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1.
生物炭及炭基肥改良棕壤理化性状及提高花生产量的作用 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
【目的】炭基复合肥是生物炭农用的另一种方式,生物炭作为土壤改良剂对土壤改良研究的报道较多,但大多为短期培养或模拟试验。目前更缺乏生物炭与传统土壤培肥方式的比较研究。本研究旨在通过4年的田间微区定位试验,开展生物炭及炭基复合肥对棕壤理化性质及花生产量的影响研究,以期为生物炭的培肥改土及合理农用提供理论依据。【方法】定位试验于2009年开始连续4年进行了花生微区田间试验(2 m~2)。试验设4个处理分别为秸秆还田+NPK(CS)、施用猪厩肥+NPK(PMC)、生物炭+NPK(BIO)和基于生物炭的炭基复合肥(BF)所有处理均为等氮磷钾养分,BIO处理与PMC处理为等碳量,BIO处理相当于CS处理所施用的玉米秸秆量制备得到的生物炭量,BF处理碳含量低于BIO碳含量每个处理重复3次,随机排列。分析试验前和2012年收获后土壤理化性质,比较各处理4年的花生产量。【结果】连续施用4年后,与试验前相比,BIO处理的土壤有机碳提高了27.6%全氮含量提高了75.6%,显著高于其他各处理,土壤pH提高了0.14个单位,显著高于CS处理,与PMC处理相近;土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和CEC值与CS或PMC处理相近;BIO处理的土壤毛管孔隙度和田间持水量显著高于其他处理容重和土壤总孔隙度与CS和PMC处理差异不显著;4年中花生产量均居首位,从3198.5 kg/hm~2提高到4818.0 kg/hm~2,但与PMC处理差异不显著。连续施用4年后,BF处理土壤pH较试验前提高了0.57个单位显著高于其他各处理,优势显著;土壤有机碳和全氮含量较试验前分别提高了4.4%和27.9%显著低于BIO处理对土壤物理性质的调节作用也不及BIO处理其他指标差异不显著但总体上与CS或PMC处理相近;BF处理的花生产量在试验的前3年与BIO处理差异不显著,第4年较BIO处理降低了317.1 kg/hm2,差异显著介于PMC和CS处理之间。【结论】各处理作物产量随施用年限增加而提高。生物炭和炭基复合肥对土壤的理化性质的改良作用与秸秆还田和施用猪厩肥相近,生物炭在提高土壤有机碳和全氮含量方面,炭基复合肥在改善土壤pH方面优势突出对作物具有持续增产作用。 相似文献
2.
不同炭基肥对青椒生长、品质和氮素农学利用率的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
将生物质炭与化肥混合制得生物质炭基肥进行田间试验,比较炭基肥对青椒生长、品质和氮素农学利用率的影响及不同原料生物质炭基的肥效差异。选取小麦秸秆炭、稻壳炭和花生壳炭为炭基制得炭基肥(养分为37%,N-P2O5-K2O:18-9-10),以普通复合肥(养分为45%,N-P2O5-K2O:15-15-15)为对照。结果表明,与普通复合肥相比,小麦秸秆炭基肥处理使青椒氮素农学利用率显著提高24.98 kg kg-1,根长提高10.9%,地上部生物量提高32.8%,VC含量提高51.3%;稻壳炭基肥和花生壳炭基肥处理使青椒VC含量提高69.5%和62.4%,使可溶性蛋白质含量均提高64.7%。此外,施用小麦秸秆炭基肥在总养分含量较普通复合肥减少8%的情况下,青椒产量显著提高13.3%,单果鲜重显著提高33.7%。而稻壳炭肥和花生壳炭肥对青椒产量影响不显著。因此,以小麦秸秆炭肥增产效果最好,而花生壳炭肥和稻壳炭肥在提升品质方面更佳。 相似文献
3.
生物质炭复合肥对小麦产量及温室气体排放的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
《土壤通报》2015,(1):177-183
选择了棉花秸秆(CBF)、玉米秸秆(MSF)、小麦秸秆(WSF)、稻壳(RHF)、花生壳(PHF)和生活废弃物(HWF)6种炭基复合肥,以当地常规化肥施用为对照(CF),研究田间条件下不同生物质炭复合肥对小麦产量及麦田温室气体排放的影响。小麦基肥中炭基复合肥和常规肥料的施用量分别为300 kg hm-2和356 kg hm-2,后期均追施等量的复合肥及尿素。结果表明:施用6种生物质炭复合肥均显著提高了小麦的产量,增产幅度达20%~35.4%,氮肥偏生产力也显著提高17.9%~34.4%,其中花生壳、棉花秸秆和玉米秸秆炭基复合肥处理下的小麦产量和氮肥偏生产力显著高于生活废弃物和小麦秸秆炭基复合肥。施用生物质炭复合肥均显著降低了麦田N2O的排放,减排幅度在56.0%~65.4%,但不同炭基复合肥间没有显著的差异。生物质炭复合肥对麦田CH4及CO2的排放无显著影响。麦田的全球增温潜势(GWP)和温室气体排放强度(GHGI)在施用生物质炭复合肥处理下分别降低57.5%~66.9%和68.0%~77.5%。由此可见,生物质炭复合肥在提高氮肥偏生产力和作物产量以及温室气体减排方面具有较大的应用潜力。 相似文献
4.
