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1.
Summary. Bud sprouting, shoot height, and fresh and dry weights of plants arising from single-node stem segments of Paspalum distichum L. decreased as the depth of burial in the soil increased. Sprouting, rooting and shoot growth of single-node segments submerged in 5–15 cm of water were reduced significantly in the dark. Light alleviated this water-induced reduction in 1-, 3- and 7-node segments. Submergence actually promoted sprouting of the proximal bud and shoot growth from the distal bud in 3-node segments, and shoot growth of the first two buds from the distal end in 7-node segments, Flooding the roots of 3-week -old plants for one month had no effect, but markedly reduced tiller production and dry weights after 2 and 3 months. Treatment at 100% relative humidity promoted new shoot production in 4-month old plants only if all shoots were decapitated (clipped) but not in plants with 6 shoots left intact. Submergence of the whole plant in water drastically reduced new shoot production regardless of clipping treatment. Effects of flooding varied with its duration. It is concluded that though P. distichum , a wetland perennial weed, survives root flooding and submergence conditions, these conditions do not support maximum growth of the plants.  相似文献   

2.
The allelopathic effect of Amaranthus retroflexus L., Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats, and Amaranthus gracilis Desf. on wheat Triticum durum L. was investigated under laboratory, glasshouse and field conditions. Laboratory experiments showed that fresh shoot or root extract of the three weed species reduced germination, coleoptile length, root length and root dry weight of wheat seedlings. The inhibitory effects were rate dependent, with low concentrations of shoot extract promoting shoot growth of wheat. Fresh plant extracts were more phytotoxic than dried plant extracts and shoot extracts had higher detrimental effects than root extracts. In pot experiments, dried shoot extract of A. gracilis increased shoot and root dry weights of wheat seedlings. For A retroflexus and A. blitoides the extracts of these and dried shoots (8 g kg?1), which had been added to soil mixtures significantly reduced ger-mination and growth of wheat seedlings. Addition of up to 16 g kg?1 of A. gracilis residues promoted shoot growth of wheat and had no significant harmful effect on root growth. Roots appeared more sensitive to allelopathic effect than shoots. Under field conditions, incorporation of A. retroflexus or A. blitoides residues in the soil reduced height, grain and straw yield of wheat, whereas A. gracilis residues stimulated plant height and increased yield.  相似文献   

3.
以眼子菜为受体,研究大叶芥菜水浸提液对眼子菜的化感作用。结果显示,浓度分别为0.500 0、0.250 0、0.125 0、0.085 0、0.062 5、0.050 0、0.033 5、0.008 5 g/m L的大叶芥菜水浸提液对眼子菜种子的萌发抑制效应以0.500 0 g/m L最高,平均抑制率为100.00%;低浓度(0.008 5 g/m L)处理对眼子菜种子萌发的抑制率为13.89%。此外研究发现,大叶芥菜水浸提液对眼子菜叶片数量及鲜质量积累有明显的抑制作用,对鲜质量积累的平均抑制率分别为100.00%、74.68%、65.19%、55.70%、47.79%、46.20%、35.13%和8.23%;对眼子菜种子萌发和鲜质量的化感综合效应(SE)分别为100.00%、74.84%、57.59%、47.29%、43.34%、36.99%、34.23%和11.06%。结果表明,大叶芥菜对眼子菜有很强的化感潜力,能为眼子菜的绿色防控提供理论依据。  相似文献   

4.
Stems of Chenopodium album . and Sinapis arvensis . and leaves of Lolium perenne . were cut with a CO2 laser or with a pair of scissors. Treatments were carried out on greenhouse-grown pot plants at three different growth stages and at two heights. Plant dry matter was measured 2 to 5 weeks after treatment. The relationship between dry weight and laser energy was analysed using a non-linear dose–response regression model. The regression parameters differed significantly between the weed species. At all growth stages and heights S. arvensis was more difficult to cut with a CO2 laser than C. album . When stems were cut below the meristems, 0.9 and 2.3 J mm−1 of CO2 laser energy dose was sufficient to reduce by 90% the biomass of C. album and S. arvensis respectively. Regrowth appeared when dicotyledonous plant stems were cut above meristems, indicating that it is important to cut close to the soil surface to obtain a significant effect. When cutting L. perenne plants with 2-true leaves at a height of 2 cm from the soil surface with a laser, the biomass decreased significantly compared with plants cut by scissors, indicating a delay in regrowth. This delay was not observed for the dicotyledonous plants nor for the other growth stages of L. perenne .  相似文献   

