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1.
Performance improvement of existing irrigation projects has been a major concern in international irrigation development. Activities for irrigation project improvement usually involve not only infrastructure (hardware) improvement but also changes in management. However, the impact of management improvement on irrigation performance has not been sufficiently verified because, in most cases, (a) irrigation project evaluation is done qualitatively, and (b) management improvement is implemented simultaneously with hardware improvement. Therefore, the impact of management improvement needs to be evaluated quantitatively and separately from hardware. This research attempts to quantify effects of management and hardware improvements on irrigation project performance, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). First, an AHP model for irrigation project evaluation was developed by using internal process indicators of the rapid appraisal process. Secondly, the AHP model was applied for scoring 16 irrigation projects dealt with in FAO Water Reports 19. Then, finally, effects of the evaluation factors (e.g. managing entities, hardware, water delivery services) on irrigation project performance were analyzed by changing weights of the evaluation factors and comparing correlations between AHP model scores and crop yields. The research showed the potential and effectiveness of AHP application to irrigation project evaluation. Also, it revealed that the quality of water delivery service had a significant impact on crop production. Analysis through correlation did not imply significant relationships among water delivery services, management and hardware. However, it is inferred from the result that there would be still more room to improve the AHP model toward better evaluation of the irrigation project by adding more internal process indicators to the model. 相似文献
2.
The introduction of computer assisted irrigation scheduling to a 20,000 ha smallholder rice and sugarcane irrigation project in Thailand has provided an opportunity for continuous performance assessment. The provision of weekly information on performance is exerting an influence on the management of the system thus enabling timely response to operational problems.Kraseio Project has been operating with an improved water management system for two seasons, incorporating simple performance indicators, namely: actual versus targetted supply, along with equity, reliability and adequacy measures. Over these seasons the value of regular feedback of performance information has been demonstrated, in terms of increased awareness by project staff of operating constraints and their ability to quantify project performance. 相似文献
3.
Olufemi Olukunle Olubode-Awosola Ezekiel Olukayode Idowu Herman Daniël Van Schalkwyk 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》2006,20(2-3):303-315
This study examines the socio-economic and financial performances of irrigation projects under the Ogun-Oshun River Basin and Rural Development Authority (O-ORBRDA) in Nigeria. Primary data on the farming activities of the project farmers during the 2001/02 seasons and the projects' records for the period of 1995/96 to 2001/02 were summarised into socio-economic and financial performance indicators. In the Sepeteri Project, a revenue recovery level of 96% was estimated. The project is not financially viable as only 29% of its recurrent expenditure is covered. The farmers do not show commitment to making the project successful. An approximate 67% social capacity level was estimated. The relative irrigation cost and profit indexes do not show sufficient evidence that farmers would prefer irrigation farming to rain-fed farming. The Itoikin Project records a lower revenue recovery level of 75%. The project covers about 50% of its recurrent expenditure. In addition, the farmers do not appear to have a commitment to making the project successful, with a 33% social capacity level. A number of problems may be the causes of unprofitable irrigated cropping. If government increases the subvention, the O-ORBRDA prioritises irrigation service in disbursing the subvention to the projects, and the project manages the risks in the project sites, conscientises and incorporates the intended beneficiaries into managing the projects, the projects would be equipped to supply more irrigation services thereby making it more profitable and encouraging more participation of the intended beneficiaries. This would improve the socio-economic and financial performance of the projects. 相似文献
4.
《Agricultural Water Management》2004,68(1):33-46
The paper examines the method of using project irrigation requirements (PIR) in the design and rehabilitation of small-scale smallholder irrigation systems within multi-sector and dynamic river basins. This procedure, which employs equations that determine irrigation and crop water requirements, is found embedded in irrigation thinking and planning methodologies throughout the irrigation world. The paper argues that if the PIR equations are used formally and conventionally without sufficiently accounting for changing demands for water in semi-arid river basins, they can lead to irrigation designs that over-prioritise water for individual irrigation systems and as such be labelled ‘irrigation-centred’. Although other adjustments and attempts at re-allocating water might be undertaken, basin managers are often unable to recognise, accommodate or transcend the irrigation focus that this approach generates thus curtailing the efficacy of re-allocation efforts. This argument is made on the basis of observations in the Usangu Plains of Tanzania of farmer-originated irrigation and donor attempts at rehabilitation and modernisation. Features of a modified planning and design methodology are suggested, which considers irrigation alongside other water sectors, and focuses on the river basin rather than on the individual system; an alternative which, it is proposed, is more flexible and ‘water-resource-centred’. The implications of this dualism in approaches (irrigation-centred or resource-centred) for basin management, livelihoods, conflict mediation and formal irrigation rehabilitation projects are explored. 相似文献
5.
