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1.
Effects of the salinity and pH on ion-transport enzyme activities, survival and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae were investigated. Shrimp were transferred from salinity 31‰ and pH 8.1 to different salinity levels of 22, 25, 28, 31 (control), and to different pH levels of 7.1, 7.6, 8.1 (control), 8.6 and 9.1. The results showed ion-transport enzyme activities and weight gains of postlarvae were significantly affected by salinity and pH variation, which had no obvious effect on survival rate. The changing salinity affected the activities of total ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase notably (F > F0.05), meanwhile, non-significantly to the activities of V-ATPase, HCO3−-ATPase. Within 48 h of salinity changing, the activities of ATPase, Na+-K+-ATPase in each treatment group gradually increased with the sampling time and reached their climax at 48 h, and then stabilized, showing negative correlation with salinity. The changing of pH affected greatly the activities of ATPase, Na+-K+-ATPase, V-ATPase and HCO3−-ATPase (F > F0.05), the activities of ATPase, Na+-K+-ATPase in each treatment group (pH = 7.1, 7.6, 8.6, 9.1) showed peak change within 72 h and stabilized afterwards, and the Na+-K+-ATPase activities came back to the level of the control group; Meanwhile the changing extent of V-ATPase and HCO3−-ATPase activity corresponded with the grads of pH, and these ATPase activities showed negative correlation with pH changing, the activities of V-ATPase, HCO3−-ATPase in postlarvae of each treatment group came to stable level after 24 h. The experiment also indicated the strength order of these ion-transport enzyme activities were as follows: Na+-K+-ATPase > V-ATPase > HCO3−-ATPase. Na+-K+-ATPase was the chief undertaker of osmoregulation under the salinity effects, while V-ATPase and HCO3−-ATPase were the chief osmoregulation undertakers under pH changing. In different salinity environment, the contributions of Na+-K+-ATPase, V-ATPase and HCO3−-ATPase of L. vannamei postlarvae approximately accounted for 62.0-78.0%, 15.9-29.0% and 2.03-4.12% of ATPase activities in total, respectively. Meanwhile, in different pH medium, the contributions of these ATPases approximately accounted for 50.7-67.4%, 21.3-31.8% and 2.15-7.90% of total ATPase activities, respectively. Weight gain of shrimp transferred to salinity 31 (control) and 28‰ was significantly higher than that of shrimp reared at 25 and 22‰, and weight gain of shrimp transferred to pH 8.1 (control) and 8.6 was significantly higher that that of shrimp transferred to pH 7.1, 7.6 and 9.1. It was suggested that during the process of desalting and culturing of postlarvae, the salinity changing should not exceed 3 and pH variety not more than 0.5.  相似文献   

2.
The effects of the Na+/K+ and Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios in saline groundwaters on Na+-K+-ATPase activity, survival and growth of Marsupenaeus japonicus postlarvae were investigated. The results indicate that the Na+-K+-ATPase activity, survival rate and weight gain of postlarvae were significantly affected by the Na+/K+ and Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios (P < 0.05). The Na+-K+-ATPase activity of postlarvae, in every treatment, changed corresponding to Na+/K+ and Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios, and came to a stable level after 24 h. There was a negative relation between Na+-K+-ATPase activity and Na+/K+ ratio, while there was a positive relation between Na+-K+-ATPase activity and Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio. Compared with seawater (the Na+/K+ and Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios are 27.8 and 4.64 respectively), the Na+-K+-ATPase activity of the Na+/K+ ratio 30 treatment showed no significant difference, while the Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio 4.5 treatment showed distinct difference. The survival rates and weight gain of postlarvae increased markedly when the suitable amount of K+ and Ca2+ was added to test water, and arrived at their maximum in the Na+/K+ ratio 20-30 or Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio 4.5 treatment, having no significant difference compared with normal seawater. Therefore, considering the Na+/K+, Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios and the absolute concentration of Mg2+, Ca2+ in the experimental saline groundwaters applied to Marsupenaeus japonicus farming, it should be modulated to around 30, 4.5 and 1312 mg/l, 291 mg/l, respectively.  相似文献   

