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1.
The pharmacokinetic properties of the antibacterial agents oxolinic acid and flumequine were studied in corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops) after either intraperitoneal injection or bath treatment. Following intraperitoneal administration the peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) and the time to peak plasma concentrations (Tmax) were estimated to be 2.0 microg/mL and 12 h, respectively, for oxolinic acid and 2.6 microg/mL and 12 h, respectively, for flumequine. In muscle, Cmax and Tmax were estimated to 6.7 microg/g and 12 h, respectively, for oxolinic acid with corresponding values of 8.5 microg/g and 13 h, respectively, for flumequine. In liver, Cmax and Tmax were calculated to 7.0 microg/g and 12 h, respectively, for oxolinic and 12.2 microg/g and 11 h, respectively, for flumequine. Elimination half-lives (t1/2 beta) of 26, 24 and 29 h, respectively, for plasma, muscle and liver were calculated for flumequine. For oxolinic acid two distinct elimination phases were found and calculated to be 16 h (t1/2 beta) and 57 h (t1/2 gamma) in plasma, 15 and 59 h, respectively, in muscle and 20 and 72 h, respectively, in liver. Bath treatment using 150 mg/L of flumequine or 200 mg/L of oxolinic acid for 72 h resulted in flumequine concentrations of 1.0 microg/mL in plasma, 5.0 microg/g in muscle and 12.4 microg/g in liver. Corresponding values for oxolinic acid were 1.0 microg/g in plasma, 2.5 microg/g in muscle and 4.9 microg/g in liver.  相似文献   

2.
Knowledge of the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs to combat bacterial infections in cod (Gadus morhua) and wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris) is limited. One antimicrobial agent likely to be effective is flumequine. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of flumequine in these two species. Flumequine was administered intravenously to cod (G. morhua) at a dose of 5 mg/kg bodyweight and wrasse (C. rupestris) at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Flumequine was also administered orally to both species at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight, and as a bath treatment at a dose of 10 mg/L water for 2 h. Identical experimental designs were used otherwise. The study was performed in seawater with a salinity of 3.2% and a temperature of 8.0 +/- 0.2 degrees C (cod) and 14.5 +/- 0.4 degrees C (wrasse). Pharmacokinetic modelling of the data showed that flumequine had quite different pharmacokinetic properties in cod and wrasse. Following intravenous administration, the volumes of distribution at steady-state (Vss) were 2.41 L/kg (cod) and 2.15 L/kg (wrasse). Total body clearances (Cl) were 0.024 L/hxkg (cod) and 0.14 L/hxkg (wrasse) and the elimination half-lives (t1/2lambda z) were calculated to be 75 h (cod) and 31 h (wrasse). Mean residence times (MRT) were 99 h (cod) and 16 h (wrasse). Following oral administration, the t1/2 lambda z were 74 h (cod) and 41 h (wrasse). Maximal plasma concentrations (tmax) were 3.5 mg/L (cod) and 1.7 mg/L (wrasse), and were observed 24 h post-administration in cod and 1 h post-administration in wrasse. The oral bioavailabilities (F) were calculated to be 65% (cod) and 41% (wrasse). Following bath administration, maximal plasma concentrations were 0.13 mg/L (cod) and 0.09 mg/L (wrasse), and were observed immediately after the end of the bath.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

The antimicrobials enrofloxacin and oxolinic acid were evaluated under field conditions for treatment of clinical Aeromonas salmonicida infections in salmonids by feeding medicated diets. Treatment of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with enrofloxacin or oxolinic acid at 5 mg/ kg per day for 5 d was not successful. Monitoring of enrofloxacin-medicated fish revealed low tissue and serum antimicrobial activities. Lack of efficacy in the Atlantic salmon trial may have been due to the low dose, lack of bioavailability of the drug, or lack of acceptance of the medicated ration. Treatment of hybrid brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis × lake trout S. namaycush was successful when enrofloxacin was used at 10 mg/kg per day for 10 d, but not when oxolinic acid was used at 5mg/kg per day for 10 d. Antimicrobial activity in tissues of enrofloxacin-medicated fish was elevated during the 10-d treatment period. No antimicrobial activity could be detected in muscle, skin, or liver of the enrofloxacin-medicated fish at 20 d after the last day of medication.  相似文献   

