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1.
Pesticides may induce oxidative stress leading to generate free radicals and alternate antioxidant or oxygen free radical scavenging enzyme system. This study was conducted to investigate the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos toward male mice and the oxidative stress of the sub-lethal dose (1/10 LD50) on the lipid peroxidation level (LPO), reduced glutathione content (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities. Also, the protective effects of vitamin C (200 mg/kg body weight, bw) 30 min before or after administration of chlorpyrifos were investigated. The results demonstrated that the LD50 value of chlorpyrifos was 134.95 mg/kg bw. The oral administration of 13.495 mg/kg chlorpyrifos significantly caused elevation in LPO level and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, SOD and GST. However, GPx activity remained unchanged, while the level of GSH and G6PD activity were decreased. Vitamin C treatment to chlorpyrifos intoxicated mice decreased LPO level and GST activity, normalized CAT, SOD and G6PD activities, while GSH content was increased. We conclude that vitamin C significantly reduces chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in mice liver and the protective effect of the pre-treatment with vitamin C is better than the post-treatment.  相似文献   

2.
This study examined the effects of chlorpyrifos in the rat erythrocyte antioxidant system and evaluated the ameliorating effects of catechin and quercetin on the oxidative damage induced by chlorpyrifos. Sexually mature male Wistar rats were given chlorpyrifos (5.4 mg/kg, 1/25 of the oral LD50), catechin (20 mg/kg), quercetin (20 mg/kg), catechin plus chlorpyrifos, and quercetin plus chlorpyrifos daily via gavage for four weeks. No statistical differences were found in the catechin-only and quercetin-only groups compared with the control group. By the end of the fourth week, chlorpyrifos alone increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities compared with the control group in rat erythrocytes. In the catechin-plus-chlorpyrifos and quercetin-plus-chlorpyrifos groups, there were statistically significantly decreased MDA levels and increased SOD, CAT, and GPx activities compared with the chlorpyrifos-only group. Thus, it appears that catechin and quercetin ameliorate chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes in vivo.  相似文献   

3.
Deltamethrin and thiachloprid are an α-cyano class pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticide, respectively. Recently, a pesticide combining deltamethrin and thiacloprid has also been released. In the present study, the acute and subacute toxic effects of deltamethrin, thiachlopride, and a combination of these insecticides, on the lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus and bone marrow), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and plasma of rats, were determined to better understand mammalian antioxidant-oxidant and inflammatory system responses. For this purpose, rats were treated orally with different doses of thiacloprid (single acute dose of 112.5 mg/kg); subacute dose of 22.5 mg/kg/day for 30 days; deltamethrin (single acute dose of 15 mg/kg); subacute dose (3 mg/kg/day for 30 days), or a combination of these pesticides. Results were compared with those from a comparable dosing regimen with the known immunosuppressive drug cyclophosphamide. Pesticide treatments caused significant changes in the levels of liver and kidney injury markers. Antioxidant enzyme (catalase and glutathione peroxidase), glutathione and plasma antioxidant levels decreased but lipid peroxidation increased in all lymphoid organs and the plasma. Glutathione-S-transferase and especially DT-diaphorase activity, decreased after thiacloprid treatment. Myeloperoxidase activity, carbonyl content, lipid peroxidation and total nitrite levels increased in PMNs and plasma. When evaluated as a whole, the oxidative and inflammatory stresses seen in the pesticide combination groups were not much more pronounced than in the groups treated with a single pesticide. In terms of the evaluated biochemical parameters, the pesticides showed similar effects to cyclophosphamide.  相似文献   