3.
African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (initial body weight: 34.8 ± 4.8 g) and vundu catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) (initial body weight: 39.1 ± 8.2 g) fingerlings were stocked at densities of 4, 6 or 8 fish m− 3 in traditional fish ponds (whedos) constructed in the floodplain of the Oueme River (South Benin, West Africa), for 70 days from March to June 2005. Fish were fed twice a day with 34% crude protein feed formulated with locally available ingredients. The effects of stocking density were evaluated in growth responses, gross production and body composition. Water quality variables were similar (p > 0.05) in all compartments. Temperature and pH were at the optimum level for fish. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 0.9 to 1.2 mg l− 1 during the experiment and secchi disc transparency was low (< 14 cm). In both species, growth responses increased with the increasing density, significantly in African catfish stocked at density of 8 fish m− 3 compared to the other densities (4 and 6 fish m− 3) but not significantly in vundu catfish. Production data ranged from 3.1 ± 0.5 to 22.8 ± 4.5 t ha− 1 year− 1 in African catfish and from 6.1 ± 1.2 to 15.1 ± 3.1 t ha− 1 year− 1 in vundu catfish. Production increased with increasing stocking densities but only significantly (p < 0.05) between the density of 8 fish m− 3 and the other densities. In both species, carcass fat increased with increasing density (p < 0.05) while carcass protein and moisture decreased (p > 0.05). These results are important because they indicate that, as far as growth rate and production are concerned, African catfish is more profitable than vundu catfish for culture at high density in whedo.  相似文献   

4.
The current study investigated acute toxicity to ammonia of the South African abalone, Haliotis midae, from three size classes relevant to mariculture operations, and the chronic impact of sub-lethal ammonia levels on growth of juvenile abalone.Results showed that tolerance to ammonia (at pH 7.8 and Ta = 15 °C) increases with body size (i.e. age) as indicated by 36 h LC50 values: juvenile abalone (1-2.5 cm shell length) had the lowest LC50 of 9.8 μg l− 1 FAN, whereas LC50 was 12.9 μg l− 1 FAN in “cocktail”-size abalone (5-8 cm shell length). The highest LC50 of 16.4 μg l− 1 FAN was observed in “brood stock”-size animals (10-15 cm). When “cocktail”-size abalone were allowed to acclimatize to sub-lethal ammonia levels for 48 h, their ammonia tolerance increased compared with non-acclimatized abalone of the same size: LC50 was 2.0 μg l− 1 FAN higher at 14.8 μg l− 1 FAN.Growth of juvenile abalone (1-2.5 cm shell length) during chronic exposure to sub-lethal FAN levels is inhibited: specific growth rate (SGR) is significantly reduced by 58.7% to 0.10 ± 0.03% d− 1 (weight) compared with 0.24 ± 0.06% d− 1 of abalone of a control group (no ammonia).The results demonstrate the negative effects of ammonia not only on survival but also on growth of farmed abalone, both impair profitability of the farming operation. The information from the present study will be helpful in determining water quality requirements in South African abalone farms.  相似文献   

5.
The anesthetic activities of the essential oils (EOs) of Hesperozygis ringens (EOHR) and Lippia alba (EOLA) and their effects in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after anesthesia and recovery were investigated. Fish (32.19 ± 1.24 g) were submitted to one of the following treatments for each EO: basal group, control, or anesthesia (150, 300, or 450 μL L?1 EO). After that the anesthesia was induced or simulated and the biometric measurements were completed, fish were transferred to anesthetic-free aquaria to allow for recovery. Fish were sampled at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 240 min after recovery. At time 0 of recovery, the ventilatory rate was lower in the groups anesthetized with either EO. In comparison with the basal group, control fish showed an increase in plasma glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Na+ levels and a reduction in Na+/K+-ATPase activity at 0 min of recovery. Plasma levels of ammonia and Na+ were lower in the fish anesthetized with EOLA (450 μL L?1) and EOHR (all concentrations), respectively, than in the control fish. Additionally, lactate, AST, alanine aminotransferase, K+ plasma levels, and gill Na+/K+-ATPase and H+-ATPase activities were higher in the fish anesthetized with either EOHR or EOLA than in the control fish. The EOs promoted slight changes in silver catfish that enabled both an adaptive response and the recovery of most of the measured parameters after 240 min regardless of concentration or EO that was used. These findings support the use of EOHR and EOLA as anesthetics for fish.  相似文献   