Johannes Makadho 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1996,10(4):367-376
Timing of supply of irrigation water is an important measure of water management performance. Yet despite this widely accepted importance of timeliness, few studies have attempted to quantify this performance indicator. This paper suggests a methodology for quantifying timeliness. The indices thus generated are used to compare the performance of some types of smallholder irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe. Results indicate that applying measures of timeliness helps to assess water management practices across scheme types.The methodology given in this paper differentiates between timely irrigation deliveries which meet Crop Water Requirements (CWR) and surplus water supplies due to poor timeliness which cannot be used by the crop, hence denoting wastage. The timeliness indices provide more information regarding management practices than simple measures of total water applications over a given season. 相似文献
6.
Microcomputers are increasingly being used to help in the management of smallholder irrigation schemes in Third World countries. In many cases, commercially available spreadsheet packages offer advantages over established scientific programming languages. The paper starts with a review of computer models which have been developed for irrigation scheduling. Two criteria are identified which must be considered when developing computer models for this purpose: realistic data requirements and programs which are easy to understand. Spreadsheet packages provide a good introduction to computing and macro programming techniques can be used to customise spreadsheet models to create refined yet simple management tools. Two practical examples are presented from current research projects: -a small scale scheme in Zimbabwe, where a spreadsheet model is used to produce irrigation schedules for smallholder farmers; -a 20,000 ha project in Thailand, where a spreadsheet model makes use of feedback to improve main system scheduling. 相似文献
7.
The government of Zimbabwe uses agricultural development as one of the ways to stimulate economic growth. Agriculture in Zimbabwe is characterized by a dual agrarian system comprising the large scale commercial sector and the smallholder communal sector. The communal sector, 47 percent of the country, supports more than 70 percent of the population. One strategy used to improve agricultural performance is the development of agricultural infrastructure. Of the 117, 830 ha developed for irrigation only slightly more than 6 percent is in the communal (smallholder) sector. The smallholder irrigation systems are managed under four different systems, namely the government-managed Agritex, farmer-managed community, the informal bani (dambo) managed by farmers and the ARDA outgrowers managed jointly by a parastatal and farmers. This paper evaluates the benefits and costs associated with these different management systems. Benefit-cost ratios are computed for each system. The bani system achieves higher benefit-cost ratios than the community, which achieves higher ratios than the Agritex management system. This indicates that the government should consider using the community system for developing the potential 93,000 ha of communal smallholder irrigation systems. It should also seriously consider the bani system as an alternative development strategy. 相似文献
8.
Although smallholder farmers have practised irrigation in Kenya, the introduction small-scale irrigation for horticultural production is relatively a recent development. The increase in irrigation practice has been promoted by the rapid increase in the growth of the horticultural industry. This research examined factors influencing irrigation of horticultural crops on smallholdings in Kenya. The key informants were smallholder irrigation farmers (including low-cost drip), representatives of the irrigation industry, Non Governmental Organisations and the government. The informants were interviewed in a survey of semi-structured open-ended questionnaires.The main problems reported were inadequate technical support service, unreliable water supply, and poor marketing of produce. The government policy on promotion of low cost technology was apparently not clear to the extension staff. Manufactures considered the sector especially the low-cost drip irrigation too small to promote actively. Some of these factors are likely to present a major challenge to developers in the promotion of smallholder irrigation technology in parts of the country. 相似文献
9.
在农业水利工程建设中,工程成本是影响工程质量、工程进度控制和工程效益的重要因素。该文详细分析了我国农业水利工程建设中成本管理控制方面存在的问题,如成本管理体制不建全、管理手段滞后、成本绩效考核制度不建全等问题,并针对成本管理提出有效管理措施和相关建议,以期为农业水利工程建设成本管理提供参考。 相似文献
10.
The aim of this study is to compare the performance between Water User Associations (WUAs) and cooperatives in the Gediz River
Basin in Turkey by applying a set of external comparative performance indicators. The indicators allow for the comparison
of irrigation performance between the two organisations. Benchmarking indicators were used to best evaluate the differences,
achievements and failures. The indicators included fee collection rate, cost recovery, general meeting attendance, irrigation
and personnel intensity. The data was collected over a 7-year period from 1997 to 2003, inclusive. The article clearly shows
that, with respect to the selected indicators, both WUAs and cooperatives performed well. Personnel intensity is the one area
that both organisations could improve upon. Overall, WUAs function better than cooperatives. The findings and conclusions
drawn from this research will be beneficial to managers responsible for policy-making decisions for the future attempts on
irrigation management. 相似文献
11.