4.
The cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (P450s) are an important enzymatic system that metabolizes xenobiotics (e.g., pesticides), as well as endogenous compounds (e.g., hormones). P450-mediated metabolism can result in detoxification of insecticides such as pyrethroids, or can be involved in the bioactivation and detoxification of insecticides such as organophosphates. We isolated (from the JPAL strain) a permethrin resistant strain (ISOP450) of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, having 1300-fold permethrin resistance using standard backcrossing procedures. ISOP450 is highly related to the susceptible lab strain (SLAB) and the high resistance to permethrin is due solely to P450-mediated detoxification. This is the first time in mosquitoes that P450 monooxygenase involvement in pyrethroid resistance has been isolated and studied without the confounding effects of kdr. Resistance in ISOP450 is incompletely dominant (D = +0.3), autosomally linked, and monofactorally inherited. It is expressed in the larvae, but not in adults. Cross-resistance to pyrethroids lacking a 3-phenoxybenzyl moiety (tetramethrin, fenfluthrin, bioallethrin, and bifenthrin) ranged from 1.5- to 12-fold. ISOP450 had only limited (6.6- and 11-fold) cross-resistance to 3-phenoxybenzyl pyrethroids with an α-cyano group (cypermethrin and deltamethrin, respectively). Examination of cross-resistance patterns to organophosphate insecticides in ISOP450 showed an 8-fold resistance to fenitrothion, while low, but significant, levels of negative cross-resistance were found for malathion (RR = 0.84), temephos (RR = 0.73), and methyl-parathion (RR = 0.55). The importance and uniqueness of this P450 mechanism in insecticide resistance is discussed.  相似文献   

5.
In vitro inhibition of electric eel acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by single and simultaneous exposure to organophosphorus insecticides diazinon and chlorpyrifos, and their transformation products, formed due to photoinduced degradation, was investigated. Increasing concentrations of diazinon, chlorpyrifos and their oxidation products, diazoxon and chlorpyrifos-oxon, inhibited AChE in a concentration-dependent manner. IC50 (20 min) values, obtained from the inhibition curves, were (in mol/l): (5.1 ± 0.3) × 10−8, (4.3 ± 0.2) × 10−6 and (3.0 ± 0.1) × 10−8 for diazoxon, chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-oxon, respectively, while maximal diazinon concentration was lower than its IC50 (20 min). Calculated KI values, in mol/l, of 7.9 × 10−7, 9.6 × 10−6 and 4.3 × 10−7 were obtained for diazoxon, chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-oxon, respectively. However, 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinol (IMP) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, diazinon and chlorpyrifos hydrolysis products, did not noticeably affect the enzyme activity at all investigated concentrations. Additive inhibition effect was achieved for lower concentrations of the inhibitors (diazinon/diazoxon ?1 × 10−4/1 × 10−8 mol/l i.e., chlorpyrifos/chlorpyrifos-oxon ?2 × 10−6/3 × 10−8 mol/l), while an antagonistic effect was obtained for all higher concentrations of the organophosphates. Inhibitory power of 1 × 10−4 mol/l diazinon irradiated samples can be attributed mostly to the formation of diazoxon, while the presence of non-inhibiting photodegradation product IMP did not affect diazinon and diazoxon inhibitory efficiencies.  相似文献   

6.
Trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF), a peptide hormone originally isolated from the ovaries of adult Aedes aegypti, is currently under commercial development as a new pesticide chemistry with a novel mode of action for the control of larval mosquitoes. The objective of the current research is to evaluate potential risks of the use of TMOF as an insecticide on non-target organisms. TMOF (YDPAP6) was degraded in vitro (as determined by HPLC and LC/MS) to DPAP6, PAP6, and then AP6 by leucine aminopeptidase, a pancreatic enzyme found in the digestive system of vertebrates. The rate of degradation of TMOF and PAP6 was significantly greater than that of DPAP6, while no metabolism of AP6 was found. TMOF technical insecticide was produced on a commercial scale by recombinant yeast (heat-killed before application). The technical TMOF when administered in a single dose by gavage to male and female mice at 2000 mg dry weight/kg body weight produced no negative effects as compared to controls up to 12 days after treatment. When male and female mallard ducks were treated by gavage with 1250 mg dry weight of technical TMOF/kg body weight each day for 5 days, again no toxic effects were noted through 35 days after the last treatment. TMOF technical insecticide was also applied to the shaved skin of male and female rabbits at the rate of 2000 mg/kg for 1-2 days, with no effect. The end point observations in these in vivo experiments were mortality; changes in growth rate, behavior, body structure, and color; and possible lesions observed during necropsy. Finally, Daphnia incubated with technical TMOF in rearing water at the level of 1.0 × 106 yeast cells/ml (10 mg/ml) also demonstrated no negative effects on mortality, growth, molting, time to first brood, and production of viable neonates. It appears from these studies that TMOF can be degraded by vertebrate digestive proteases and technical TMOF is not toxic to the non-target organisms examined.  相似文献   