5.
Simple models were developed to quantitatively describe (a) dry matter production and (b) the effects of competition on dry matter partitioning of Chenopodium album L. Data on total biomass and its allocation to roots, stems and leaves were obtained from field experiments with C. album planted at two densities in pure and mixed stands with either cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis var. botrytis ) or faba beans ( Vicia faba L.). After germination, C. album produced biomass rapidly; weeds planted at low density accumulated 20–30% less dry matter than plants growing at a 2.5-fold higher density per m2. A close correlation between the transmission of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and leaf area index was found. Biomass production was linearly related to cumulative PAR intercepted, but a seasonal variation of the radiation-use efficiency could not entirely be explained. The root:shoot ratio was constant, whereas the level of competitive stress changed the distribution pattern between stems and leaves. With increasing competition in the cauliflower experiments, C. album allocated relatively more biomass to stems than to leaves; this was less evident in mixtures with faba beans. In field vegetable production with an abundant water and nutrient supply, the growth processes of C. album may be described quantitatively using simple functional relationships.  相似文献   

6.
In controlled environmental studies, a marked difference was observed between the growth pattern of tomato and eastern black nightshade plants that received doses of 2,4-D ranging from 28 to 952 g a.e. ha?1. The highest dose of 2,4-D reduced the dry weight of eastern black nightshade and tomato by approximately 15 and 50%, respectively, when compared with controls. Although the height of both species was reduced by all doses of 2,4-D, eastern black nightshade plants produced secondary shoots, which compensated for any potential loss in dry weight that otherwise may have occurred. Tomato plants did not produce secondary shoots. After application of 14C-2,4-D to tomato and eastern black nightshade, the pattern of 14C absorption and translocation was similar in both plant species. However, there was significantly more radioactivity recovered in tomato (72%) than in eastern black nightshade (52%) plants, 72 h after treatment. Assay radioactivity in the nutrient solution of hydroponically grown plants indicated that 7·0 and 27·9% of the applied radioactivity was exuded from the roots of tomato and eastern black nightshade, respectively, within 72 h after treatment. Assay of plant extracts by thin layer chromatography revealed that the amount of radioactivity that remained as unaltered 2,4-D was 73 and 49% in tomato and eastern black nightshade, respectively, 72 h after treatment. Thus the greater tolerance of eastern black nightshade appeared to be due to greater rates of 2,4-D metabolism and/or greater rates of herbicide elimination by root exudation.  相似文献   

7.
In this study, we investigated the ability of DL-3-aminobutyric acid (BABA) to protect tomato against bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. This was combined with studies of accumulation of total phenolic compounds, free and total salicylic acid (SA), and activity of enzymes related to plant defence, i.e., polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and catalase (CAT). Under greenhouse conditions, tomato plants pre-treated by soil drenching with BABA profoundly reduced disease severity of bacterial wilt compared to plants receiving a soil drench with water. Thus, BABA reduced leaf wilting index by 75.3 % and vascular browning index by 69.9 %, without any in vitro inhibitory activity on the pathogen. BABA treatment significantly reduced the population of R. solanacearum in stems of tomato plants and additionally also significantly increased both fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots of tomato plants compared with the inoculated control. Application of BABA resulted in a high increase in PPO activity both in plants with and without inoculation. Compared to water-treated plants, treatment with BABA also induced a significant increase of total phenolic compounds as well as of free and total SA in leaves of both inoculated and non-inoculated tomato plants at all sampling times. CAT activity decreased in tomato plants treated with BABA in comparison with the water-treated control plants and the decrease in activity correlated with an increasing total SA accumulation. These findings suggest that BABA treatment resulted in induction of resistance to bacterial wilt in tomato.  相似文献   

8.
为了探讨播期及晚播期条件下秸秆覆盖保护对加工番茄干物质积累和产量形成的影响。在2009年和2010年以里格尔87-5为材料进行了播期(4月10日、4月25日、5月10日和5月20日)和晚播秸秆覆盖(5月10日F+J和5月20日F+J)的试验。结果表明:在北疆气候条件下播期和秸秆覆盖对移栽和直播加工番茄的物质积累和产量形成都有显著的影响。随着播期的推迟,移栽和直播植株总干物质积累量和产量呈显著下降趋势。移栽和直播单株产量均以4月25日最高,分别为4 498.2 g/株和3 955.9 g/株,显著高于其他播期。在产量构成因子中,播期对移栽和直播植株单株有效结果数影响显著,对平均单果重影响不显著。晚播条件下秸秆覆盖后植株生长较同播期不覆盖处理得到明显改善,移栽植株总干重增加15.5%和9.6%,产量增加36%和39.8%;直播植株总干重增加27.8%和15.7%,产量增加12.2%和9%。秸秆覆盖后移栽植株平均单果重显著增加,而直播植株保持不变或略有降低。  相似文献   

