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1.
A primitive cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) accession, V-64, from the Caribbean Islands was bioassayed for antibiosis against pests of this crop in comparison with
the commercial strains Acala SJ-2 and Pima S-5. V-64 reduced weight gain and leaf consumption ofSpodoptera littoralis andHelicoverpa armigera, and significantly reduced oviposition ofBemisia tabaci. The leaf pigment glands in V-64 were larger and more abundant than in the commercial strains, and the feeding ofH. armigera on these glands was avoided, indicating that the glands probably constituted the major resistance character in V-64.
Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 3187-E, 1991 series. 相似文献
2.
Fouad Daayf Michel Nicole Jean-Paul Geiger 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1995,101(1):69-79
Complementary auxotrophic nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants were used to investigate vegetative compatibility within 27 strains ofVerticillium dahliae isolated from several hosts originating from Africa, Asia, Europe and the United States. Using about 500nit mutants generated from these strains, three vegetative compatibility groups, 1, 2 and 4, were identified. Simultaneously, virulence of each strain was assessed on cultivars ofGossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense andG. arboreum, based upon Foliar Alteration Index (FAI) and Browning Index (BI) estimation. The strains in VCG1 were of both the cotton-defoliating pathotype and race 3 (on cotton) but were non pathogenic on tomato; those in VCG2 and VCG4 were of the nondefoliating pathotype and belonged to different races on cotton and on tomato. Hyaline mutants deriving from parental wild-type strain showed differences in pathogenicity but were always assigned to the parental VCG. A relationship was established between VCGs and the taxonomic position of host plants. Data fromnit pairings indicated that the sub-populations ofV. dahliae (VCGs) may not be completely isolated genetically. 相似文献
3.
Studies were performed on 25 egg batches ofThaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) collected onPinus pinaster Ait. on 29. XI. 1995, in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco near Marrakech at 1400-1800 m above sea level. All the egg masses
had been deposited in the autumn of 1995 and were exposed to the parasitoids throughout the developmental period of the host.
In 1996, the egg batches, kept singly in test tubes, were observed almost daily. Emerged parasitoids were recorded and separated.
The final analyses were made in November 1996 based on the meconia and remains of the emerged or the dead parasitoids in the
eggs. In all cases, oviposition occurred from the base to the tip of the needles, distances varying up to 62 mm from the base.
The mean number of eggs per batch was 175 (range 34-245), the number of egg-rows varied between 6 and 11, and a 1-cm egg-row
contained a mean of 9 eggs. Caterpillars hatched from 72. 7% of the eggs; total mortality of the eggs was thus 27. 3%. The
impact of egg parasitoids was 21. 4%. Most of the parasitized eggs were attacked byBaryscapus servadeii (Dom.) followed byOoencyrtus pityocampae (Mercet). Males (1. 5%) were found only in B. servadeii. The emergence rate ofO. pityocampae was much higher in the year of host oviposition than in the following year. B. servadeii emerged in equal numbers before
and after hibernation, and in the subsequent year in equal numbers in spring and autumn. The high rate of emergence ofB. servadeii in April-May is discussed in relation to the embryonic development ofThaumetopoea bonjeani (Powel) until the end of winter, as an alternative host ofB. servadeii in the Atlas region. 相似文献
4.
为了研究不同寄主上大草蛉Chrysopa pallens(Rambur)幼虫对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)卵的捕食功能反应与搜寻效应,在室内条件下评估了大草蛉捕食功能反应模型,并研究了大草蛉3龄幼虫对棉花、烟草和辣椒上烟粉虱卵的搜寻效应和控害潜能。结果显示,在3种寄主植物上大草蛉3龄幼虫捕食量均随猎物密度的增加而升高,在烟草、棉花、辣椒上的捕食量分别为7.6~28.4、5.4~23.2、6.0~18.8粒;3种寄主植物上的大草蛉捕食功能反应均拟合Holling II、III功能反应模型;在烟草上大草蛉的瞬间攻击率最大,为0.470,处理时间最短,为0.021;在3种寄主植物上大草蛉3龄幼虫搜寻效应均随猎物密度的增加而下降,当猎物密度相同时,在烟草上的搜寻效应高于棉花和辣椒。研究表明,不同寄主植物能够影响大草蛉3龄幼虫对烟粉虱卵的瞬间攻击率及其搜寻效应。 相似文献
5.