4.
A dose titration study was conducted to determine the dosage of florfenicol (FFC) in feed to control Streptococcus iniae-associated mortality in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Six tanks were assigned to each of five treatments: (1) not challenged with S. iniae and fed unmedicated feed; (2) challenged with S. iniae by injection and fed unmedicated feed; (3) challenged with S. iniae and given FFC at 5 mg/kg of body weight (bw) in medicated feed; (4) challenged with S. iniae and given 10 mg FFC/kg bw; and (5) challenged with S. iniae and given 15 mg FFC/kg bw. Treatment was initiated the day after inoculation, and feed was administered for 10 d. Cumulative mortality was 0% in the unchallenged, untreated group; 35.8 +/- 4.4% (mean +/- SE) in the challenged, unmedicated group; 19.2 +/- 2.7% in the 5-mg/kg treated group, 12.5 +/- 3.8% in the 10-mg/kg group, and 2.5 +/- 1.1% in the 15-mg/kg group. The cumulative mortality was significantly less in each challenged, FFC-treated group than in the challenged, unmedicated controls (5 mg/ kg: P = 0.0156; 10 mg/kg: P = 0.0007; 15 mg/kg: P < 0.0001). The efficacy of the 10- and 15-mg/kg FFC dosages was studied in a separate dose confirmation study. Fish in all tanks were injected with S. iniae. At 4 h postinoculation, 10 tanks were assigned to each of three feed treatments: (1) unmedicated feed; (2) 10 mg FFC/kg bw; and (3) 15 mg FFC/kg bw. Cumulative mortality was 20.5 +/- 2.0% in the challenged, unmedicated group; 11.0 +/- 2.1% in the 10-mg/kg group; and 5.5 +/- 2.4% in the 15-mg/kg group. Mortality was significantly less in the medicated groups than in the challenged, unmedicated control group (10 mg/kg: P = 0.0270; 15 mg/kg: P = 0.0007). Fish in both studies were necropsied, cultured for bacteria, and examined for gross lesions. The minimum inhibitory concentration of FFC against S. iniae in both studies ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 microg/mL. Florfenicol was palatable, safe, and efficacious for control of Nile tilapia mortality due to S. iniae infection.  相似文献   

5.
The pharmacokinetics of oxolinic acid was studied in sea-bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ). The fish were kept in seawater at 15.2°C with a 12 h/12 h photoperiod. Oxolinic acid was injected in the caudal vein of anaesthetized sea-bass in a single rapid intravascular administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight. Plasma concentrations of oxolinic acid were determined using two analytical methods, a classic plate diffusion bioassay using Escherichia coli and a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using solid phase extraction with an internal standard and a U.V. detection. The mean recoveries were 99.6% and 110.8% and determination limits were 0.04 μg/mL and 0.02 μg/mL, for the bioassay and the HPLC respectively. Compared to other fish species, the oxolinic acid was rapidly (absorption half life, ta1/2= 0.69 h) distributed to body tissues outside the blood volume (volume of central compartment, Vc= 0.4 L/kg) and presented a large volume of distribution (Vdss= 2.55 L/kg). Considering its disappearance from the central compartment (rate constant: central-eliminated, k 10= 0.16 h–1) and its total body clearance ( Cl t= 0.066 L/kg.h), the elimination phase of the oxolinic acid in sea-bass was shorter than in trout kept in freshwater, and longer than in salmon in seawater. Consequently, the area under the concentration–time curve ( AUC = 157 μg.h/mL) and the mean residence time ( MRT = 42 h) were relatively low and short, respectively.  相似文献   