7.
Phosphamidon is chemically known as phosphoric acid, 2-chloro-2-diethyl carboryl-methylvenyl-0-0-dimethyl phosphate. It is a systemic and contact insecticide with broad spectrum of activity. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate its effects on estrous cycle, ovarian, and uterine biochemical contents in albino mice. Normal virgin female Swiss albino mice of 90 days old and weighing about 20-30 g were divided into five groups. Phosphamidon was orally administered at doses 1.3, 2.6, 3.9, and 5.2 mg/kg body weight/day for 30 days consecutively. The vaginal smear and body weight were recorded daily and mice were sacrificed on 31st day. Estrous cycle was affected by showing a significant decrease in the number of estrous cycle and duration of proestrus, estrus, and metestrus in all the groups except in 1.3 mg/kg body weight/day phosphamidon treated group, and with concomitant increase in the duration of diestrus in all the treated groups. However there is a significant decrease in the body weight in all the groups except 1.3 mg/kg body weight/ day phosphamidon treated group. The deleterious effects were also reflected in the loss of weights of ovary and uterus: In mice treated with 2.6, 3.9, and 5.2 mg/kg phosphamidon showed a significant decrease in total protein and glycogen in the ovary and uterus. The response of the ovary and uterus for nucleic acid (DNA) content was significantly decreased in higher doses. The observed effects of phosphamidon may be due to imbalance in the hormone or toxic effects.  相似文献   

8.
The main propose of the present study was to determine the effects of diazinon on the activity and gene expression of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) as the key enzyme of Langerhans islet for secretion of insulin. Diazinon was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg. Langerhans islets were isolated from the pancreas of rats by a standard collagenase digestion, separation by centrifugation, and hand-picking technique. The activity and gene expression of the mitochondrial GDH was determined in the islets homogenates. Glutamate, C-peptide, and insulin were determined in plasma.Diazinon at all tested doses (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.01) decreased plasma insulin after 1 h while the values did not differ from control when examined after 18 h. Diazinon at all tested doses (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.01) increased concentration of C-peptide both 1 and 18 h post-administration. Diazinon at all tested doses (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) increased production of glutamate while the values did not differ from control when tested after 18 h. Administration of diazinon at doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.001) increased activity of GDH after 1 h while all doses of diazinon increased GDH activity when measured after 18 h. Diazinon at dose of 60 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.01) decreased expression of GDH gene 18 h post-administration.It is concluded that GDH is a component of diazinon-induced changes in release of improper insulin.  相似文献   

9.
In the present study, 40 male Wistar albino rats were used and divided into 4 groups. The first group served as the control group; the second group was administered Saw palmetto extract at the dose of 20 mg/kg/bw; the third group was administered flumethrin at the dose of 15 mg/kg/bw; and the fourth group was administered a combination of 20 mg/kg/bw Saw palmetto extract and 15 mg/kg/bw flumethrin, for 21 days, orally. After the trial period, blood and tissue (liver, kidney and brain) samples were taken from the rats. Saw palmetto extract did not cause significant alterations in plasma and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, serum and tissue nitric oxide (NO) levels, erythrocyte and tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities when compared to the controls (p > 0.05). Flumethrin led to increased plasma and tissue MDA levels, serum and tissue NO levels, tissue GSH-Px activities and decreased erythrocyte and tissue SOD and CAT activities, and erythrocyte GSH-Px activity, compared to the controls (p < 0.05). The flumethrin and Saw palmetto extract combination increased erythrocyte SOD activity and decreased brain GSH-Px activity as compared to flumethrin (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that Saw palmetto extract did not cause any negative effect on the prooxidant-antioxidant balance. While flumethrin stimulated lipid peroxidation; Saw palmetto extract at the dose of 20 mg/kg/bw did not exhibit enough antioxidant effect in rats.  相似文献   