6.
Numerical response experiments were conducted using three strains of the Brachionus plicatilis species complex. They are commonly used in aquaculture, and could also coexist in nature although this has not been studied yet. Brachionus plicatilis sensu stricto (s.s.), B. ‘Cayman’ and B. ‘Nevada’ were cultured at different concentrations of Nannochloropsis oculata (0-40 mg C l− 1). Growth rate, egg female ratio (EF), fecundity and percentage of ovigerous females were determined at each food concentration. From the growth rate and EF, the egg development time and mortality rate were estimated using the Paloheimo equation. Monod curves with a threshold for zero growth described the relationship between growth rate and food concentration. The three strains had different growth rates at low (< 0.04 mg C l− 1) and high (> 5.0 mg C l− 1) food concentrations, but were similar at intermediate food levels. B. ‘Cayman’ had the highest maximum growth rate (1.57 ± 0.07 d− 1), whereas B. plicatilis s.s. had the less negative minimum growth rate and the highest maximum EF (0.96 ± 0.02 eggs ind− 1). These differences were attributed to the lowest egg development time of B. ‘Cayman’ (5.95 ± 0.24 h) and the higher starvation resistance of B. plicatilis s.s. (84 ± 12 h), respectively. B. ‘Nevada’ was the inferior competitor at high and low food concentrations due to the higher investment in body growth rather than reproduction. The outcome of competition in hatcheries is predicted to favor B. ‘Cayman’ under high food concentrations, whereas the three species may coexist under moderate food limitation.  相似文献   

7.
Different assays related to the first feeding of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 are compiled in this paper. They include: age at initial feeding age, prey size selection and optimal density, attack timing after feeding, and effect of dose number on the number of captures. Prey capture and ingestion processes were also analysed. Food supplied was cultured Artemia sp. Each assay lasted 15 min.Although paralarvae already start to feed on the hatching day (day 0), it is during day 2 when a greater number of attacks is recorded (81.7 ± 14.7% paralarvae attack). They mainly prefer (significance level α = 0.05) large Artemia, 1.4 ± 0.4 mm (77.0 ± 5.6% of the total attacks) than small Artemia, 0.8 ± 0.1 mm (23.0 ± 5.6%). There is also a slight predilection for the lowest Artemia concentration (33.3 ±12.6% paralarvae attack in a 0.1 Artemia ml− 1 density, opposite 16.7 ± 7.6 and 18.3 ± 7.6% in densities of 0.5 and 1 Artemia ml− 1 respectively). The greatest predatory activity is recorded during the first 5 min after food is supplied (72.2 ± 25.5%). An increase in the predatory activity was also observed when food was distributed in several doses instead of a single dose (75.0 ± 10.0% and 46.7 ± 17.6% respectively). It was proved for the first time that paralarvae completely ingest their preys (including their exoskeletons), in this case Artemia. Time needed for their total ingestion ranges between 4 and 10 min.  相似文献   

8.
Growth and energy budget of juvenile cobia (initial body weight ∼ 22 g) at various temperatures (23, 27, 31 and 35 °C) were investigated in this study. Maximal ration level (RLmax, %/day) increased as temperature (T, °C) increased from 23 °C to 31 °C but decreased at 35 °C, described as a quadratic equation: RLmax = −0.023T2 + 1.495T − 17.52. Faecal production (f, mg g− 1 day− 1) increased with increased temperature (T, °C), described as a power function: lnf = 0.738lnT − 0.806. As temperature increased, feed absorption efficiency in dry weight (FAEd, %), protein (FAEp, %) and energy (FAEe, %) all increased first and then decreased, but the variation of feed absorption efficiency was small, with ranges of 89.59-91.08%, 92.91-94.71%, 93.92-95.32%, respectively. Specific growth rate in wet weight (SGRw, %/day), dry weight (SGRd, %/day), protein (SGRp, %/day) and energy (SGRe, %/day) showed a domed curve relative to temperature (T, °C), described as quadratic equations: SGRw = − 0.068T2 + 3.878T − 50.53, SGRd = − 0.079T2 + 4.536T −59.64, SGRp = − 0.084T2 + 4.783T − 63.08 and SGRe = − 0.082T2 + 4.654T − 60.99, and SGRw, SGRd, SGRp and SGRe maximized at 28.5 °C, 28.6 °C, 28.4 °C, 28.5 °C, respectively, as calculated from the regression equations. The relationships between feed conversion efficiency in wet weight (FCEw, %), dry weight (FCEd, %), protein (FCEp, %), energy (FCEe, %) and temperature (T, °C) also took on a domed curve described as quadratic equations: FCEw = − 0.726T2 + 39.71T − 473.8, FCEd = − 0.276T2 + 15.31T − 190.6, FCEp = − 0.397T2 + 22.05T − 277.9 and FCEe = − 0.350T2 + 19.39T − 239.9, and FCEw, FCEd, FCEp and FCEe maximized at 27.4 °C, 27.8 °C, 27.7 °C and 27.7 °C, respectively, as calculated from the regression equations. Energy budget of juvenile cobia fed satiation was 100C = 5F + 67(U + R) + 28G at water temperature 27 °C and 100C = 5F + 70(U + R) + 25G at water temperature 31 °C, where C is food energy, F is faeces energy, (U + R) is excretion energy and metabolism energy, and G is growth energy.  相似文献   