6.
Eleven nematode-free Beagle pups were inoculated with Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis; infection became patent 13 and 35 days later, respectively. Eight pups were treated with fenbendazole oral suspension (10%) at a dosage of 50 mg/kg of body weight/day for 3 days. The remaining three animals were unmedicated controls. The drug was effective in reducing both ascarid and hookworm burdens, and there was marked improvement in the clinical condition of treated pups as compared with unmedicated control pups. Natural expulsion of worms in control animals was 53% for ascarids and 2% for hookworms. Drug-related toxicosis was not observed in any of the medicated animals. It was concluded that fenbendazole oral suspension (10%) at the 50-mg/kg dosage is easily administered and is an effective drug for reducing nematode burdens in experimentally infected pups.  相似文献   

7.
以人工诱发鸡败血霉形体和大肠杆菌混合感染模型,评价氟罗沙星的疗效。按每升水加入２５ｍｇ、５０ｍｇ及１００ｍｇ氟罗沙星及５０ｍｇ环丙沙星的用量给病鸡饮水给药,连续５天,对混合感染鸡的治愈率分别是８６．７％、９０．０％、９０．０％及８３．３％,而感染对照组的死亡率为６３．３％;用药组的相对增重率分别为１０１．３％、１０５．７％、１０７．２％及１０２．４％,均显著高于感染对照组（５８５．５％,Ｐ〈０．０１）  相似文献   

8.
Fifty-five dogs, naturally infected with Taenia sp or Dipylidium caninum or both, were assigned to the following treatment groups for dose titration studies with epsiprantel: nonmedicated control dogs (n = 14), medicated dogs given a dosage of 2.75 mg/kg of body weight (n = 15), medicated dogs given a dosage of 5.5 mg/kg (n = 16), and medicated dogs given a dosage of 8.25 mg/kg (n = 10). Medication was given orally in a tablet formulation. Feces were examined for cestodes passed and the gastrointestinal tract was examined at necropsy for retained cestodes. Efficacy of epsiprantel was 92.9% against Taenia and 44.8% against Dipylidium for a dosage of 2.75 mg/kg, 100% against Taenia and 99.8% against Dipylidium for a dosage of 5.5 mg/kg, and 94.6% against Taenia and 100% against Dipylidium for a dosage of 8.25 mg/kg. For dose confirmation, 36 dogs naturally infected with Taenia sp or D caninum or both were allotted to 2 treatment groups: nonmedicated control dogs (n = 16) and dogs medicated with epsiprantel at a dosage of 5.5 mg/kg (n = 20). Efficacy was 100% for both Taenia sp and D caninum.  相似文献   

9.
Guinea fowls (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) were treated with subcutaneous injection of Ivomec at dose rate of 0.14 mg/kg to control and reduce mortalities due to helminthiasis. Ten hours after treatment faecal droppings contained both adult and larval stages of Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum, Subulura suctoria and fragments of Raillietina spp. Recovery was found 48 hours later. Drug efficacy was 100%.  相似文献   

10.
The efficacy of a combination of milbemycin oxime and praziquantel in preventing the establishment of experimentally induced heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection was investigated in a study involving 24 young domestic short-hair cats. The animals were inoculated with 50 infective larvae on day 0. Subsequently they were divided into two groups of 12 animals each. The animals in group 1 were treated once with medicated tablets containing 4 mg milbemycin (minimum dose 2 mg/kg body weight) and 10 mg praziquantel (MILBEMAX) on day 30 after infection. Cats in group 2 received placebo tablets on the same day. On day 183 post-infection a blood sample was taken from each animal before euthanasia and necropsy. The blood samples were tested for the presence of microfilariae and the necropsied animals were examined for the presence of adult worms. Microfilariae were not found in any of the investigated cats. No heartworms were found in the animals in group 1 (treated with medicated tablets). Out of the 12 placebo-treated cats 1 was heartworm-free, whereas all the others were found to be infected with 1-3 adult heartworms.  相似文献   