10.
Most of the studies on insecticide impregnated bednets efficacy in malaria control have been undertaken in areas where mosquitoes are pyrethroid susceptible. The efficacy of pyrethroid-treated bednets was not compromised even when mosquitoes were kdr resistant. Here, we evaluate a case in which mosquitoes have kdr-like pyrethroid resistance coupled with metabolic mechanisms. Metabolic and kdr-resistance mechanisms in Anopheles stephensi were characterised in our previous study and this easily colonised species was used as a model to examine the efficacy of pyrethroid-treated bednets in the laboratory. Bioassays performed on adults of susceptible (Beech) and resistant (DUB-S) strains using WHO 0.75% permethrin-impregnated papers showed a resistance ratio of 9.75. The recovery rate of the mosquitoes of the DUB-S strain was significantly higher than that of the susceptible strain Beech. The overall permethrin metabolism rates by DUB-S, measured by HPLC method, were 1.5-fold more than by Beech strain. Bioassays performed on DUB-S mosquitoes using different pyrethroid-treated bednets showed that only deltamethrin at 25 mg/m2 and α-cypermethrin at 40 mg/m2 produced adequate mortality rates. Four other pyrethroids, including permethrin, were ineffective. The deterrency test performed on susceptible and resistant An. stephensi showed that there are significant differences between the entry rates of susceptible and resistant mosquitoes into the exposure tube containing permethrin-treated bednet. These data show that when mosquitoes have both kdr-type and metabolic resistance mechanisms, the efficacy of pyrethroid-treated bednets is questionable.  相似文献   

11.
The features of two insecticides (chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin) binding to two blood proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and bovine hemoglobin (BHb), were investigated via the fluorescence method. The results revealed that both insecticides caused the fluorescence quenching of BSA and the fluorescence enhancement of BHb. A new parameter (FE), i.e., the fluorescence intensity when adequate insecticide was added, was introduced to obtain the association constant (KA) and the number of binding sites (n). KA and n of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin binding to BSA were 2.99 × 105 and 5.22 × 105 L mol−1, 1.25 and 0.78, respectively. KA and n of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin binding to BHb were 2.94 × 104 and 2.48 × 104 L mol−1, 1.75 and 2.19, respectively. In conclusion, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin could bind to BSA and BHb, and the binding of both insecticides to BSA was significantly stronger than that of insecticides to BHb. These could affect the distribution, metabolism, and excretion of insecticides.  相似文献   

12.
The experiment was conducted to study the after effects of administering DEP at different doses to female Swiss mice for a period of 90 days. Group I mice were fed on normal diet and water ad libitum. Group II mice were maintained on normal diet mixed with corn oil at 8.25 mg/kg of the diet/day as oil control. Group III, IV and V mice were given diethyl phthalate dissolved in corn oil mixed with the diet at 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg of the diet/day, which is approximately equal to 1.25, 3.125 and 6.25 mg/kg body weight/day. A significant dose dependent increase was observed in serum acid phosphatase (ACP) whereas, serum and liver triglycerides levels showed a significant increase only in the high-dose treated group. Significant dose-dependent increase in serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (AST and ALT) and liver glycogen was observed. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was significantly increased only in 25 and 50 ppm DEP-treated mice. Liver cholesterol was significantly increased in all the treated groups. Liver histology by light microscopy showed intracellular vacuolations in all the treated groups which was much more evident in the 25 and 50 ppm DEP-treated mice while hepatocellular degeneration and hypertrophy of the hepatocytes was evident in 50 ppm DEP-treated mice. Proliferation of mitochondria and peroxisomes was evident in the electron micrographs of the 10 ppm DEP-treated mice while 25 and 50 ppm DEP-treated mice showed increase in lipid droplets and severe mitochondrial proliferation.  相似文献   