9.
The spider crab Maja brachydactyla is overexploited on the NW coast of Spain. Aquaculture of this species can be the solution to the problem, and consequently, several attempts of intensive larval rearing have been conducted. However, most of the studies already published do not provide enough zoo technical data, especially in terms of larval and prey densities or the nutritional quality of diets used for rearing.Three experiments were carried out to evaluate the conditions for intensive larval rearing of M. brachydactyla. Larval stocking density (10, 50 and 100 larvae L− 1), prey:larva ratio (15, 30 and 60 enriched Artemia larva− 1) and diet (enriched Artemia, non-enriched Artemia and polychaete supplement) effects on growth and survival of this species were studied. For larval culture nine, 35 L, 150 μm mesh-bottomed PVC cylinders (triplicates for each treatment and larval stage) connected to a recirculation unit, were used. Temperature and salinity were kept constant at 18 °C and 36‰ respectively. A 12 to 18 day trial was conducted for each experiment and samples of larvae were collected at each larval stage (zoea I, zoea II, megalopa) in the inter-molt phase and at first juvenile. Survival, carapace length and width, dry weight (DW), and proximate biochemical content (protein, carbohydrates and total lipid) as well as lipid class composition were determined.Stocking densities of 100 larvae L− 1 resulted in higher growth in DW and higher content in lipids and protein for zoea I (ZI) and zoea II (ZII) than 10 larvae L− 1. However, survival decreased with increasing stocking density.The use of 60 preys larva− 1 produced larvae with significantly higher DW and protein content, especially at ZII stage, than lower prey densities. Survival rate obtained feeding 60 preys larva− 1 up to the megalopa stage was almost two-fold (42.2%) the rate obtained using 15 preys larva− 1 (24.8%).Larvae fed on enriched Artemia (EA) showed an increase in weight up to megalopa (518.9 ± 26.5 μg) in contrast to larvae fed on non-enriched prey (A) (467.9 ± 6.9 μg). Variation in DW correlated with the total lipid content (L) of the larvae (LEA = 70.1 ± 37.5 μg ind− 1; LA = 28.9 ± 3.2 μg ind− 1) especially in terms of neutral lipids. The use of an initial density of at least 50 larvae L− 1 and 60 enriched Artemia larva− 1 can be considered the most adequate rearing parameters in order to obtain good results in growth and survival of M. brachydactyla.  相似文献   

10.
In Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis, gametogenesis is induced by decrease of both temperature and photoperiod. However, a multiplicity of other factors can display non-permissive or modulating effects on the induction of the reproductive cycle. Consequently, a 9-week study was carried out to determine the environmental cues and permissive factors controlling the induction of the reproductive cycle in this species. A two-level fractional factorial design 28-4 was used in order to identify the influent factors from 8 environmental and nutritional ones and their 28 interactions. Tested factors were: (1) amplitude of temperature decrease, (2) time, (3) kinetics and (4) amplitude of photoperiod decrease, (5) initial nutritional state, (6) handling, (7) feeding rate and (8) light spectrum. Increase of gonadosomatic index (GSIi), proportion of female in exogenous vitellogenesis (EVP), plasma 17 β-estradiol (E2) and cortisol levels, fat consumption and food intake were evaluated.This study showed that the amplitude of the decrease of temperature and the time of photoperiod decrease are the two main environmental cues controlling the induction of the reproductive cycle in Eurasian perch. GSIi was the highest (3.8%) when females were exposed to both low amplitude of temperature decrease and precocious decrease of photophase. It was the lowest (1.1%) when high amplitude of temperature decrease and late decrease of photophase were applied. Handling in association with temperature modulated the broodstock response. 100% of the unhandled fish held at 14 °C were at the exogenous vitellogenesis stage with mean E2 and basal cortisol levels of 1.6 ng mL− 1 and 9 ng mL− 1 respectively. Handled fish and fish held at 6 °C exhibited lower vitellogenesis (40-73%) associated with lower E2 (0.6-1.1 ng mL− 1) and higher basal cortisol levels (37-89 ng mL− 1). No other factor nor interaction displayed a cueing or non permissive effect on the induction of the reproductive cycle in female Eurasian perch. A first schematic model is proposed to explain the factorial determinism of the induction of the reproductive cycle.  相似文献   