11.
OBJECTIVE: To assess anti-inflammatory effects of carprofen (CPF), CPF enantiomers, and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (LNAME) in sheep. ANIMALS: 8 sheep. PROCEDURE: Sheep with SC tissue cages were used. After intracaveal injection of 1% carrageenan, sheep were given single doses of racemic (Rac; 50:50 mixture of S[+] and R[-] enantiomers)-CPF (4.0 mg/kg), R(-)CPF (2.0 mg/kg), S(+)CPF (2.0 mg/kg), LNAME (25 mg/kg), and placebo (PLB) IV in a crossover design. RESULTS: Rac-CPF and S(+)CPF inhibited serum thromboxane2 (TXB2) and exudate prostaglandin (PG)E2 generation significantly for 32 hours. Maximal inhibitory effect for serum TXB2 was 79+/-3% for Rac-CPF and 68+/-6% for S(+)CPF. The Rac-CPF and S(+)CPF induced 50 to 98% reversible inhibitory effect for exudate PGE2 generation during a 4- to 32-hour period. The R(-)CPF and LNAME attenuated serum TXB2 generation significantly. The R(-)CPF did not affect exudate PGE2 production, whereas L-NAME potentiated exudate, PGE2 generation by 30% during 4 to 32 hours. The S(+)CPF and LNAME increased leukotriene B4 generation and WBC recruitment in exudate although significance was achieved only at a few time points. Increase in skin temperature over inflammatory cages was effectively inhibited by Rac-CPF and S(+)CPF but not by R(-)CPF CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Carprofen is a potent cyclooxygenase inhibitor in vivo in sheep, and its anti-inflammatory effects are attributable only to S(+)CPF in Rac-CPF. Nitric oxide may enhance eicosanoid production and accelerate the acute inflammatory process.  相似文献   

12.
The efficacy and economic benefits of Supercox, a live anticoccidial vaccine were examined and compared with an anticoccidial drug in a trial in broiler chickens under modern commercial conditions in China. In total, 40,660 chickens were used in the present study, half of which were vaccinated with the Supercox vaccine comprising a precocious line of Eimeria tenella and non-attenuated lines of Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina, and the other half were medicated with Diclazuril delivered as feed additive at the dosage of 1mg/kg of feed. The vaccine was administered orally to 7-day-old chickens. No clinical diseases were diagnosed in any of the vaccinated birds. However, clinical coccidiosis occurred in a large proportion of medicated control birds and these chickens had to be treated with anticoccidial drugs (Diclazuril and Toltrazuril). Comparison of production performance between vaccinated birds and medicated control birds revealed that the vaccine Supercox performed better than anticoccidial drugs in terms of mortalities, costs and overall economic benefits (profits). These findings demonstrated that the use of the Supercox vaccine could control clinical coccidiosis in broilers and achieve production performance superior to that using anticoccidial drugs, particularly where drug resistance might result in failure to control clinical diseases.  相似文献   