生物炭提高花生干物质与养分利用的优势研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
5.
有机硅改性复合肥是一种新型肥料,具有提高肥料利用率,降低重金属吸收积累的作用,研究其对作物养分吸收和镉吸收的影响及机制对于推广新型肥料和降镉技术具有重要意义。采用大田试验研究了有机硅改性复合肥对玉米产量、养分吸收及镉含量的影响。结果表明,与普通复合肥相比,有机硅改性复合肥显著提高玉米总生物量59%～60%,提高收获系数40%～42%,提高玉米产量123%～127%;显著提高植株N、P、K积累量26%～47%、19%～21%、38%～51%,其中显著提高玉米籽粒中N、P和K积累量72%～90%、72%～82%和103%～128%。同时,与普通复合肥相比,施用有机硅改性复合肥玉米籽粒Cd含量下降11%～13%。与普通复合肥相比,施用有机硅改性复合肥提高土壤pH值0.13～0.23,土壤交换性镉下降,同时可还原态和残渣态镉增加。结果表明,施用有机硅改性复合肥促进玉米养分吸收,提高产量,同时降低镉的吸收,是一项玉米增产降镉的新技术。 相似文献
6.
生物炭基肥料对小麦生长、养分吸收及土壤肥力的影响 总被引：14，自引：4，他引：10
生物炭基肥料的研制是生物炭在农业应用中的重要方向。通过温室盆栽试验,研究了添加不同数量生物炭制作的肥料施入土壤中对小麦生长发育及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,(1)小麦生育期内,施用生物炭占辅料75%及以上的处理(NPB3、NPB4)较对照处理均显著提高小麦地上部干重、地下部干重、总干重,其中辅料100%为生物炭(NPB4)的处理均达到显著水平,但各处理对小麦千粒重没有显著影响;(2)生物炭基肥料显著提高了小麦对N、P的吸收,提高幅度顺序为NPB4NPB3NPB2NPB1CK,其中小麦N吸收平均提高了19.07%,P吸收平均提高了15.00%;(3)土壤中有机质含量表现为NPB4NPB3NPB2NPB1CK,且与生物炭添加量呈显著正相关(p0.05);(4)土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量大多呈先降低后升高的趋势,表明生物炭基肥料可持续供给小麦在生长后期对土壤中养分的需求。 相似文献
7.
非包膜缓释复合肥养分释放特性及小麦对养分的吸收 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用土壤恒温培养模拟和盆栽试验方法研究了非包膜缓释复合肥(SRF)和普通复合肥(CCF)氮、磷、钾养分在土壤中的释放特性与小麦吸收氮、磷、钾养分的关系，以评价其在“土壤－作物”体系中的适应性。结果表明，非包膜缓释复合肥在土壤中氮、磷、钾养分的缓释能力优于普通复合肥，且各养分释放量以氮>钾>磷，与小麦的需肥特性相一致。盆栽小麦生育前期吸收普通复合肥的养分多于非包膜缓释复合肥，中、后期则相反，显示非包膜缓释复合肥的养分释放规律较普通复合肥能更好地符合小麦各生育期对养分的需求。与普通复合肥料相比，非包膜缓释复合肥肥效更好，分别提高小麦地上部、地下部、籽粒和总产量18.0%、7.55%、12.4%、14.9%；分别提高氮、磷、钾养分表观利用率23.6%，15.4%和63.7%。两种复合肥的3种养分累积释放量和小麦累积吸收量随时间变化的动态过程均可用三次回归方程表征(r＝0.9285**～0.9968**)，非包膜缓释复合肥氮素养分释放的拟合度高于普通复合肥，非包膜缓释复合肥的作物适应性更优。 相似文献
8.
