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1.
Riparian zones are exposed to increasing pressures because of disturbance from agricultural and urban expansion and overgrazing. Accurate and cost-effective mapping of riparian environments is important for baseline inventories and monitoring and managing their functions associated with water quality, biodiversity, and wildlife habitats. In this study, we integrate remotely sensed light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data and high spatial resolution satellite imagery (QuickBird-2) to estimate riparian biophysical parameters and land cover types in the Fitzroy catchment in Queensland, Australia. An object based image analysis (OBIA) was adopted for the study. A digital terrain model (DTM), a tree canopy model (TCM) and a plant projective cover (PPC) map were first derived from the LiDAR data. A map of the streambed was then produced using the DTM information. Finally, all the LiDAR-derived biophysical map products and the QuickBird image bands were combined in an OBIA to (1) map the following land cover types: riparian vegetation, streambed, bare ground, woodlands and rangelands; (2) determine the distribution of overhang vegetation within the streambed; and (3) measure the width of both the riparian zone and the streambed. The combined use of both datasets allowed accurate land cover mapping, with an overall accuracy of 85.6%. The estimated widths of the riparian zone and the streambed showed strong correlation with the actual field measurements (r = 0.82 and 0.98 respectively). Our results show that the combined use of LiDAR and high spatial resolution imagery can potentially be used for the assessment of the riparian condition in a tropical savanna woodland riparian environment. This work also shows the capacity of OBIA to assist in the assessment of the composition of the riparian environment from multiple image datasets. 相似文献
2.
Deanna H. Olson Paul D. Anderson Christopher A. Frissell Hartwell H. Welsh Jr. David F. Bradford 《Forest Ecology and Management》2007
Stream–riparian areas represent a nexus of biodiversity, with disproportionate numbers of species tied to and interacting within this key habitat. New research in Pacific Northwest headwater forests, especially the characterization of microclimates and amphibian distributions, is expanding our perspective of riparian zones, and suggests the need for alternative designs to manage stream–riparian zones and their adjacent uplands. High biodiversity in riparian areas can be attributed to cool moist conditions, high productivity and complex habitat. All 47 northwestern amphibian species have stream–riparian associations, with a third being obligate forms to general stream–riparian areas, and a quarter with life histories reliant on headwater landscapes in particular. Recent recognition that stream-breeding amphibians can disperse hundreds of meters into uplands implies that connectivity among neighboring drainages may be important to their population structures and dynamics. Microclimate studies substantiate a “stream effect” of cool moist conditions permeating upslope into warmer, drier forests. We review forest management approaches relative to headwater riparian areas in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, and we propose scenarios designed to retain all habitats used by amphibians with complex life histories. These include a mix of riparian and upslope management approaches to address the breeding, foraging, overwintering, and dispersal functions of these animals. We speculate that the stream microclimate effect can partly counterbalance edge effects imposed by upslope forest disturbances, hence appropriately sized and managed riparian buffers can protect suitable microclimates at streams and within riparian forests. We propose one approach that focuses habitat conservation in headwater areas – where present management allows extensive logging – on sensitive target species, such as tailed frogs and torrent salamanders that often occur patchily. Assuming both high patchiness and some concordance among the distribution of sensitive species, protecting areas with higher abundances of these animals could justify less protection of currently unoccupied or low-density habitats, where more intensive forest management for timber production could occur. Also, we outline an approach that protects juxtaposed headwater patches, retaining connectivity among sub-drainages using a 6th-field watershed spatial scale for assuring well-distributed protected areas across forested landscapes. However, research is needed to test this approach and to determine whether it is sufficient to buffer downstream water quality and habitat from impacts of headwater management. Offering too-sparse protection everywhere is likely insufficient to conserve headwater habitats and biodiversity, while our alternative targeted protection of selected headwaters does not bind the entire forest landscape into a biodiversity reserve. 相似文献
3.