基于我国水利枢纽灌区工程防汛度汛现状,将此类工程防汛风险划分为4个一级指标,12个二级指标,运用层次分析法（AHP）赋予各风险指标权重,进而采用模糊综合评价法确定各风险指标在风险概率、风险损失量、风险预测性和风险进一步恶化可能性4个层次评价标准下的风险指数,并结合各风险指数的权重对防汛风险进行综合的定量与定性评估。选取某灌区二期工程为例,证明该理论可用来降低灌区工程的防汛风险,规避损失,为我国形成完备的水利枢纽灌区工程防汛风险评估体系提供理论指导依据。 相似文献
12.
Ricardo A.L. Brito Ivo W.A. Bastings Adriane R. Bortolozzo 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》2003,17(4):285-303
A case study is presented on the irrigation performanceassessment of the Paracatu/ Entre-Ribeirosproject, a privately owned/managedcenter-pivot irrigation scheme inSoutheastern Brazil. Seven indicators werechosen (delivery performance, overallconsumptive ratio, sustainability ofirrigated area, power and energyconsumption, operation and maintenancefraction, unit gross economic return, andglobal revenue/cost ratio) to assess theperformance of the scheme in the periodfrom 1997 through 2000. The values obtainedfor these indicators seem to haveadequately expressed the current situationof the scheme by identifying low values ofoverall consumptive ratio, an indication ofthe need for improvement in the watermanagement strategies of individualfarmers. 相似文献
13.
U Win 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1989,3(1):47-61
Irrigation projects are usually planned and designed at national levels. Farmers are considered as one of the inputs for irrigation development. Governmental authorities generally assume that the goal of increasing agricultural production will be achieved when the problem of inadequate water during the cultivation season can be solved by providing irrigation water to the farmers. But it is not uncommon to learn of low production rates and various indicators which exhibit below success rates after the irrigation water is provided to the farmers.This paper addresses a first-time experience with irrigation in a village-tract that lies at the tail of a sublateral of an irrigation project in Burma. It shows that the potential of an agricultural economic boon can easily be frustrated due to a single factor: lack of irrigation know-how at the farmers' level. A discussion of agricultural problems under a military socialistic political economic setting follows. 相似文献
14.
南方灌区工程水毁的特点、原因和修复对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
１９９８年的特大洪水给湖南、湖北等省的灌区工程造成严重毁坏,其中以渠道、渠系建筑物和圩堤工程水毁最为严重。除了暴雨超常、洪水组合恶劣等自然因素之外,渠道防洪设施缺乏、圩区盲目垦殖、工程建设标准偏低、设计不当、施工控制不严是造成灌区工程水毁的几个主要原因,也是水毁工程修复和重建过程中应引起重视的几个问题。 相似文献
15.
Peter Chudleigh 《Agricultural Systems》1977,2(1):67-82
A model of a smallholder dairying system in the high potential country in Kenya is briefly described. A sensitivity analysis was carried out with the model for two replacement policies and six herd sizes. The ensuing output of mean monthly milk yields and incomes was subjected to an analysis of variance where the major effects of four performance variables were ascertained. Response surfaces were fitted to the data generated from the model and were used to demonstrate that the relative income responses to an improvement in each variable dependend on the initial levels of performance.It is suggested that the technique reported here may be utilised as part of a larger cost-benefit analysis designed to assist in the allocation of resources for research and development aimed at improving the performance of smallholder dairy farmers. In addition, there is a need for greater involvement in extension research, so that the cost of obtaining an improvement at the farm level in a given performance variable can be estimated. Guidance of research and development priorities with respect to the smallholder dairy industry could then proceed in a more rational manner. 相似文献
16.