针对镉砷复合污染土壤中小麦籽粒重金属积累问题,采用生物模拟方法,以镉砷复合污染区土壤为研究对象,探究杏核生物炭(C1和C2分别表示3%和6%生物炭添加量)对复合污染土壤—小麦/玉米系统中镉砷累积和转运的影响。结果表明:添加生物炭(C1、C2)显著降低了小麦季根际/非根际土壤Cd、As有效性,并且小麦籽粒中Cd、As含量分别比CK平均降低19.25%和50.70%,但前者差异不显著。对玉米而言,生物炭C1、C2处理显著降低穗中Cd和As含量,降幅分别为85.67%,61.28%和98.36%,96.48%;此外,施用生物炭显著降低了小麦—玉米体系中镉砷的转运和累积,但对小麦镉由秸秆向籽粒转运及籽粒中镉累积的影响未达显著水平。总之,添加3%生物炭可降低小麦籽粒和玉米穗中镉、砷含量,且对玉米穗中重金属镉、砷降低效果更明显,综合分析生物炭对镉、砷在复合污染石灰性土壤—小麦/玉米体系中迁移和累积的阻控效应,推荐施用3%生物炭为宜。 相似文献
9.
采用盆栽试验研究了缓释复合肥对强酸性土、酸性土、中性土上红三叶产量和品质的效应。结果表明,与等养分普通复合肥相比,不同土壤施用缓释复合肥可显著提高红三叶产量,增产率以强酸性土（55.8%）〉中性土（39.9%）〉酸性土（7.4%）;不同缓释复合肥在不同土壤上的肥效有差异,强酸性土和酸性土上施用低磷钾的缓释复合肥产量高,中性土则以施高磷钾缓释复合肥者产量高。缓释复合肥能改善3种土壤第一茬、第二茬红三叶饲用品质和矿质品质,其中粗蛋白提高4.0%-23.1%,粗脂肪提高2.5%-38.6%,粗灰分提高1.4%-23.6%,粗纤维降低2.5%-23.3%,磷提高4.9%-18.6%,钙提高1.8%-13.7%。红三叶异黄酮含量受土壤影响较大,强酸性土和酸性土上缓释复合肥处理的异黄酮含量低于等养分普通复合肥,而中性土施用缓释复合肥提高了红三叶异黄酮含量。 相似文献
10.
城市绿地土壤理化性质退化是城市绿化景观效果提升的主要障碍因子,生物炭和炭基肥施用可有效提高农田土壤肥力和作物产量,但生物炭和炭基肥对城市绿地土壤肥力和绿化植物生长的影响目前还不明确。采用盆栽试验,分别设置生物炭和炭基肥添加0%、0.5%、1%、2%、4%和6%的处理,探究不同用量生物炭和炭基肥施用对绿地土壤物理、化学性质以及大叶罗勒生长的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,添加生物炭降低了土壤容重,而炭基肥对土壤容重影响较小。添加生物炭对土壤pH无显著影响,而添加炭基肥能显著降低土壤pH 0.23～1.09个单位;添加生物炭对土壤碱解氮无显著影响,而添加炭基肥显著增加土壤碱解氮含量4.78～53.55 mg/kg;生物炭和炭基肥均能显著增加土壤有效磷含量,增加幅度分别为1.26～6.05和1.11～8.51 mg/kg;生物炭和炭基肥增加土壤速效钾的幅度分别为22.6～326.9和43.2～174.7 mg/kg。添加生物炭和炭基肥后土壤阳离子交换量较对照分别升高了0.79～1.27和1.16～2.42 cmol/kg。与对照相比,炭基肥能提高大叶罗勒叶绿素含量,生物炭对大叶罗勒叶绿素含量无显著影响。生物炭添加量大于1%时大叶罗勒生物量显著增加,炭基肥添加量小于2%时大叶罗勒生物量显著增加。因此,添加生物炭具有改善绿地土壤物理性质;生物炭和炭基肥均能提高土壤保肥性,改善土壤性状;生物炭和炭基肥均能提高土壤速效氮磷钾养分含量;综合作物生长,推荐炭基肥用量不能超过1%,而生物炭改良园林土壤可与适量氮肥配合施用以增加绿化植物叶绿素含量和观 相似文献
11.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):367-375
Abstract Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory. Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population. No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths. 相似文献
12.
E. A. Mikhailova C. J. Post M. A. Schlautman J. M. Galbraith H. A. Zurqani 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2018,49(15):1826-1834
Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs. 相似文献
13.
土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响 总被引：11，自引：11，他引：11
土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。 相似文献
14.
Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO2 accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO2 respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate. 相似文献
15.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):833-840
Abstract The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm3 respectively. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):567-571
Abstract The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described. 相似文献
17.
The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly. 相似文献
18.
《CATENA》1998,32(1):15-22
Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments. 相似文献
19.
Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Rattan Lal 《Soil & Tillage Research》1993,27(1-4):1-8
Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions. 相似文献
20.
黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。 相似文献