P. Charles Goebel Kurt S. Pregitzer Brian J. Palik 《Forest Ecology and Management》2006,230(1-3):43-54
We examined the distribution of ground-flora species (herbaceous and woody species <1 m tall) across riparian areas of northeastern Wisconsin in an effort to understand how hierarchical landscape properties, such as the physiographic system (ground moraine and outwash plain), valley system (constrained and unconstrained), and valley floor landforms influence distribution patterns of ground-flora species and functional plant guilds across riparian areas of small streams and rivers in a glacial landscape. A total of 162 species were recorded on 417 (1 m2) plots stratified by four different valley types that reflect the dominant physiographic system and valley system (constrained ground moraine, constrained outwash plain, unconstrained ground moraine, unconstrained outwash plain) and transverse geomorphic structure (valley floor landforms including floodplains, terraces, slopes, and adjacent uplands). Although distribution patterns of individual ground-flora species are highly variable among the four valley types, canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) of individual valley types indicate that ground-flora vegetation is related strongly to hierarchical landscape properties, including valley type and the transverse geomorphic structure of the stream valley. Vegetation ultimately reflects the influence of hydrogeomorphic processes that shape valley floor landforms. Constrained valley types tend to be characterized by diverse floodplain ground-flora communities dominated by graminoids and pteridophytes, while the terraces and slope plant communities are comprised of facultative upland and obligate upland perennial forb and woody species whose distribution appears to be a function of topographic features, such as aspect. However, ground-flora communities of unconstrained valley types appear to be responding not only to changes associated with the transverse geomorphic structure of the riparian ecotone, but also to more localized changes in environmental conditions associated with flooding and hydrologic regime. As a result, floodplain, terrace, and slope ground-flora communities tend to be diverse, dominated by a mixture of obligate wetland, facultative wetland, and facultative species. Thus, variation in riparian plant community characteristics can be explained using a nested, hierarchical landscape framework to organize and group different riparian settings based on the underlying geomorphic processes shaping stream valleys. Based on these results, we suggest that riparian management zones (RMZs) designed to maintain riparian function should be variable in width rather than fixed, encompassing variation in valley floor landforms and valley walls, regardless of the physiographic system. 相似文献
4.
Fire plays an important role in shaping many Sierran coniferous forests, but longer fire return intervals and reductions in area burned have altered forest conditions. Productive, mesic riparian forests can accumulate high stem densities and fuel loads, making them susceptible to high-severity fire. Fuels treatments applied to upland forests, however, are often excluded from riparian areas due to concerns about degrading streamside and aquatic habitat and water quality. Objectives of this study were to compare stand structure, fuel loads, and potential fire behavior between adjacent riparian and upland forests under current and reconstructed active-fire regime conditions. Current fuel loads, tree diameters, heights, and height to live crown were measured in 36 paired riparian and upland plots. Historic estimates of these metrics were reconstructed using equations derived from fuel accumulation rates, current tree data, and increment cores. Fire behavior variables were modeled using Forest Vegetation Simulator Fire/Fuels Extension.Riparian forests were significantly more fire prone under current than reconstructed conditions, with greater basal area (BA) (means are 87 vs. 29 m2/ha), stand density (635 vs. 208 stems/ha), snag volume (37 vs. 2 m3/ha), duff loads (69 vs. 3 Mg/ha), total fuel loads (93 vs. 28 Mg/ha), canopy bulk density (CBD) (0.12 vs. 0.04 kg/m3), surface flame length (0.6 vs. 0.4 m), crown flame length (0.9 vs. 0.4 m), probability of torching (0.45 vs. 0.03), predicted mortality (31% vs. 17% BA), and lower torching (20 vs. 176 km/h) and crowning indices (28 vs. 62 km/h). Upland forests were also significantly more fire prone under current than reconstructed conditions, yet changes in fuels and potential fire behavior were not as large. Under current conditions, riparian forests were significantly more fire prone than upland forests, with greater stand density (635 vs. 401 stems/ha), probability of torching (0.45 vs. 0.22), predicted mortality (31% vs. 16% BA), and lower quadratic mean diameter (46 vs. 55 cm), canopy base height (6.7 vs. 9.4 m), and frequency of fire tolerant species (13% vs. 36% BA). Reconstructed riparian and upland forests were not significantly different. Our reconstruction results suggest that historic fuels and forest structure may not have differed significantly between many riparian and upland forests, consistent with earlier research suggesting similar historic fire return intervals. Under current conditions, however, modeled severity is much greater in riparian forests, suggesting forest habitat and ecosystem function may be more severely impacted by wildfire than in upland forests. 相似文献
5.