13.
Four groups of 10 horses (mares) each were treated with a 1% solution of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg of body weight) in a propylene glycol-glycerol formal base orally, a 1% solution of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) in a propylene glycol-glycerol formal base via nasogastric tube, a 1.87% paste of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) orally, or a 22.7% paste of oxibendazole (10 mg/kg) orally. Fecal examinations were done before treatment and on posttreatment days (PTD) 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70. Strongyle egg per gram counts and sugar flotation fecal examinations were performed. Results of fecal examinations before treatment were similar in all horses. All horses treated with ivermectin had similar percentages of reductions in mean strongyle egg per gram counts after treatment; 100% on PTD 14, 28, and 56 and 93.4% to 98.7% on PTD 70. All ivermectin treatment groups had 0 horses detected as passing strongyle eggs on PTD 14 and 28, 0 to 2 on PTD 42, 3 to 5 on PTD 56, and 8 to 9 on PTD 70. Horses treated with oxibendazole had 99.9%, 99.7%, 92.9% 78.6%, and 54.5% reductions in mean strongyle egg per gram counts and 5, 7, 8, 9, and 9 horses detected as passing strongyle eggs on PTD 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70, respectively. Adverse reactions to treatment were not observed.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
The ban of antibiotics as a feed additive requires alternatives to stabilize the health and performance particularly of the young animals. Essential oils obtained from fennel seed (Foeniculi aetheroleum) and caraway seed (Carvi aetheroleum) were tested in diets for weaned piglets in comparison with either a diet without feed additive or with a combination of formic acid and copper (positive control). Four groups of sixteen piglets (live weight 7 kg, age 26 days) received diets without (1) or with supplements of 7.5 g formic acid + 160 mg Cu/kg (2), 100 mg fennel oil/kg (3) or 100 mg caraway oil/kg (4) during 3 weeks after weaning. In the subsequent 4 weeks, all piglets were fed a diet without these additions. Fennel oil contained almost 2/3 anethol, approximately 1/5 fenchon and the remaining part consisting of alpha + beta-pinen, limonen (p-mentha-1,8-dien) and estragol. In the caraway oil, half of the contents was represented by limonen and the other half by carvon. There were no piglet losses and only few cases of diarrhoea. The combination of formic acid and copper increased feed consumption by 27% and daily weight gain by 25%. There were no differences in the performance between the group fed fennel oil and the control without additives. Piglets fed caraway oil tended to consume less feed and to gain approximately 10% less. In feed choice experiments, pigs consumed the same two diets from two troughs with 50% of total feed amount, as expected. The diets containing fennel or caraway oils were consumed at less than 50%. If the diet contained 100 mg fennel oil/kg, the decrease of percentual feed intake was significant. The results of the feeding experiment and of the feed choice experiment question the classification of fennel and caraway oils as flavour additives or as 'appetite promoters' in diets for weaned piglets.  相似文献   

16.
The uterine acetylcholinesterase and total cholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase plus butyrylcholinesterase) activities in normal and fenchlorphos treated blue fox vixens were determined during various reproductive states.AChE and Total-ChE of non-medicated vixens in oestrus were about one half of those in anoestrus. In pregnant uteri (luteal phase) the activities were 25 % and 30% compared to anoestrus.In vixens given 100 mg/kg fenchlorphos for 3 weeks during anoestrus, the remaining activity of AChE in uterus were in average 37%. Pregnant and non-pregnant vixens in the luteal phase medicated prior to mating and during time of implantation, displayed AChE activities which were only moderabely reduced (remaining activities 83% and 72% compared to medicated animals in anoestrus: remaining activity 37%).Plasma ChE-activity increased during pregnancy in the controls while enzyme activity was strongly reduced in animals given 100 mg/kg fenchlorphos daily through the whole pregnancy.It was concluded that the previous reported embryotoxic effect of fenchlorphos in the blue fox did not seem to be directed towards the moderate inhibition of the uterine cholinesterases.  相似文献   

17.
The injection of 50 mg/kg bodyweight of a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor (indomethacin) brought about a delayed oviposition time in birds of three breeds of layers, whereas the injection of 5 mg indomethacin had no effect. The daily ingestion of up to 400 mg aspirin or up to 10 mg indomethacin for three weeks, or 750 mg aspirin or 200 mg indomethacin for two weeks had no effect on egg production, oviposition time, egg-shell water conductance, oviducal prostaglandin synthetase activity or bird behaviour. Prostaglandin synthetase activity was demonstrable in both control and treated birds only in the tubular glands of the shell gland. These observations suggest that prostaglandins play a minor role in normal reproductive activity in the female domestic fowl.  相似文献   