11.
As has been demonstrated in previous studies, Octopus maya can be fed on artificial diets. In the present study six different diets were assayed. Five diets were designed to test the effect of percentage of inclusion of fish protein concentrate (CPSP: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) and were offered to octopuses as a specifically designed artificial diet. The sixth diet consisted of frozen crab (Callinectes spp) and was used as control diet. Blood metabolites and energy budget of octopuses were evaluated to determine how CPSP levels modulate the digestive capacity and allow retaining energy for growth. Wild animals (316.4 ± 9.8 g) were used in the study. Results showed that CPSP produced a positive specific growth rate (SGR, % day− 1) with high value in octopuses fed 15% CPSP level. A maximum growth rate of 0.86% day− 1 was recorded in these animals, a value that is extremely low when compared with the SGR obtained when animals were fed fresh crab (3.7% day− 1). In general, blood metabolites were affected by diet composition, indicating that some metabolites could reflect the nutritional and/or physiological status of octopus. Preliminary reference values for O. maya fed crab were found for glucose (0.09 ±0.02 mg/ml), lactate (0.004 ± 0.002 mg/ml), cholesterol (0.16 ± 0.02 mg/ml), acylglycerol (0.14 ± 0.01 mg/ml), protein (0.37 ± 0.04 mg/ml), hemocyanin (1.85 ± 0.04 mmol/l), and digestive gland glycogen (1.86 ± 0.3 mg/g). Total energy content can be used as an indicator of tissue metabolic reserves. In the present study, higher energy content in the digestive gland and muscle was observed in octopuses fed crab, followed by animals fed 15% CPSP. Results from the digestive gland indicated that the retained energy derived from glycogen, suggesting that lipids and protein were the main sources of variation linked with energy content. In general, digestive gland proteases activity and trypsin were induced in octopuses fed 15% CPSP. The capacity of O. maya juveniles to adjust their digestive enzymes to different types of food was evidenced. Essential amino acid content (EAA) of the diet was not a limiting factor. When dietary EAA profiles were compared with O. maya EAA profiles, all dietary EAA resulted in a higher concentration than whole body octopus composition. In the present study, all experimental groups ingested between 3300 and 4106 kJ wk− 1 kg− 1 without statistical differences among treatments, indicating that experimental diets were as attractive as crab. Differences were recorded in the proportion of absorbed energy (Ab, %) between CPSP-based and crab meat diets, suggesting digestion limitations associated with artificial diets. The present results indicate that the 15% CPSP diet had characteristics that stimulate digestive enzymes and reduce energetic costs associated with its digestion (HiE or SDA), channeling more biomass production than the other experimental diets.  相似文献   

12.
A major problem in the development of Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis intensive culture is the poor control on reproduction, in part due to the lack of knowledge on the precise role of photoperiod and temperature. Thus, gonadal maturation was evaluated by assessing the sequential changes in plasma levels of 17β-estradiol (E2), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), and testosterone (T) in both female and male cultured Senegalese sole (F1 generation) exposed to various combinations of constant or naturally-fluctuating daylength and water temperature. Under natural photoperiod (NP; 36° N), exposure to constant temperature (t0; 18-20 °C) disrupted gonadal development, as indicated by a lower incidence (in comparison with naturally-fluctuating water temperature; 14-24 °C) of females at advanced maturation (from February to April: 12 vs. 33%) and running males (from February to May: 46% vs. 57%), and the reduced mean (± S.E.M.) sex steroid plasma levels (female peak E2 levels: 2.9 ± 0.28 vs. 1.8 ± 0.3 ng ml− 1; male peak T levels: 1.5 ± 0.14 vs. 0.9 ± 0.06 ng ml− 1). Therefore, the onset and progression of gonadal development in this species seem to be strongly (“proximally”) influenced by fluctuating water temperature. When compared to NP and t0, exposure to continuous light (LL) under t0 significantly reduced steroid production (female peak E2 levels: 1.8 ± 0.28 vs. 0.5 ± 0.05 ng ml− 1; male peak 11-KT levels: 9.4 ± 1.06 vs. 5.4 ± 1.33 ng ml− 1) and subsequently gonadal development (lower proportions of females at intermediate [46 vs. 6%] and advanced maturation [12 vs. 0%] from February to April and of RM [46 vs. 33%] from February to May). Thus, the seasonal changes of daylength would be crucial for normal gonadal development, being its cueing effects of higher magnitude than those of water temperature. The present report constitutes the first systematic study focused on the environmental control of reproductive events in Senegalese sole.  相似文献   