6.
Fire in riparian areas has the potential to influence the functions riparian vegetation provides to streams and aquatic biota. However, there is little information on the effects of fire on riparian areas. The objectives of the present study were to: (i) determine how fire severity interacts with riparian topographic setting, micro-environmental conditions, and pre-fire community composition to control post-fire regeneration; (ii) determine how riparian regeneration patterns and controls change during early succession; and (iii) determine how critical riparian functions are influenced by and recover after fire. Study locations included the Biscuit Fire in southwestern Oregon and the B&B Complex Fire in the Cascade Mountain Range of west-central Oregon, USA. We measured post-fire woody species regeneration, and measured factors such as fire severity, pre-fire species composition, and stream size as potential factors associated with post-fire regeneration patterns. At a relatively coarse spatial scale, patterns in post-fire colonization were influenced by elevation. At finer spatial scales, both conifer- and hardwood-dominated riparian plant communities were self-replacing, suggesting that each community type tends to occur in specific ecological settings. Abundant post-fire regeneration in riparian areas and the self-replacement of hardwood- and conifer-dominated communities indicate high resilience of these disturbance-adapted plant communities. 相似文献
7.
【目的】集成多时期航片数据和由机载激光雷达数据获取的密集林区数字高程模型,估测多时期杉木人工林冠层高度,并对其生长情况进行定量监测,为多时期航片监测森林生长趋势和评价林地生产力提供可能。【方法】首先基于分类后的激光雷达点云数据获得林下高精度数字高程模型和森林数字表面模型,利用航片数据构建立体像对,通过自动立体匹配算法生成森林冠层的摄影测量数字表面模型,然后借助数字高程模型将2种数字表面模型进行高度归一化,提取研究区多时期森林冠层高度。利用1996、2004年历史航片和2014年数字航片以及激光雷达数据,构建18年内皖南杉木人工林3期森林冠层高度,并对其精度进行分析。【结果】1)由2014年数字航片和激光雷达数据获取的森林冠层高度的R^2为0. 52,RMSE为1. 79 m; 2)由2014年数字航片处理得到的森林冠层高度与对应样地实测上层木的平均高验证精度较高,平均绝对误差1. 59 m,平均相对误差15%,最大绝对误差3. 45 m,最大相对误差30. 80%,测量精度85. 00%; 3)由1996、2004、2014年航片得到3期杉木人工林冠层高度,其增长趋势与树高生长曲线预测趋势一致。【结论】在多山复杂地形条件下,利用航片可准确定量反映山脊向阳面的森林冠层高度变化,但对于山谷阴影处,则会出现冠层高度被低估情况,利用多期航片结合高精度DEM数据可定量反映上层木的冠层高度变化。 相似文献
8.
The composition and structure of riparian forests in the coast redwood region were analyzed in relation to the length of time since timber harvest, and the width of riparian buffer zone. Ten sites were sampled in the central range of the coast redwood forest type within a variety of post-harvest age groups and riparian buffer zone widths. Data was collected using randomly selected sample plots adjacent to perennial coastal steams. Correlation Fisher's r to z tests and two-tailed t-test were used to examine the relationship between the sample variables and the experimental parameters “years since harvest”, and “width of buffer.” Results indicate that canopy cover was negatively correlated to “years since harvest” with the highest level of canopy cover found on the youngest sites and the lowest level found on the old-growth sites. The hardwood to conifer dominance ratio and the basal area of Alnus rubra (red alder) were correlated negatively to both “years since harvest” and “buffer width” indicating that timber harvest favored hardwood species. Late seral associates such as Oxalis oregana (redwood sorrel), Anthyrium filix-femina (lady fern), and Vaccinium parviflorum (billberry) were found preferentially in older forests and sites with wider buffer zones, while non-native species such as Hedera helix (English ivy), Pampas cortedaria (pampas grass), and Myosotis latifolia (forget-me-not) were found preferentially in younger forests and areas with smaller buffer zones. 相似文献
9.