18.
A granulated formulation of fenbendazole was tested in a total of 23 treated and control, pregnant, parasite-free Beagle bitches experimentally infected with Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum. The drug was administered to each treated bitch once daily in canned dog food at a dosage of 50 mg/kg body weight. Each of 2 treatment regimens tested was initiated on the 40th day of pregnancy. One regimen involved daily treatment continuing through the 14th postpartum day, and it resulted in 89% fewer ascarids and 99% fewer hookworms in pups born to medicated bitches, as compared with pups born to unmedicated controls. The other regimen of treatment, which was stopped on the day of parturition, was less effective in reducing ascarid and hookworm burdens (64% and 88% reductions, respectively). Three to 5 bitches from each of the treatment and control groups were allowed to whelp a 2nd litter without further treatment or further exposure to parasite infections. Hookworm burdens in 2nd-litter pups born of bitches that had initially received fenbendazole through the 14th postpartum day were significantly lower (P < 0.01; 85% reduction), when compared with the 2nd-litter control pups. All other parasite burdens were not significantly different. It was concluded that granulated fenbendazole is effective in reducing burdens of Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis in newborn pups when the bitch is treated during the last third of pregnancy, especially when treatment (50 mg/kg/day) extends from the 40th day of pregnancy through the 14th postpartum day.  相似文献   

19.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate lasalocid as a coccidiostat in Holstein calves and to compare lasalocid with monensin and decoquinate. In experiment 1, calves in 3 groups (6 calves/group) were each inoculated with 500,000 sporulated oocysts, 88% of which were Eimeria bovis and 12% were E zuernii. Calves in each group were given lasalocid-medicated feed at 0.50 (group 3), 0.75 (group 4), or 1 mg/kg (group 5) of body weight/day for 45 days. Two control groups (6 calves/group) were also evaluated; calves in control group 2 were inoculated and nontreated, and calves in control group 1 were noninoculated and nontreated. At 0.50, 0.75, or 1 mg/kg/day, lasalocid was equally effective in preventing induced coccidiosis (E bovis and E zuernii) in calves. Compared with inoculated nontreated controls, treated calves had significantly (P less than 0.05) fewer oocysts in feces and had fewer clinical signs of coccidiosis from days 16 to 30 after inoculation. Experiment 2 was conducted to compare the effectiveness of monensin, lasalocid, and decoquinate for the prevention of experimentally induced coccidiosis. Calves (n = 48) were allotted into 4 groups (12 calves/group); each was inoculated orally with 275,000 sporulated oocysts, predominantly E bovis and E zuernii, and each was given nonmedicated feed (group 6) or feed medicated with 33 mg of lasalocid (group 7), decoquinate (group 8), or monensin (group 9)/kg of feed for 46 days. Calves given medicated rations had significantly (P less than 0.05) fewer oocysts in their feces and fewer clinical signs of coccidiosis than did calves given nonmedicated rations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

20.
Hao B  Liu GL  Hu XG  Wang GX 《Veterinary parasitology》2012,187(3-4):452-458
The present study was undertaken to isolate the active compounds responsible for the anthelmintic activity of methanol extract of Semen pharbitidis against Dactylogyrus intermedius in goldfish (Carassius auratus). The active methanol extract was fractionated on silica gel column chromatography in a bioassay-guided fractionation, eventually yielding two bioactive compounds: palmitic acid and pharnilatin A by comparing spectral data (NMR and ESI-MS) with literature values. According to in vivo anthelmintic assays, they were found to be 50% effective at the concentrations (EC(50)) of 5.3 and 1.4 mg L(-1), respectively. The promising palmitic acid and pharnilatin A from S. pharbitidis were also subjected to acute toxicity tests for the evaluation of their safety to the host (goldfish). After 48h exposure, the mortalities of goldfish were recorded, and the established LC(50) values were 2.45- and 5.29-fold higher than the corresponding EC(50), demonstrating that pharnilatins A may have better application potential than palmitic acid. The present results provide evidence that pharnilatins A might be potential source of new anti-parasitic drug for the control of Dactylogyrus.  相似文献   

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