为探究不同食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨Neoseiulus zwoelferi种群生长、发育和繁殖的影响,采用年龄-龄期两性生命表分析测定兹沃尔新小绥螨取食卢氏叶螨Tetranychus ludeni、甜果螨Carpoglyphus lactis和香蒲Typha orientalis花粉后的存活率、发育历期、寿命及繁殖情况。结果显示,3种食物均能满足兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的需求。卢氏叶螨处理组的净增殖率和总繁殖率分别是28.99和36.99,均显著高于其他2个处理组;以甜果螨、卢氏叶螨和香蒲花粉为食的兹沃尔新小绥螨从卵发育至成螨所需时间分别为5.28、7.34和6.87 d,种群倍增时间分别3.35、4.22和11.77 d,前者显著短于其他2个处理;甜果螨处理组和卢氏叶螨处理组的雌成螨平均寿命分别比香蒲花粉处理组长2.75 d和4.92 d,但两者之间无显著差异;卢氏叶螨处理组雌成螨产卵天数最长,为17.84 d,产卵前期时间最短,为2.75 d,产卵量最大,为38.15粒/雌;香蒲花粉处理组雌成螨产卵天数最短,仅1.82 d,产卵前期时间最长,为5.89 d,产卵量最少,为3.36粒/雌。甜果螨处理组的内禀增长率、周限增长率分别为0.21 d-1和1.23 d-1,均显著高于其他处理组,但平均世代周期为14.65 d,显著低于其他处理组。表明3种食物均可使兹沃尔新小绥螨完成整个世代,其中甜果螨是室内饲养兹沃尔新小绥螨的最佳食物,香蒲花粉可以作为短期饲养的食物。 相似文献
6.
Plant resistance has become an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) for management of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), an important pest of cotton in India. The present studies were undertaken to standardize
the plant stage and identify resistant cotton genotypes against whitefly. Nine plant stages of F846, a susceptible cotton
genotype, were exposed to whitefly for 25 days under no-choice conditions. The population buildup (eggs, nymphs, pupae and
adults) was recorded. The 12-, 14- and 16-leaf stages were suitable for plant resistance studies against whitefly, and the
14-leaf stage was taken for further studies. Ten cotton genotypes of Gossypium hirsutum and two of G. arboreum were covered with split cages in which five pairs of B. tabaci (F1) were released. The population buildup was recorded to categorize genotypes as resistant, moderately resistant, moderately
susceptible or susceptible. The experiment was repeated with F2 and F3 generation whiteflies. Based on overall average score of three experiments, LD694 was rated as resistant; LK861, Supriya,
RS2013, CNH911 and PA183 as moderately resistant; IS-376/4/1/20/72, NHH44, TxMaroon2-78, Bt 6304 and RS2098 as moderately susceptible; and F846 as susceptible. LD694 was found to be resistant in three consecutive
generations of whitefly. 相似文献
7.
Studies were carried out on the egg material ofTraumatocampa ispartaensis Doganlar & Avcı (Lep.: Notodontidae) collected onCedrus libani A. Rich. A total of 95 egg-batches were sampled over two annual generations ofTr. ispartaensis. The number of eggs in each egg-batch varied between 39 and 245 and the length of the batches varied between 7 and 36 mm.
The mean number of eggs per batch was found to be 119 and 122 in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Based on field data the oviposition
period continued from mid August to mid September. The mean hatching rate of the host was found to be 85.8% and 88.9%, whereas
the impact of egg parasitoids accounted for 11.3% and 7.4%, respectively in the 2 years.Ooencyrtus pityocampae (Mercet) was observed as the most abundant egg parasitoid, followed byOoencyrtus sp. nearmasii (Mercet) andTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko. Based on the emergence dynamics of the egg parasitoids in the laboratory, it seems thatO. pityocampae emerged mainly in June whereasO. sp. nearmasii andT. brassicae emerged mainly in May.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 3, 2003. 相似文献
8.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the prey stage preference and the daily consumption of each stage of the
coccinellid predatorStethorus punctillum Weise (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on the two-spotted spider miteTetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae). Groups of different life stages of the prey were offered (eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults).
The prey preference varied with the stage ofS. punctillum. First larval instars had no significant preference among theT. urticae stages offered. Second larval instars consumed significantly more spider mite larvae in comparison with nymphs. In contrast,
third larval instars indicated a strong preference for mite eggs. Significantly fewerT. urticae larvae were consumed by the fourth larval instars ofS. punctillum, in comparison with the three other mite stages. Finally, adult predators consumed significantly more mite eggs than the
other stages offered. This preferential trend was similar for all adults tested, whether during the pre-oviposition or the
oviposition period.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 17, 2004. 相似文献
9.
