度明显减少,该研究为多输入马达的进一步研究提供了参考。 相似文献
5.
基于低速困油模型的外啮合齿轮泵高速困油特性分析 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
为了更好地预测高速下外啮合齿轮泵的困油程度,以及高速离心作用对困油的影响。在现有研究成果的基础上,简述了困油压力仿真的静、动态模型。利用龙格-库塔法的迭代运算,获得高速下困油压力和齿轮副振动在一个困油周期内的动态仿真结果,且就困油压力与泵齿轮副动力学特性的耦合性进行了分析。结果表明,高速下泵的困油压力比较严重;困油压力越大,齿轮副的振动越剧烈;高速离心作用对困油压力的缓解效果明显;齿侧间隙和卸荷槽的共同作用能使困油压力大幅降低;高速下应尽量通过卸荷槽结构的创新设计来降低困油压力和减缓振动。该研究为下一步高速下外啮合齿轮泵的开发提供理论指导。 相似文献
6.
针对目前少齿差星轮型减速器在机械应用中行星轴承易烧毁的现象,对其进行力学分析以寻求解决的途径。综合考虑内啮合齿轮副、行星轴承的变形以及各轴的扭转变形,构造少齿差星轮型减速器的变形协调条件,并采用子结构法建立该类传动系统的弹性静力学模型。通过求解系统的弹性静力学方程,获得系统各环节的受力,并给出了一个运动周期内两相机构的齿轮啮合力、行星轴承力和各曲轴扭矩的变化规律。弹性静力学仿真表明,少齿差星轮型减速器两相机构各环节的受力均呈周期性变化,且二者的变化规律基本相同,仅存在180?相位差。两相机构中齿轮副的啮合较为平稳,其啮合力在一个运动周期内仅存在微小波动;但行星轴承的载荷状况较为恶劣,其中星轮轴行星轴承的载荷波动较大,而输入轴行星轴承的载荷幅值较大,这恰与星轮型减速器应用中行星轴承易烧蚀的现象相吻合。该研究可为少齿差星轮型减速器的强度设计和结构优化提供准确的力学依据。 相似文献
7.
为突破弧齿锥齿轮数字化闭环制造过程信息继承性与集成性低的局限,实现弧齿锥齿轮齿面数字化闭环过程的集成运行和齿面制造信息的集成管理,该文提出了一种弧齿锥齿轮的网络化闭环制造模型,建立了网络化闭环制造的运行机制,采用基于TCP/IP(transmission control protocol/internet protocol,传输控制/网络通讯协定)的分布式集成控制模式构建网络化闭环制造模型的通信网络,利用Web服务应用集成方法建立闭环制造过程信息集成机制,并通过设计开发闭环制造集成系统实现网络化闭环制造信息的集成统一管理。应用结果表明:该模型及其实现技术可行实用,实现了齿面制造过程的数字化和集成化运行,使齿轮副的齿面精度和啮合性能都得到明显提高。以该文的准双曲面齿轮副滚动检测试验为例,辐射噪声降低约7%,振动加速度幅值降低约15%。该研究为弧齿锥齿轮的网络化和集成化制造提供参考。 相似文献
8.
为了准确表征新月形内齿轮泵的内部流动特性,该研究根据静压支撑油膜理论及牛顿摩擦定理构建了该型齿轮泵内部泄漏数学模型及黏性摩擦损失数学模型,依据齿轮泵结构特点以及实际流动特征建立了基于两相流及动网格技术的CFD仿真模型,模拟分析了齿轮泵内部含气油液的流动特性,并与理论计算结果进行对比,最后进行试验验证。结果表明：在1/3周期内的瞬时体积流量与瞬时输入功率曲线均呈现连续周期性变化,2条曲线都有4个脉动;由于理论分析无法全面考虑油液实际流动过程而导致总泄漏量的理论值与仿真值相差60.11%,总黏性摩擦功率损失的理论值与仿真值相差66.67%;静态区域中流线相互平行,质点流动呈现层流状态,而在运动区域中却呈现完全湍流形态;压差流沿着新月形隔板内外两侧壁面以超过12 m/s的速度逆时针运动,而剪切流沿着外齿轮及内齿圈外壁同样以超过12 m/s的速度顺时针运动,在完全密封的齿间出现不同尺度的旋涡,旋涡中心的液体脱落现象使得其中的流体速度为0。在啮合齿面油膜的密封作用下,间隙最小处出现断流,啮合区的最大泄漏量为0.16 L/min;试验与仿真的容积效率相差1.33个百分点,偏差率为1.36%;试验与... 相似文献
9.
为提升双齿轮式排肥器的排肥均匀性，该研究基于原始结构参数对直齿排肥齿轮进行改进，设计错排齿轮式排肥器。在参数化建模和确定轮齿容肥体积的基础上，结合理论分析确定了排肥器的理论排肥量。利用EDEM对排肥过程进行仿真，通过单因素试验分析错排齿轮片数、排肥轮间隙对排肥均匀性的影响，选用L9(34)正交表进行正交仿真试验。试验结果表明：试验因素对试验指标影响的主次顺序为错排齿轮片数、排肥轮间隙，当错排齿轮片数为3片、排肥轮间隙为5 mm时，排肥均匀性变异系数为4.69%。采用台架试验对双齿轮和错排齿轮式排肥器进行对比试验，结果表明：转速60 r/min时错排齿轮式排肥器的排肥流量变异系数为4.74%，与理论值基本吻合，且比双齿轮排肥器变异系数减小10.68%。基于实测排肥器转速-流量曲线设计电控排肥控制器并进行台架试验，施肥精度偏差为3.1%，优化后的排肥器排肥均匀性良好，且可实现精控排肥。研究结果可为精控排肥器的设计及优化提供参考。 相似文献
10.
困油现象对泵齿轮副综合刚度的影响分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了对外啮合齿轮泵齿轮副的动力学模型进行综合刚度的计算,从泵齿轮副的侧隙位置和啮合位置的交替变化,以及体积弹性模量的定义,建立了包括接触刚度与困油刚度在内的泵齿轮副综合刚度的计算模型,进行了一个困油周期内实例的仿真计算.研究结果表明泵齿轮副在综合刚度方面与常规齿轮副有所不同,困油刚度是影响综合刚度的最主要因素之一,得出... 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献