Matthew R. Kluber Deanna H. Olson Klaus J. Puettmann 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008,256(4):529-535
Over the past 50 years, forested landscapes of the Pacific Northwest have become increasingly patchy, dominated by early successional forests. Several amphibian species associated with forested headwater systems have emerged as management concerns, especially after clearcutting. Given that headwater streams comprise a large portion of the length of flowing waterways in western Oregon forests, there is a need to better understand how forest management affects headwater forest taxa and their habitats. Mitigation strategies include alternatives to clearcutting, such as harvests that remove only part of the canopy and maintenance of riparian buffer strips. Our study investigates effects of upland forest thinning coupled with riparian buffer treatments on riparian and upland headwater forest amphibians, habitat attributes, and species-habitat associations. Amphibian captures and habitat variables were examined 5–6 years post-thinning within forest stands subject to streamside-retention buffers and variable-width buffers, as well as unthinned reference stands. We found no treatments effects, however, our results suggest that ground surface conditions (e.g., amount of rocky or fine substrate) play a role in determining the response of riparian and upland amphibians to forest thinning along headwater streams. Distance from stream was associated with amphibian abundance, hence retention of riparian buffers is likely important in maintaining microclimates and microhabitats needed for amphibians and other taxa. Moderate thinning and preservation of conditions in riparian and nearby upland areas by way of variable-width and streamside-retention buffers may be sufficient to maintain suitable habitat and microclimatic conditions vital to amphibian assemblages in managed headwater forests. 相似文献
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11.
Each year, wildland fires burn millions of hectares of forest worldwide. Fire managers need to provide effective methods for mapping fire fuels accurately. Fuel distribution is very important for predicting fire behavior. The overall aim of this project is to model fire behavior using FARSITE (Fire Area Simulator) and investigate differences in modeling outputs using fuel model maps, which differ in accuracy, in east Texas. This simulator model requires as input spatial data themes such as elevation, slope, aspect, surface fuel model, and canopy cover along with separate weather and wind data. Seven fuel models, including grass, brush, and timber models, are identified in the study area. To perform modeling sensitivity analysis, two different fuel model maps were used, one obtained by classifying a QuickBird image and the other obtained by classifying a LIDAR (LIght Detection and Ranging) and QuickBird fused data set. Our previous investigations showed that LIDAR improves the accuracy of fuel mapping by at least 13%. According to our new results, LIDAR-derived variables also provides more detailed information about characteristics of fire. This study will show the importance of using accurate maps of fuel models derived using new LIDAR remote sensing techniques. 相似文献
12.
通过对庞泉沟河岸带落叶松林的土壤氮素空间格局进行分析,了解河岸带全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮的储量以及氮素的空间格局,为河岸带对河流氮素的净化研究提供基础数据。结果表明：1）土壤表层氮素含量较高,土壤中全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮空间异质性明显,并且氮素在土壤层之间、高地连续体上存在不规则的垂直格局和水平格局。2）在高地连续体上,河岸带土壤全氮与硝态氮呈显著正相关（r=0.613）,全氮与铵态氮呈正相关（r=0.114）,全氮与与河岸带宽度呈负相关（r=-0.075）,铵态氮与硝态氮呈负相关（r=-0.004）。土壤氮素格局受多因素影响,氮素的形态与含量主要受地形、林分、降水以及土壤理化性质等因素的综合影响。 相似文献
13.