9.
T. A. WATT 《Weed Research》1987,27(4):259-266
Senecio erucifolius L. (hoary ragwort) has become conspicuous on roadside verges in southern England. Like Senecio jacobaea L. it is poisonous, so it might be a threat to animal production. In boxed swards the growth of S. jacobaea was less adversely affected by the greater competition from grass with a high level of nitrogen fertilizer than was the growth of S. erucifolius. Also, young S. jacobaea plants showed a much greater ability to regrow after their shoots had been cut at ground level. In a range of grassland managements S. jacobaea established better from seed than did S. erucifolius. Establishment of both species on molehills was poor because of the likelihood that the seedlings would be disturbed or even buried by fresh mole activity. Ten months after sowing, seedlings of S. jacobaea had persisted well in the higher nitrogen environment of ex-cow-dung patches, whereas S. erucifolius had not. Under intensive sheep grazing, in the absence of fertilizer, transplants of S. erucifolius had much greater root dry weights than did those of S. jacobaea. Also, in regrowth after cattle grazing on a fertilized sward, S. jacobaea plants had greater shoot dry weights than did S. erucifolius. Thus, although S. erucifolius can establish from seed in bare patches in an intensively grazed sward it is likely to be less persistent than S. jacobaea if the gaps are ex-dung patches or if nitrogen fertilizer is applied.  相似文献   

10.
Interference of Sinapis arvensis L. (wild mustard) and Chenopodium album L. (lamb's-quarters) in spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was studied under field conditions in 1983 and 1984. Both weed species interfered with rapeseed early in the growing season, causing significant reductions in rapeseed dry weight by June of each year. Sinapis arvensis caused greater rapeseed grain yield reductions than did C. album. With weed densities of 20–80 plants m?2, rapeseed grain yield reductions ranged from 19 to 77% with S. arvensis but only 20 to 25% with C. album. Rapeseed yield reductions caused by mixtures of both weed species ranged from being less than to being equal to the sum of reductions caused by each weed alone, depending on the weed density and year of study. Both weed species were prolific seed producers capable of returning large quantities of seed to the soil. With weed densities ranging from 10–80 plants m?2, S. arvensis produced 5700–30 100 seeds m?2 while C. album produced 3100–63 600 seeds m?2.  相似文献   

11.
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of dwarf lily turf ( Ophiopogon japonicus Ker-Gawler) on lettuce, alfalfa, timothy and mustard plant growth. Dry leaf debris, aqueous extract of fresh leaves and O. japonicus grown soil were investigated. Emergence, dry weight, and root and shoot length of all bioassay species were inhibited when grown in soil incorporated with oven-dried leaves of O. japonicus. The inhibitory effects were often dependent on the concentration. However, the degree of inhibition varied among the test plant species. The aqueous leaf extract was highly phytotoxic and it significantly reduced germination, seedling growth, and the fresh weight of all the test species at all rates. The emergence and growth of all four tested plants were severely inhibited when planted in O. japonicus contaminated soil. These results indicate that O. japonicus incorporated leaf debris, leaf aqueous extract and its rhizosphere soil suppress seed germination, radicle growth, seedling emergence and seeding growth of certain weeds and suggest that these responses were attributed to an allelopathic effect.  相似文献   

12.
Wheat (Triticum aesticum L. var. Holley) was grown in 0.5 Hoaglands complete mineral nutrient solution containing sub-toxic concentrations of S-ethyl dipropyl-thiocarbamate (EPTC) (0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5mg/1). Total fresh and dry plant weights per pot decreasedas EPTC concentration increased. Leaf fresh and dry weight per pot decreased as EPTC concentration increased. Root fresh weight per pot was not greatly influenced by EPTC and dry weight per pot was statistically significantly decreased at the 0.5 mg/l EPTC concentration. Total plant water utilization and leaf water contents (mg/g DW) decreased as EPTC concentration increased, but evapotranspiration (ml/g FW or DW) per unit leaf tissue was increased to ca 145% of the untreated wheat. This increased evapotranspiration explains an EPTC induced accumulation of 14C-atrazine in leaves beyond the detoxification level which ultimately resulted in atrazine injury in EPTC pretreated plants.  相似文献   