Planning improvement of an irrigation project often depends on irrigation professionals who conduct the initial survey of the irrigation project. Accordingly, activities for improvement will be different depending on who evaluates the status quo of the irrigation project, because of the diversity of expertise and experience of professionals. A questionnaire survey was conducted to examine how irrigation professionals evaluate an irrigation project, that is, on what evaluation factors (EFs) they place the importance. In the questionnaire, professionals ranked the relative importance of EFs derived from internal process indicators of the Rapid Appraisal Process (RAP). Answers to the questionnaire were processed by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP, Part I), and then local weights of EFs were obtained as a measure of relative importance of EFs. Those local weights were statistically analyzed by the Anderson-Darling normality test, the F-test and the t-test. Then, they were modeled by probability density functions. The results implied (a) that irrigation professionals give the first priority to water delivery services project-wide and (b) that they consider that irrigation infrastructure (hardware) of primary canals is more important than that of secondary canals. These findings infer that irrigation professionals first consider how well water is controlled and distributed project-wide and second how appropriately primary canals are designed and maintained. Also, their views are divided into two regarding importance of hardware and management, namely some insist that hardware is more important than management and the others insist that management is more important than hardware. 相似文献
17.
By taking the proposed smallholder South-West Kano irrigation scheme as a case study, this article illustrates that designing sustainable irrigation schemes requires knowledge of the present landscape and insight into the demands of the society on the environment at present and in the future. First, the effects of irrigated rice production on farming households in four existing irrigation schemes in the Kano Plains in Kenya are evaluated. Second, a landscape analysis is applied to the South-West Kano project area to evaluate the uses and functions of the current landscape. The design criteria formulated from the perspective of these two evaluations form the basis of an assessment of four options of irrigation development in the South-West Kano project area. As socio-economic processes are reflected in the landscape, landscape analysis can be instrumental in visualizing and quantifying data not easily grasped otherwise. It may thus help to make discussions between farmers and engineers more concrete and to the point. 相似文献
18.
Cengiz Ko? 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》2011,25(4):255-263
The cost constructing for irrigation is often given in $/ha. In deciding whether a project is worth undertaking, it is important to weigh the anticipated benefits against the expected costs. In this study, unit area construction costs based on the way of project water supply (gravity, pump) and scheme type (classic canal, flume, pipe) were calculated for the 211 irrigation projects operated and constructed by DSI (State Hydraulic Works) in Turkey. In a case study of the 27 irrigation schemes constructed by DSI in the Büyük Menderes and West Mediterranean basins, construction costs per unit area, irrigation ratio, and amount of unproductive costs were determined. As a result, though the area of 76383 ha was constructed for irrigation schemes, this area wasn??t under irrigation services with several various reasons; therefore, 641 million $US according to water supply way, and 574 million $US to the scheme type were unproductive investment for irrigation projects researched in the basins. 相似文献
19.
Herve Plusquellec 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1993,7(4):263-271
This paper looks at the World Bank's experience with irrigation and drainage projects and compares their performance expected at appraisal stage with the performance re-assessed at completion and at the time of impact evaluation, typically 3 to 5 years later when projects have reached their full potential. This review confirms the over-optimistic assumptions of project performance at appraisal and completion stages. The deficiencies in water distribution are far greater than suspected, affecting cropping intensity and crop yields much more than originally thought. An important lesson from this memo is the need to adopt more realistic values of key parameters in the preparation of irrigation projects. 相似文献
20.
Jusipbek Kazbekov Iskandar Abdullaev Asad Qureshi 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(8):1259-1267
The primary objective of an irrigation organization is to provide efficient and effective management of water resources to achieve enhanced agricultural production. Performance assessment studies provide a tool to evaluate and promote this objective. The study examines the existing planning procedures and assesses irrigation performance of four Water User Associations (WUAs) located in Osh Province, Kyrgyzstan. Performance was evaluated using indicators of adequacy, efficiency, dependability and equity. Indicators were calculated for each irrigation season over the period 2003 to 2007. In general, all WUAs were found to be strong in terms of adequacy and efficiency standards. However, performance with respect to dependability and equity was poor. The results suggest that more effort is needed to improve temporal uniformity and equity in water distribution. In order to achieve this, estimations of irrigation requirements by WUA managers needs to be improved and mechanisms developed to request water in quantities, which are needed to maintain equity across the WUA outlets and among water users. The study concludes that the establishment of WUAs in Kyrgyzstan has helped to address the problem of water distribution and allocation among a large number of farmers. However, further training of farmers and managers is required to build their capacity to share water and ensure equity among users particularly during periods of less than optimal water supply. The findings of this research suggest that application of a pre-determined set of indicators can be a useful and cost effective tool to measure the performance of WUAs. This is particularly important for Central Asia where the performance of the recently established and state initiated WUAs to replace former collective farms is now a key element in future sustainable water management. The study identified uncertainties in the estimation of WUA water demands based on previous methods and suggests more attention and care required in calculating water requirements. 相似文献