Screenhouse experiments were conducted under free-choice conditions to determine the mechanism of resistance operating in
cotton against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Twelve cotton genotypes belonging to Gossypium hirsutum and G. arboreum were assessed for oviposition preference by whitefly. The trichome density and length, distance from lower leaf surface to
nearest vascular bundles, leaf lamina thickness and compactness of vascular bundles were estimated for each genotype and correlations
with number of eggs laid were determined. The genotypes RS2098, CNH911, and PA183 were non-preferred for oviposition and exhibited
an antixenosis mechanism of resistance. NHH44, LK861, Supriya, RS2013 and LD694 were categorized as moderately resistant while
IS-376/4/1/20/72 and F846 were categorized as susceptible. Greater leaf lamina thickness and more compact vascular bundles
were correlated with egg laying by whitefly. 相似文献
10.
The egg parasitoidTrissolcus spp. is the natural enemy of the cabbage bug,Eurydema ornatum L. (Het., Pentatomidae), a destructive pest of cultivated and wild Crucifera. Its preferred host is the wheat bugEurygaster integriceps Put., the most important pest of wheat. In order to rear the parasite for biological control purposes, mass production of
its hostE. ornatum is suggested. In a laboratory study, the fecundity ofE. ornatum feeding on garden cress and radish was significantly higher than on red cabbage, white cabbage, rape or cauliflower. The
oviposition period was significantly longer on garden cress and radish than on the other Crucifera. There was no difference
among the various Crucifera in terms of length of postoviposition period or number of eggs laid per female per day. 相似文献
11.
We determined the effects of petroleum spray oil (PSO) (Caltex Canopy®) on oviposition responses of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner adults, and larval survival of the pest moths on cotton and maize plants in the laboratory. Application of 2% (v/v) of the PSO deterred H. armigera oviposition. Increasing the rate from 2 to 5% (v/v) did not significantly reduce the number of eggs laid by H. armigera on the treated plants. In contrast, the minimum rate at which the oil could deter oviposition of O. nubilalis on maize plants was 5% (v/v). Increasing the rate from 5 to 10% (v/v) did not significantly reduce the number of eggs laid per plant. However, a reduction in the rate of the PSO from 5 to 3% (v/v) resulted in a 73.9% increase in oviposition activity on the maize plants. In wind tunnel bioassay tests, all mated H. armigera females tested could detect and settle on plants treated with water but with plants treated with PSO at various times, only 50% of tested females settled on the plants 4?–?5 days after treatment (DAT) and none on the plants 0?–?2 DAT. A solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) test to determine the effect of the PSO on volatiles released by the cotton plants showed that the quantity of volatiles released by the cotton plants treated with PSO was lower than for water treated plants. This indicates that the PSO sprays may be suppressing or masking the leaf surface volatiles of the cotton plants, thereby deterring oviposition of H. armigera. Larval survival data show that PSO sprays can cause direct mortality of first, second and third instar O. nubilalis larvae. PSOs may have the potential to be integrated into pest management programme targeting H. armigera and O. nubilalis on cotton and maize crops, respectively. 相似文献
12.
G. J. Stathas 《Phytoparasitica》2000,28(3):203-211
The daily and total prey consumption and the fecundity of the predatorRhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed on the scaleAspidiotus nerii Bouché (Homoptera: Diaspididae) were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. The prey consumption ofR. lophanthae was studied on larvae and on virgin adults, and the fecundity on mated females. For the development of the 1 st instar larvae
ofR. lophanthae at 25° C, 1.2 adult femaleA. nerii were consumed; for the development of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae, prey consumption was 2.7, 7.5 and 24.6 adult females,
respectively. The duration of the larval development of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars was 3, 2.2, 2.7 and 6.2 days, respectively,R. lophanthae male and female adults consumed in their lifetime 390.6 and 672.3 adult femaleA. nerii, respectively. Thus, the male’s daily prey consumption came to 7 and the female’s to 12 adult femaleA. nerii. The average fecundity ofR. lophanthae was calculated to be 633.7 eggs per female and the daily fecundity to be 18–25 eggs. The average longevity was 63.4 days
for mated adult females and 119.4 days for unmated. 相似文献
13.