13.
Compositae plants contain biologically active substances that are allelopathic to weed species. Aqueous extracts from leaves of 16 plants were bioassayed against lucerne (Medicago sativa) to determine their allelopathic effects, and the results showed the highest inhibition for the extracts from Lactuca sativa, Xanthium occidentale and Cirsium japonicum. The extracts applied to filter paper in Petri‐dish bioassay tests significantly inhibited root growth of lucerne. Extracts of 40 g dry tissue L?1 from L. sativa, X. occidentale and C. japonicum were completely inhibitory to lucerne root growth, but hypocotyl growth of lucerne was less sensitive. Although allelopathic effects of methanol extracts were much less than those of coumarin or alachlor, early seedling growth of both lucerne and Echinochloa crus‐galli was significantly reduced by methanol extracts. Mixture of L. sativa, X. occidentale and C. japonicum extracts had more inhibitory effects on test plants than each single extract treatment. By means of high‐performance liquid chromatography, responsible causative allelopathic substances present in L. sativa, X. occidentale and C. japonicum were isolated from various fractions and identified as coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid, o‐coumaric acid and p‐coumaric acid. These results suggest that some Compositae have various herbicidal potentials, and that their activities, types and amount of causative compounds differ, depending on the plant species.  相似文献   

14.
通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊花水浸提液及其乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相、剩余水相不同极性组分对苘麻和稗种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。定性测定结果表明,在50 g/L浓度处理下,水浸提液完全抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重抑制率分别为82.6%、89.1%、84.3%和91.7%、55.8%、39.1%;正丁醇相抑制苘麻种子萌发和幼苗生长最强,乙酸乙酯相抑制稗种子萌发和幼苗生长最强。定量测定结果表明,在1 g/L浓度处理下,乙酸乙酯相生物活性最高,苘麻和稗种子萌发率分别为13.3%和33.3%,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重的抑制率分别为63.1%、80.0%、58.3%和51.3%、26.7%、23.3%。  相似文献   

15.
Allelopathic effect of Salvia syriaca L. (Syrian sage) in wheat   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The allelopathic effect of Salvia syriaca L. (Syrian sage) was examined against wheat in glasshouse and laboratory experiments. The germination of wheat grains was delayed, and the development of wheat seedlings was decreased in laboratory experiments by both shoot and rhizome extract. The inhibitory effect of both extracts was most pronounced at 20°C compared with 10 or 15°C. Shoot extracts had more drastic effects than the rhizome extract on germination percentage, shoot and root lengths. In glasshouse experiments fresh and dried shoot of S. syriaca added to soil drastically decreased germination and development of wheat.  相似文献   

16.
A STUDY OF THE COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF CHENOPODIUM ALBUM L.   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
T. WILLIAMS 《Weed Research》1964,4(4):283-295
Summary. Experiments arc reported that demonstrate that there is mutual interference between kale and Chenopodium album when grown in association. As the plants grow, those at high density, whether in mixtures or in pure stands, interfere with each other and individual plant weight and leaf area are reduced. By changing the time:of Introduction of one of the species into a mixture it was shown that kale suffered heavy mortality when C. album had an initial advantage. When kale was introduced before C. album the weed remained stunted but there was no mortality. The weed exerted an early effect of kale. The ability of C. album to interfere with kale, seems to be related to its plasticity. It is able to grow rapidly, to trap light effectively and even under adverse conditions to set seed.
Etude sur le pouvoir de compétition de Chenopodium album L. I. Recherches sur la compétition enire les choux et C. album  相似文献   