13.
We investigated the endocrine disrupting effects of chlorpyrifos-ethyl which is suspected to be originated from oxidative stress. Initially, the 96 h LC50 values of chlorpyrifos in juvenile and adult of Oreochromis niloticus were determined to be 98.67 μg/L and 154.01 μg/L, respectively. Sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos-ethyl (5 ppb, 10 ppb, 15 ppb) were administrated to adult fish for 15 and 30 days. Fish were then left to depurate for 15 days in pesticide-free water. Gonadal somatic indices, serum sex steroids as indicators of reproductive function and cortisol level as indicator of stress condition were measured to observe the endocrine disruption effects of chlorpyrifos-ethyl. Gonadal glutathione S-transferase and antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation as indicators of oxidative stress were also measured. Acetylcholinesterase activity was measured as a marker of chlorpyrifos toxicity. Results showed that serum estradiol, testosteron and cortisol levels in fish exposed to chlorpyrifos were lower than those of the control fish while gonad somatic indices did not change during the experiments. After 30 days, chlorpyrifos exposure decreased GST activity, and increased SOD enzyme activity by up to 215-446% compared with the control, suggesting there was a oxidative stress. No statistically significant differences between GPx and CAT specific activities, protein contents and lipid peroxidation were determined between control and treatment groups in all exposure concentrations and periods. Acetylcholinesterase activity decreased (45.83-77.28%) in gonad tissues. After recovery serum estradiol and testosteron levels were similar to those of the control levels. An increase in the GST and SOD enzyme activities were determined. Cortisol level and AChE activity in all exposure groups decreased after the depuration period, and fish were unable to overcome the stress of chlorpyrifos. Thus, this study revealed that after chlorpyrifos treatments there exists a protective function of antioxidant enzymes against lipid peroxidation in gonad tissue of O. niloticus. There also exist lower testosteron and estradiol levels in exposed fish than those of the control fish without any alterations in oxidative stress, which is attributed to the capability of chlorpyrifos to impair steroid hormone levels.  相似文献   

14.
A hundred and sixty female white mice, each weighing 35-40 g, were used in this study. The animals were assigned into eight groups as one control group and 7 experimental groups. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were administered N-acetylcysteine (NAC), proanthocyanidin and vitamin E alone, at doses of 100 mg/kg/body weight/day by intra-peritoneal, oral route and, intramuscular, respectively. Group 5 was administered a single dose of cyfluthrin (100 mg g/kg/body weight ∼1/3LD50) by oral, whereas Groups 6, 7 and 8 were given cyfluthrin+NAC, cyfluthrin+proanthocyanidin and cyfluthrin+vitamin E, at the same dose, respectively. The administration of the drugs was initiated following the administration of cyfluthrin, and continued until the end of the seventh day of the study. Blood samples were collected from each group, 24 h, and 3, 7 and 9 days after the administration of cyfluthrin for the assessment of blood malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. According to the data obtained, compared to the control group, increase in the plasma MDA level of the group administered cyfluthrin alone, and decrease in erythrocyte SOD activities in some periods and CAT activities in all periods were determined. On the other hand, especially, MDA levels and CAT activities were observed to move closer to values of the control group, in the groups that were administered NAC, proanthocyanidin and vitamin E in addition to cyfluthrin. In other words, in most periods, decrease in plasma MDA levels, and increase in erythrocyte CAT and SOD activities were observed in comparison to the group administered cyfluthrin alone. Statistical analyses demonstrated significant differences to exist between the groups on the third, seventh and ninth days with respect to plasma MDA levels, and the third and ninth days with respect to erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities (P < 0.05). However no significant difference was demonstrated in any of the periods in the groups that were administered NAC, proanthocyanidin and vitamin E alone in comparison to the control group (P > 0.05). In view of the parameters examined, animals were concluded to be affected by cyfluthrin and the administration of the three compounds at the indicated doses and for the indicated periods were considered to alleviate the adverse effects of cyfluthrin partly throughout the study period.  相似文献   