为明确转录因子广泛锌指复合物（broad complex,BR-C）在棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生长发育过程中的作用,基于转录组序列从棉铃虫幼虫中肠克隆获得BR-C Z2的cDNA序列并对其氨基酸序列和蛋白结构进行生物信息学分析,利用原核表达系统表达其融合蛋白;用实时荧光定量PCR（real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,qRT-PCR）技术分析BR-C Z2基因在棉铃虫体内的表达规律,以及2-十三烷酮（2-tridecanone,2-TD）处理后其在棉铃虫6龄幼虫中肠内的变化规律。结果显示,棉铃虫BR-C Z2基因的开放阅读框为1 257 bp,编码418个氨基酸,预测编码蛋白的分子量和理论等电点分别为46.63 kD和6.94,主要定位于细胞核中。系统进化树结果显示棉铃虫BR-C Z2与家蚕Bombyx mori的BR-C Z2亲缘关系最近。成功表达His-HaBR-C Z2融合蛋白。BR-C Z2基因在棉铃虫蛹期和6龄幼虫中肠组织中相对表达量最高;不同浓度2-TD处理后,棉铃虫BR-C Z2基因相对表达量变化趋势不同,其中15 mg/g浓度处理12 h后棉铃虫BR-C Z2基因相对表达量达到峰值,是对照的2.5倍,而20 mg/g浓度处理20 h后棉铃虫BR-C Z2基因相对表达量降到最低,为对照的45.13%。表明BR-C Z2基因可能参与棉铃虫的生长发育,并响应2-TD的胁迫。 相似文献
14.
为明确N6-甲基腺苷（N6-methyladenosine,m6A）修饰在棉铃虫核型多角体病毒（Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus,HearNPV）侵染棉铃虫中的作用,根据基因组和转录组数据,对棉铃虫m6A结合蛋白基因YTHDF1（YTH domain-containing family protein 1）进行鉴定和分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测棉铃虫YTHDF1基因的时空表达模式、HearNPV处理后的表达变化情况以及RNA干扰效率,并调查该基因下调后对HearNPV复制及感染HearNPV棉铃虫死亡情况的影响。结果显示,棉铃虫YTHDF1基因开放阅读框全长为2 019 bp,编码672个氨基酸,含有1个保守的YTH结构域,其氨基酸序列与斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura同源物序列一致性达87.52%。YTHDF1基因在棉铃虫不同发育阶段均有表达,其中在进入5龄期24 h幼虫中的表达量最高,在2龄取食期幼虫中的表达量最低。YTHDF1基因的空间表达谱呈现一定的组织特异性,在幼虫血细胞和成虫头部的表达量最高。HearNPV侵染棉铃虫后YTHDF1基因上调表达,经RNA干扰使该基因下调后显著抑制了HearNPV多角体蛋白基因polyhedrin的表达并延迟了感染HearNPV棉铃虫的死亡时间。表明YTHDF1基因在HearNPV侵染棉铃虫的过程中发挥着重要作用。 相似文献
15.
The red palm weevil (RPW,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the most severe pests of various palm species, including date palms. While
examining the susceptibility of RPW to two entomopathogenic fungi,Metarhizium anisopliae andBeauveria bassiana, strains of the former were found to be more virulent than those of the latter, achieving 100% larval mortality within 6–7
days. The most virulent strains ofM. anisopliae were then tested on RPW eggs and adults. Incubation in a substrate treated withM. anisopliae spores increased egg mortality and reduced their hatchability. The total percentage mortality of eggs and hatched larvae
was 80–82%, compared with 34% in the controls. RPW adults were challenged with two types of fungal formulation: dry powder
and aqueous suspension. Cumulative adult mortality of 100% was achieved in 2–3 weeks for the dry rice-based formulation and
in 4–5 weeks for the spore suspension. As a result of decreased longevity, treated females had a shorter oviposition period
and three times lower fertility than the controls. Possible strategies for fungus application are discussed in the light of
the high susceptibility of eggs and larvae to fungal infection.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 19, 2006. 相似文献
16.
The attraction ofTrichogramma platneri Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to eggs of two lepidopterous avocado pests,Boarmia sel-enaria (Schiffermüller) (Geometridae) andCryptoblabes gnidiella (Millière) (Phycitidae), was evaluated in olfactometer tests. The mobility of the wasp as measured by a mobility index was
0.6 for males and 1.8 for females; the males had a lower mobility and a lower search capacity index than the females. Frozen
and fresh youngB. selenaria eggs had the greatest attraction forT. platneri, which diminished with increasing age of the eggs. The eggs ofC. gnidiella were also attractive to the parasitoid.
Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2704-E, 1989 series. 相似文献
17.