13.
Detailed measurements of gill area and constituent variables (total filament number, total filament length and mean filament length), and immunolocalization of the α-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase activity were performed on both hemibranchs of all five arches of freshwater potamotrygonid stingrays (Paratrygon aiereba and Potamotrygon sp.). Both species exhibit similar mass-specific gill area, 89.8 ± 6.6 and 91.5 ± 4.3 mm2 g−1 for P. aiereba and Potamotrygon sp., respectively. The density of Na+/K+-ATPase-rich MRCs and Na+/K+-ATPase activity was higher in the 4th gill arch in both species. The Na+/K+-ATPase activity was positively correlated to the Na+/K+-ATPase-rich (Na+/K+-ATPase rich) mitochondrion-rich cell (MRC) distribution among the gill arches of P. aiereba but not in Potamotrygon sp. The levels Na+/K+-ATPase activity were not correlated to the gill surface area among the arches for both rays’ species. Considering that the Na+/K+-ATPase-rich MRC is the main site for active ion transport in the gill epithelia and Na+/K+-ATPase activity plays a crucial role in osmoionoregulatory function, we suggesting that 4th gill arch is more relevant for osmoregulation and ion balance in these potamotrygonids.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of dietary α-lipoic acid (LA) and vitamin C on the fatty acid (FA) composition in the brain and muscle and vitamins E and C levels in the brain were studied in the fish Piaractus mesopotamicus. A two-factorial design, where diets were devoid or supplemented with ascorbate (500 mg AA kg− 1) and/or lipoic acid (1000 mg kg− 1), was used. The levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n − 3, EPA) increased (P < 0.01) in muscle polar lipids (PL) in LA groups (6.93% ± 0.43 vs. 5.83% ± 0.40 and 6.68% ± 0.53 vs. 6.00% ± 0.39), and the same trend was also seen in the brain, however not significant. These changes are suggested to be caused by a change in lipid metabolism rather than being a direct effect of protection by LA against lipid peroxidation. No interaction of vitamin C and LA neither effects of LA on vitamin E (15.1-19.2 mg α-tocopherol g− 1 tissue) or vitamin C (total AA, 41.7-89.8 μg g− 1 tissue) in brain was detected.  相似文献   

15.
The phytoplanktivorous silver carp is an important biomanipulation fish to control cyanobacterial blooms and is also a food fish with the greatest production in China. The accumulation of the hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) determined by LC-MS in various organs of silver carp was studied monthly in Lake Taihu dominated by toxic Microcystis aeruginosa. Average recoveries of spiked fish samples were 78% for MC-RR and 81% for MC-LR. The highest content of MCs was found in the intestine (97.48 μg g− 1 DW), followed by liver (6.84 μg g− 1 DW), kidney (4.88 μg g− 1 DW) and blood (1.54 μg g− 1 DW), and the annual mean MC content was in the order of intestine > liver > kidney > blood > muscle > spleen > gallbladder > gill. Silver carp could effectively ingest toxic Microcystis cells (up to 84.4% of total phytoplankton in gut contents), but showed fast growth (from 141 g to 1759 g in 1 year in mean weight). Silver carp accumulated less microcystins in liver than other animals in the same site or other fish from different water bodies at similar level of toxin ingestion. There was possible inhibition of the transportation of the most toxic MC-LR across the gutwall. Muscle of silver carp in Lake Taihu should not be consumed during period of dense Microcystis blooms while viscera were risky for consumption in more months.  相似文献   