15.
The hemocyanin of Oncomelania hupensis (OhH) is essential for the survival of O. hupensis and may be an effective target for the development of new molluscicide. 4-(Chloroacetyl)catechol is a substrate analogue of OhH. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of 4-(chloroacetyl)catechol to O. hupensis and Kunming mice. 4-(Chloroacetyl)catechol had strong molluscicidal activities and the molluscicidal activities was time and dose-dependent. With the increase of exposure time, the LC50 values of the 4-(chloroacetyl)catechol decreased from 6.5 mg/L (24 h) to 3.1 mg/L (72 h). The LC90 values decreased from 16.4 mg/L (24 h) to 4.9 mg/L (72 h). In the acute toxicity test of mice, no evident poisoning symptoms and no animal death were detected after 14 days’ continuous observation, which indicated that 4-(chloroacetyl)catechol was a low toxic substance for Kunming mice. These results indicated that 4-(chloroacetyl)catechol is potent molluscicides.  相似文献   

16.
Effects of two acaricides, permethrin and amitraz, with different modes of action, on gas exchange and water balance of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, were examined using a flow-through carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor analyzer. Untreated adult female ticks exhibited a distinct discontinuous gas exchange pattern (DGEP) with no measurable water loss. Similarly, ticks with acetone (a solvent) showed little change in gas exchange and water loss. Topical treatment of ticks with a lethal dose of permethrin caused immediate major water loss and long-lasting high frequency DGEP, with increased amplitude of CO2 release. A small water loss spike was observed for each CO2 release. Treatment of ticks with amitraz abolished the DGEP and elicited a long-lasting continuous gas exchange pattern, indicating significantly increased tick metabolism. No detectable water loss was observed during amitraz-elicited continuous gas exchange. Treatment of ticks with a mixture of sub-lethal doses of permethrin and amitraz caused a similar initial major water loss, as in permethrin-treated ticks, followed by a second period of water loss activity at 10–14 h after treatment. Mixture of the two acaricides caused immediate onset of major chaotic CO2 release activities with a significantly elevated baseline CO2 emission level. The standard metabolism rate (SMR, VCO2) of acetone-treated ticks (0.452 μl h−1) was similar to that of the untreated ticks (0.461 μl h−1). Compared to untreated control ticks, permethrin-, amitraz-, and the acaricide mixture-treated ticks exhibited significantly increased SMR (1.054, 1.392 and 1.520 μl h−1 respectively (P < 0.05). Results obtained from this study clearly demonstrated the detrimental effects of permethrin and amitraz on CO2 gas exchange and water balance in A. americanum ticks. The data also revealed subtle differences between permethrin and amitraz in their effects on tick metabolism, specifically gas exchange and water loss. In addition, the study may provide insight into the modes of action of these two acaricides in tick physiology. The results may also help understand the mechanism of synergism between permethrin and amitraz that was reported previously in other ticks and insects.  相似文献   

17.
Evaluation of the antioxidant and antiteratogenic role of ginger Zingiber officinale polyphenols against the toxicity induced by fenitrothion and/or lead in female albino rats were investigated. Adult virgin females were divided into 8 groups and were orally treated as follow: control (C), 1% w/w of ginger (G), 120 μg/animal lead as lead acetate (L), 10 mg/kg of fenitrothion (F), lead (120 μg/animal) fenitrothion (10 mg/kg) (LF), ginger (1%w/w) + fenitrothion (10 mg/kg) (GF), ginger (1%w/w) + lead (120 μg/animal) (GL), ginger (1%w/w) + lead (120 μg/animal) + fenitrothion (10 mg/kg) (GLF). Treatments were expanded for 28 days before pregnancy and during gestation period from zero to 6th day. Blood samples were taken at the day 20th of gestation and animals were sacrificed to investigate the effect of tested substances on dams and development of their fetuses. Inhibition in AchE in (F) and (LF) groups and elevation in plasma AchE in (L) groups were observed. Elevation in oxidative stress biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA) was recorded in all intoxicated groups concomitants with reduction in total reduced glutathione (GSH) and reduction in the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST). Elevation in liver function biomarkers alanin amintransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and reduction in plasma total protein and albumin were recorded in (F), (L) and (LF). Supplementation with ginger in diet attenuates the alteration in MDA, GSH, GST, ALT and AST, however, it failed to counteract the effect of F, L and LF on AchE, total protein and albumin. Significant alterations in maternal toxicity were recorded in (GF, GL, LF and GLF) compared with control group. Also, parameters of embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity indicated significant decrease in litter number that observed in F and L and the number of dead fetus/dam and litters number increased in L group. Supplementation with ginger decreased each of the number of died fetus, growth retardation and fetal length, while, it increased fetal weight. As regards to, teratological aspects, the percentage of skeletal malformations and visceral anomalies were observed in all feti obtained from treated groups with different percentages. Supplementation with ginger slightly attenuates the developmental toxicity of fenitrothion and/or lead.  相似文献   