为明确寄生蜂中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator与核型多角体病毒（nucleopolyhedrovirus,NPV）对寄主棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的联合效应,测量中红侧沟茧蜂和NPV单处理及复合处理后棉铃虫幼虫的形态学指标,并统计棉铃虫幼虫死亡率及寄生蜂中红侧沟茧蜂子代存活率。结果显示,处理3 d和5 d后,中红侧沟茧蜂和NPV单处理及复合处理的棉铃虫幼虫体长、体宽、头壳宽度、体重均显著低于对照,但各处理之间差异不显著。接入浓度为2.5×104 OBs/mL和2.5×106 OBs/mL NPV时,中红侧沟茧蜂和NPV这2种生防因子对棉铃虫均表现为拮抗效应或累加效应。接入浓度为2.5×104 OBs/mL NPV时,先寄生后接毒和先接毒后寄生处理的棉铃虫实际死亡率分别为4.35%和14.26%;接入浓度为2.5×106 OBs/mL NPV时,棉铃虫实际死亡率则分别为31.55%和94.19%,先接毒后寄生处理的棉铃虫实际死亡率均显著高于先寄生后接毒处理的实际死亡率。接入浓度为2.5×106 OBs/mL NPV时,先寄生后接毒和先接毒后寄生处理的寄生蜂子代存活率分别为54.51%和3.71%,前者显著高于后者。表明中红侧沟茧蜂寄生和NPV侵染均能显著抑制棉铃虫的生长发育,但两者联合应用时拮抗效应明显且对寄生蜂子代有影响,同时用于生物防治棉铃虫时应谨慎。 相似文献
18.
A botanical natural product,AkseBio2, was evaluated under laboratory conditions for its oviposition deterrent, ovicidal and larvicidal (nymphicidal) effects against
the pear psyllaCacopsylla pyri (L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). The product exhibited a strong oviposition deterrent effect for winterform and summerform females
and caused a reduction in the total number of eggs laid in both choice and no-choice assays. Significant mortalities in freshly
laid eggs (0–48 h) and various nymphal stages of the pest were recorded in toxicity assays. At a concentration of 0.1% (formulation),
the highest biological activity of the product was recorded against the young (1st and 2nd) nymphal stages (up to 87.4% mortality)
in comparison with the other biological stages of the pest. It was less active against the older (3rd-5th) nymphs, causing
62.1% mortality at the same concentration. In assays with non-target organisms, a significant negative effect was not observed.
There were no significant changes on treated plants up to 7 days after treatment in any trial, nor was there any phytotoxicity
on plant tissue as a result ofAkseBio2 treatments. The results suggest that the product can be used in psylla control instead of synthetic insecticides and may
serve as an integrated pest management (IPM) component in pear orchards.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004. 相似文献
19.
A scelionid egg parasitoid,Trissolcus simoni (Mayr), was investigated by exposing different host eggs to parasitism by females in order to assess the role of this alternative
host species in the biological control of the sunn pestEurygaster integriceps Puton. Egg masses of laboratory colonies of four field-collected host species were used in the experiments. Parasitism rates
ofE. integriceps, Dolycoris baccarum (L.),Graphosoma lineatum L. andCarpocoris pudicus (Pd.) averaged 86.8%, 81.6%, 82.8% and 84.0%, respectively. The parasitoid sex ratio and the percent of adult emergence did
not differ significantly among the four hosts. The average development period was shorter inD. baccarum andC. pudicus, with respective mean times of 10.3 and 10.8 days for females, and 9.2 and 9.6 days for males, than inE. integriceps andG. lineatum. According to these results, all the tested eggs were adequate hosts forT. simoni development.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2003. 相似文献
20.
为探索棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera液泡型ATP酶(vacuolar-type proton ATPase,V-ATP酶)亚基A对棉铃虫生长发育的影响及其在Bt杀虫机制中的作用,采用PCR结合RACE技术克隆了棉铃虫V-ATP酶亚基A基因序列,通过实时荧光定量PCR技术测定了其在棉铃虫不同发育历期和幼虫肠道不同组织中的表达量;并比较了4龄幼虫取食含Cry1Ac蛋白饲料后中肠中该基因表达量的变化。结果显示,棉铃虫V-ATP酶亚基A基因全长2 578 bp(Gen Bank登录号KP090287),开放阅读框1 863 bp,编码621个氨基酸。V-ATP酶亚基A高度保守,不同物种间氨基酸序列同源性大于90%。V-ATP酶亚基A在棉铃虫整个生育期都有表达,在4龄幼虫体内表达量最高,是卵期的3.00倍;在幼虫肠道不同组织中,中肠中表达量最高,是后肠中的2.65倍。4龄棉铃虫幼虫取食含Cry1Ac蛋白的人工饲料后,中肠V-ATP酶亚基A的表达受到抑制,表达量为对照的0.39~0.81倍。表明V-ATP酶亚基A基因可能参与棉铃虫的生长发育和代谢过程,并可能与抵御Cry1Ac的毒杀作用有一定关系。 相似文献