16.
This study investigated the effect of placing a self-feeding trigger at either a) 1 cm below the water surface or b) mid-water (35 cm below the surface), on self-feeder usage, growth, feed wastage and fin damage of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). The vertical distribution of trout was also measured for the first 31 days of self-feeding. Group-held trout (n = 10 fish group− 1, 5 groups treatment− 1), weighing 51.06 g ± 8.09 g (mean ± SD) were held in 200 l cylindroconical tanks (depth = 75 cm) for 62 days. Trigger placement had no significant effect upon self-feeder conditioning, and upper trigger group (UTG) and lower trigger group (LTG) fish took an average of 16 ± 7.4 days and 14 ± 9.8 days to reach a stable level of self-feeding, respectively. Specific growth rate was significantly higher in UTG fish (1.83 ± 0.20 vs. 0.95 ± 0.21 for UTG vs. LTG fish, respectively) whilst condition factor and self-feeder utilisation (ration size, 1.21 ± 0.18 vs. 0.52 ± 0.15 kg tank− 1 for UTG vs. LTG fish) were also significantly higher in UTG fish. Trigger depth had no significant effect on size heterogeneity, mortality, feed wastage, feed conversion ratio (FCR) or the incidence of caudal and dorsal fin splitting and fin erosion. Dorsal fin splitting decreased with time in UTG but not in LTG fish. Caudal fin erosion increased with time in UTG (upper lobe only) and LTG (both lobes). The vertical distribution of fish also differed between treatments and more LTG fish preferred the lower part of the tank. Placing a self-feeding trigger at a mid-water depth can significantly limit growth, condition factor and self-feeder utilisation in juvenile rainbow trout, in addition to hindering recovery from dorsal fin erosion.  相似文献   

17.
Participatory research was conducted with poorer farmers in two communities, Girai (G) and Bahagili (B) in NW Bangladesh to assess the production of Nile tilapia seed in irrigated spring rice-fields. All the selected households (G = 15; B = 4) had previous experience producing common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the rice-fields allocated a separate plot in which a deeper area had been excavated for this trial. Mature GIFT strain Nile tilapia (12 female and 6 male; 121 ± 34 g and 158 ± 54 g size, respectively) were supplied to each household irrespective of the size of their trial plot (mean < 0.15 ha). The trial started in the spring rice season (boro) in February and ended at the end of main season (amon) in December 1999. Management practices, production and sales of fish were monitored weekly.The majority of farmers succeeded in producing fingerlings in their plots; 11% failed totally but around 70% produced more than 2000 fingerlings from a single plot. Production during boro and fallow period was much higher (> 90% total) than during the subsequent amon crop (< 10% total). Total production was highly variable among households but not different between the two study areas (G = 4092 ± 3277; B = 3730 ± 4232 fingerlings household− 1). Daily production of fingerlings per unit area was relatively low (< 1 fish m− 2 day− 1) but efficiency of production was high, averaging 17.3 fingerlings. kg− 1 female day− 1. Mean individual harvest weight was 21 g.Most fingerlings were sold (43%) and/or stocked for further culture in their own grow-out system (39%), but some were used directly for household consumption (17%).  相似文献   

18.
The putative involvement of insulin-like peptides in the control of the reproduction of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas was investigated using different approaches. In conjunction with a monthly histological analysis of the oyster reproductive cycle, in vitro biological effects of the human recombinant IGF-1 (hrIGF-1) on dissociated germinal cells were mesured over 1 year using [3H]-thymidine and [14C]-amino acid mixture as tracers for DNA and protein synthesis. DNA synthesis was stimulated by hrIGF-1 in November (114 ± 11% for 10− 7M), December (46 ± 6% for 10− 7 M) and January, which was identified as the highest gonial mitosis period. A clear dose-effect was observed in January with a maximum activation of 68 ± 7% for 10− 12 M. Germinal cell protein synthesis was also stimulated in March (20 ± 1% for 10− 10 M), April (41 ± 5% for 10− 13 M), May (25 ± 4% for 10− 13 M), and by almost all of hrIGF-1 doses in June (21.5 ± 2% for 10− 13 M) and July (34 ± 1% for 10− 13 M). This suggests the involvement of insulin-like substances in gonadal tubule rebuilding (December), as well as in the development of germinal cells (March, April), and in the summer maturation of gametes (May, June, July). These insulin-like effects conform with the expression pattern of the recently identified C. gigas insulin receptor-related receptor (CIR): It appeared highly expressed in the gonadal area during gonial mitosis phase, but also in maturating oocytes, suggesting the involvement of an insulin-like system in gonial proliferation and maturation. Moreover, CIR showed differential expression during embryogenesis and larval developmental stages. The expression of maternal CIR during the embryonic and early larval development, followed by the increasing zygotic CIR expression from D larvae to 11-day-old veliger larvae, then a decrease until metamorphosis, also suggest that insulin-like peptide is involved in organogenesis.  相似文献   