18.
Considering that the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the toxicity of organophosphate insecticides (OPIs), the aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative properties of vitamin E (vitE) against the subchronic effect of diazinon (DZN) on oxidative damage markers such as lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the antioxidant defense system (ADS) in the liver of male MFI albino mice. The groups were intraperitoneally (i.p) administered with either vehicle or vitE (100 mg/kg body weight) or ¼ LD50 of DZN (16.25 mg/kg b.w.) or ½ LD50 of DZN; 32.5 mg/kg b.w) or ¼ LD50-DZN + vitE or ½ LD50 + vitE every consecutive day for 14 days. Hepatic damage markers analysis revealed that alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly decreased in both DZN doses. Also, the significantly increased levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress as LPO and protein carbonyl (PC) and the decreased antioxidant defenses like reduced glutathione (GSH), and free radical scavenger enzymes viz., catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione reductase (GSH-Rx) were noted in DZN-treated groups as compared to control group. Distinctly lower levels of GSH and increased levels of LPO, along with alterations in endogenous antioxidant enzymes were evident in hepatic toxicity of DZN which is dose-dependent. Hepatic specific marker enzymes were restored to normalcy in mice supplemented with vitE following treatment with DZN which otherwise was decreased in the DZN-treated mice. The results show that co-treatment of vitE with DZN prevents or diminishes the oxidative stress of DZN-treated mice and may act as a putative protective agent against DZN-induced liver tissue injury.  相似文献   

19.
The aim of this study was to examine whether Satureja khuzestanica (Lamiaceae) essential oil (SKEO) might have protective effects on toxicity of malathion, a commonly used organophosphorus (OP), by measuring the activities of hepatic cells mitochondrial glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activities and blood levels of glucose and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in rats. Malathion (20 mg/kg/day) and SKEO (225 mg/kg/day) were administered alone or in combination by intragastric intubation for 28 days. Treatment by malathion increased blood glucose as measured at days 18 and 28 of treatment. Malathion inhibited erythrocyte AChE and increased hepatic cells GP and PEPCK activities. Coadministration SKEO resulted in restoration of malathion-induced changes in hepatic cells GP and PEPCK activities and levels of blood AChE and glucose. It is concluded that SKEO interferes with malathion-induced stimulation of hepatic cells glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis through its antioxidant potential and increasing AChE activity.  相似文献   

20.

BACKGROUND

Diagnosis of acute intoxication with organophosphate (OP) or carbamate (CM) pesticides in humans is achieved by measuring plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity. However, BuChE activity is not an ideal biomarker in experimental animal models. The aim of this study was to establish an experimental mouse model for evaluating exposure to OP and CM pesticides by monitoring BuChE activity using chimeric mice in which the liver was reconstituted with human hepatocytes.

RESULTS

A single oral administration of acephate (300 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (10 mg/kg), fenobucarb (300 mg/kg) or molinate (250 mg/kg) in chimeric mice led to inhibition of >95%, > 95%, 28% and 60% of plasma BuChE activity after 7, 0.5, 0.5 and 7 h, respectively. Dose‐dependent decreases in plasma BuChE activity were also observed for acephate and chlorpyrifos. A 5‐day repeated‐dose study with 10 or 30 mg/kg acephate found a constitutive reduction in plasma BuChE activity to 80% and 70% of pre‐dose levels, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Changes in plasma BuChE activity in chimeric mice with humanized liver clearly reflected the exposure levels of OP and CM pesticides. These results suggest that the humanized‐liver mouse model may be suitable for estimating levels of exposure to these pesticides in humans. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

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