The appropriate management of streamside forests and use of riparian strips is poorly resolved for many systems because of a lack of understanding of the extent to which riparian forests function as environmental buffers for aquatic species versus core (essential) habitat for semi-aquatic and terrestrial species. We studied streamside forests in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, USA, to help delineate their functional value for plethodontid salamanders. We established 30 m × 40 m plots at 17 sites (823–1716 m in elevation) in unmanaged forests with closed canopies. Plots contained a portion of a seep or first-order stream along one edge and typically extended 36–38 m into the adjoining forest. We examined use of stream and streamside habitats based on captures during area-constrained searches of cover objects. We observed 6423 plethodontid salamanders belonging to 7 terrestrial-breeding and 12 aquatic-breeding species. Terrestrial-breeders (primarily Plethodon spp.) comprised 37% of terrestrial specimens and were more abundant at higher elevations. Aquatic-breeders (primarily Desmognathus spp.) increased their proportionate use of terrestrial habitat, but declined in overall abundance with elevation. Catches of aquatic-breeders were greatest within 8 m of aquatic habitats (49% of total terrestrial catch of aquatic-breeders), particularly at low elevation sites. The terrestrial zone provided core habitat for one terrestrial-breeder (D. wrighti) and six semi-aquatic species (Desmognathus spp., Gyrinophilus porphyriticus and Eurycea wilderae) that were broadly distributed throughout plots, and acted as an aquatic buffer for four highly aquatic species (Desmognathus spp.). The remaining species were terrestrial-breeders (Plethodon spp.) that were evenly distributed across plots, suggesting that riparian strips would function as important source populations for recolonization following timbering on adjoining land. Because of the vulnerability of plethodontid salamanders to edge effects, effective management of southern Appalachian streamside habitats may require the addition of a terrestrial buffer to protect terrestrial core habitat that immediately adjoins streams and seeps. 相似文献
14.
Forest-floor temperatures and soil moisture across riparian zones on first- to third-order headwater streams in southern New England,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Riparian zones along forest streams in the western United States have been repeatedly shown to be floristically and climatically different from adjacent upland forest, and to be important contributors to forest biodiversity. Similar evidence for the presence or function of riparian zones is lacking for forests of the northeastern U.S. We conducted seasonal surveys of forest-floor temperature and soil moisture across 30-m riparian transects on first- to third-order streams in southern New England. We were unable to detect any effect of distance from the stream channel on either temperature or soil moisture. These preliminary results indicate the absence of a unique riparian forest-floor microclimate within 30 m of low-order streams in southern New England. While this study failed to identify a distinctive riparian microclimatic zone, protection of a riparian buffer during forestry operations or other disturbance is essential for the protection of forest streams and their resources and the maintenance of forest biodiversity. 相似文献
15.
Hiroka Ito Satoshi Ito Tamotsu Matsui Tomomi Marutani 《Journal of Forest Research》2006,11(6):405-417
We investigated habitat segregation and patterns of species diversity of trees in relation to variations in fluvial and geomorphic
disturbances (erosion or sedimentation) along a longitudinal stream gradient from V-shaped valley to alluvial fan and between
valley and adjacent hill slopes in a warm-temperate mountainous riparian forest in Kyushu, southwestern Japan. We longitudinally
divided the riparian area into four geomorphic zones: V-shaped valley (VV-zone), upper fan (UF-zone), middle fan (MF-zone),
and lower fan (LF-zone). We surveyed the distribution of tree species (diameter at breast height ≥3 cm) in the four riparian
zones and in additional plots on hill slopes (SL-zone) representing the broader, nonriparian forest matrix. Detrended correspondence
analysis ordination demonstrated variations in species composition along the longitudinal stream gradient. Species guild analysis
based on the detection of the species preferred zone by a bootstrap method revealed a guild structure corresponding to each
geomorphic zone. The four riparian zones were differentiated from the SL-zone by having a low proportion of SL-guild species
and a high proportion of infrequent species that were characterized by deciduous leaf habit. The LF-zone was the most differentiated
and was characterized by low tree density and specialist species established on the flat and unstable soil surface created
by frequent deposition of sediment. The UF- and MF-zones were characterized by a high tree density and species richness (particularly
of infrequent species) established on the stable ground surface of a high alluvial terrace. Microsite heterogeneity produced
by channel formation may also maintain a high species diversity in the riparian zones. 相似文献
16.
Nutrient Attenuation in Agricultural Surface Runoff by Riparian Buffer Zones in Southern Illinois,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrients in overland flow from agricultural areas are a common cause of stream and lake water quality impairment. One method
of reducing excess nutrient runoff from non-point sources is to restore or enhance existing riparian areas as vegetative buffers.