19.
The effect of seawater acclimation and adaptation to various salinities on the energetics of gill and kidney of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was examined. Smolts and non-smolts previously reared in fresh water were exposed to a rapid increase in salinity to 30 ppt. Plasma osmolarity, [Na+], [Cl–], [K+] and [Mg++] increased in both groups but were significantly lower in smolts than non-smolts. Gill Na+, K+-ATPase specific activity, initially higher in smolts, increased in both groups after 18 days in seawater. Kidney Na+, K+-ATPase specific activity was not affected by salinity in either group. Gill and kidney citrate synthase specific activity was not affected by seawater exposure in smolts but decreased in non-smolts. In a second experiment, Atlantic salmon smolts reared in fresh water were acclimated to 0, 10 or 30 ppt seawater for 3 months at a temperature of 13–14°C. Gill Na+, K+-ATPase was positively correlated with salinity, displaying 2.5- and 5-fold higher specific activity at 10 and 30 ppt, respectively, than at 0 ppt. Kidney Na+, K+-ATPase specific activity was not significantly affected by environmental salinity. Citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase specific activities in gill were slightly (6–13%) lower at 10 ppt than at 0 and 30 ppt, whereas kidney activities were lowest at 30 ppt. Oxygen consumption of isolated gill filaments was significantly higher when incubated in isosmotic saline and at 30 ppt than at 0 ppt, but was not affected by the prior acclimation salinity. The results indicate that although high salinity induces increased gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity, it does not induce substantial increases in metabolic capacity of gill or kidney.  相似文献   

20.
Juvenile green abalone, Haliotis fulgens (31.3 ± 0.1 mm, 3.7 ± 0.04 g live weight) were reared in laboratory for six months in order to determine their survival, growth, tissue composition, feed consumption (C), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) under two temperatures (20 °C and 25 °C) and three photoperiods (00:24, 12:12 and 24:00 light:dark hours). Survival was ca. 100% at 20 °C, and between 68% and 75% at 25 °C. The highest gross growth rate (109 ± 4.3 μm d− 1, 69 ± 3.9 mg d− 1) was observed in abalone from the combination 20 °C-00:24 L:D. Slowest GGR (38 ± 4.1 μm d− 1, 26 ± 1.5 mg d− 1) was observed in the combination 25 °C-24:00 L:D. Organisms from 25 °C exhibited signs of the withering syndrome at the end of the experiment. Gross energy content (4.4 to 4.6 kcal g− 1 tissue dry wt, TDW) and crude protein (60 to 68% TDW) were not significantly affected by either temperature or photoperiod, but organisms from 20 °C exhibited lower moisture content (86.8 to 88.6%) and higher tissue:shell ratio (0.34-0.40) than those from 25 °C (88.9 to 92.1%; 0.22-0.31 respectively). Feed consumption markedly increased at night, decreased with age, and was higher at 25 °C than 20 °C, irrespective of photoperiod. Highest C was observed under continuous darkness (0.66 to 0.95% BW d− 1 at 20 °C and 0.84 to 1.25% BW d− 1 at 25 °C), and was lowest under continuous light (0.50 to 0.82% BW d− 1 at 20 °C and 0.71 to 1.02% BW d− 1 at 25 °C). FCR and PER were both affected by temperature but not by photoperiod. Higher PER (2.2 to 3.4) and lower FCR values (0.69 to 1.05) were observed at 20 °C, when compared to 25 °C (PER 1.35 to 2.09, FCR 1.10 to 1.86). Sex ratios were ca. 1:1 in the 00:24 and 12:12 L:D photoperiods, yet ca. 50% of abalone from the 24:00 L:D photoperiod were immature at the end of the experiment. It is concluded that H. fulgens can be best cultured at 20 °C and 00:24 or 12:12 L:D regimes, while sustained temperatures at or above 25 °C may result in cumulative stress, altered physiological rhythms, and delayed maturation.  相似文献   

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