A field scale study was conducted to assess the ability of remnant giant cane (Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.) and forest
riparian buffer zones to attenuate nutrients in agricultural surface runoff from natural precipitation events. Two adjacent,
10.0 m wide riparian buffers were instrumented with 16 overland flow collectors to monitor surface runoff for nitrate, ammonium,
and orthophosphate. Measurements were taken at 3.3 m increments within each buffer. The forest buffer significantly reduced
incoming dissolved nitrate-N, dissolved ammonium-N, total ammonium-N, and total orthophosphate masses in surface runoff by
97, 74, 68, and 78 , respectively within the 10.0 m riparian buffer. Nutrient reductions within the cane buffer were 100 for
all three nutrients due to relatively high infiltration rates. Significant reductions of total ammonium- N and total orthophosphate
were detected by 3.3 m in the cane buffer and at 6.6 m in the forest buffer. Results suggest that both giant cane and forest
vegetation are good candidates to incorporate into riparian buffer restoration designs for southern Illinois as well as in
other regions within their native range with similar climatic and physiographic conditions. 相似文献
17.
In the western United States, many native riparian forests are declining downstream from dams and diversions, primarily due to a lack of successful regeneration of native species. Conceptual models have been described that incorporate stream flow characteristics that promote successful regeneration of western riparian Populus seedlings. However, these models need to be calibrated for additional species and specific stream characteristics. In this study, we examined the growth and survival of two dominant Sonoran desert riparian tree species, a native Salix gooddingii, and an exotic, Tamarix chinensis, to simulated water table declines at rates of 0, 1, 2, and 4 cm/day. Salix seedlings performed best in the 0 cm/day treatment in which the soil was saturated and showed decreasing survival and growth with increasing rates of water table decline. Root-to-shoot ratios were high for Salix, but root elongation rates were low with an emphasis on lateral root development. This root growth pattern may be an adaptation to habitat where Salix typically grows, near the stream channel where the water table is shallow but the likelihood of flood scour is high. Lateral root development may help to protect Salix seedlings from late season flood scour. Tamarix seedlings showed consistently high survival across all treatments and had the greatest growth in the 0 and 1 cm/day treatments. Tamarix seedlings had greater root elongation rates in response to water table decline relative to the control, with the greatest elongation in the 1 cm/day treatment. Greater root elongation rates and higher drought tolerance allowed Tamarix seedlings to persist in dry soils where Salix seedlings died. Differences in growth and survival of these two species in response to water table decline will need to be incorporated into management practices to promote successful native riparian tree regeneration. 相似文献
18.
Despite the increasing recognition of riparian zones as important ecotones that link terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and of fire as a critical natural disturbance, much remains unknown regarding the influence of fire on stream-riparian ecosystems. To further this understanding, we evaluated the effects of mixed severity wildfire on riparian plant community structure and composition in headwater streams of the Big Creek Watershed of the Frank Church ‘River of No Return’ Wilderness of central Idaho. Five years after a large stand-replacing fire, we conducted riparian vegetation surveys at sixteen reaches across a range of burn types. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) and Multi-Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP) analyses showed an overall shift in community composition and structure between vegetation at unburned and severely burned reaches. Although total plant cover was significantly less at severely burned areas, recovery of the deciduous understory was apparent. Severely burned reaches were characterized by a marked increase in cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum). Reaches that were exposed to low-severity fire were indistinguishable from unburned reaches relative to vegetation community composition and structure, pointing to a possible disturbance threshold that may need to be crossed in order to alter riparian plant communities. 相似文献
19.
基于高分辨率卫星影像的县级土地利用调查研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
在分析传统县级土地利用调查技术的基础上,提出基于高分辨率卫星影像的县级土地利用调查方法.采用具有0.70 m空间分辨率的QuickBird卫星影像,以贵州省望谟县局部地区为例开展了土地利用调查.首先在ENVI环境下进行影像增强、影像融合,然后在实地采用静态差分GPS测量方式采集控制点对影像进行几何校正,建立解译标志;采用基于ARcView平台开发设计的交互式影像判读系统进行影像判读,获得土地利用图斑及其属性信息;之后使用GeoWay软件分层矢量化其他地理要素,并按要求建立其属性表;在ArcCIS环境里进行叠加分析、入库和编制土地利用图调查结果具有较高的精确度,调查方法具有较好的实用性. 相似文献