17.
Water extracts obtained from the roots, shoots, and fruits of mature wild onion ( Asphodelus tenuifolius ) plants and soil taken from an A. tenuifolius field were used to determine their allelopathic effects on the germination and seedling growth of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) in the laboratory. The roots, shoots, and fruits of A. tenuifolius were soaked individually in water in a ratio of 1:20 (w/v) for 24 h to prepare the extracts. Distilled water was used as the control. The germinated seeds were taken out from the Petri dishes and counted every day for 12 days. The seeds of chickpea were also sown in sand and in each of the controlled, normal soil and the soil taken from the A. tenuifolius -infested field in Petri dishes to record the length and weight of the roots and shoots 18 days after sowing. The mean germination time reached the maximum amount for the stem and fruit extracts. The fruit extract caused the most reduction in the germination index and the germination percentage of chickpea. The different wild onion organ extracts significantly reduced the root and shoot length and biomass of the chickpea seedlings compared with the distilled water. The fruit extract of wild onion proved to be the most detrimental to the root length, shoot length, and dry weight of the chickpea seedlings. The soil beneath the A. tenuifolius plants significantly reduced the emergence, root length, shoot length, shoot dry weight, and seedling dry weight but increased the root dry weight of the chickpea seedlings. It is suggested that A. tenuifolius releases phytotoxic compound(s).  相似文献   

18.
The begomovirus Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and the crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), in single and co-infections, are very common in tomato crops in Brazil. Both viruses are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaciMEAM1 (biotype B). The objective of this study was to analyse the interaction between ToSRV and ToCV in tomato plants of cultivars Santa Clara and Kada. Plants at 15, 30 and 45 days after emergence were inoculated with 30 viruliferous B. tabaci per plant. The following treatments were compared: plants inoculated with ToSRV, ToCV, ToSRV + ToCV, and healthy (control). The interaction between these viruses was analysed by measuring the virus titre by qPCR and the fresh and dry weights of the aerial parts of the tomato plants. Based on two independent assays, no significant effects for co-infection of ToSRV and ToCV on virus titres and plant development were observed compared to single infections. The dry weight of tomato plants of both cultivars infected with ToSRV, ToCV, or co-infected did not differ significantly. However, the dry weight of Santa Clara tomato plants infected with ToSRV, ToCV and ToSRV + ToCV showed mean reductions of 21.5%, 25.5% and 32%, respectively, compared to healthy plants, and mean reductions for Kada were 31.7%, 37.5% and 38%, respectively.  相似文献   

19.
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of aqueous extract and the debris of Mile-a-Minute ( Mikania micrantha H.B.K.) on the germination and growth of four test species, viz. tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), Chinese cabbage ( Brassica chinensis L.), corn ( Zea mays L.) and long bean ( Vigna sesquipedalis L.). Germination percentage, radicle length and fresh weight of two crops, Chinese cabbage and tomato, decreased progressively when plants were exposed to increasing concentrations (12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 g L−1) of aqueous extract of Mikania , but did not affect those of corn and long bean seedlings. The emergence of tomato and Chinese cabbage was greatly reduced when Mikania debris was incorporated into the soil, irrespective of the amount of debris and the decomposition period. In contrast, the emergence of corn and long bean seedlings was not affected. The application of fertilizer (NPK 15 : 15 : 15) enhanced the fresh weight of all seedlings tested as compared with those not supplied with the fertilizer. Four compounds were identified in the leaf extract of Mikania , viz. caffeic acid, p -hydroxybenzaldehyde, resorcinol and vanillic acid.  相似文献   

20.
为筛选出有效防治番茄叶霉病的药剂,采用生长速率法及平板涂布法测定6种三唑类杀菌剂对番茄叶霉病菌菌丝生长及分生孢子萌发和芽管伸长的毒力,评价其对番茄植株的安全性和对叶霉病的田间防效。结果表明,己唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和氟硅唑对番茄叶霉病菌菌丝生长的毒力均较高,EC_(50)分别为0.50、0.55、0.80、2.42 mg/L,其次为腈菌唑和四氟醚唑,EC50分别为6.92、15.08 mg/L。6种杀菌剂抑制病菌分生孢子萌发及芽管伸长的作用均较弱,对芽管伸长的抑制活性高于对孢子萌发的抑制活性;戊唑醇和四氟醚唑抑制孢子萌发的作用相对较强,100 mg/L处理的抑制率为60%~70%,戊唑醇、四氟醚唑和己唑醇抑制芽管伸长的作用相对较强,100 mg/L处理的抑制率均在70%以上。己唑醇和戊唑醇200 mg/L处理番茄植株,显著抑制其株高,苯醚甲环唑和腈菌唑对其影响相对较小,这4种杀菌剂对番茄植株的叶色及形态均无明显影响;且这4种杀菌剂对番茄叶霉病的田间预防效果均高于治疗效果,其中150 mg/L己唑醇的预防效果和治疗效果均最高,分别为90.67%和85.58%;苯醚甲环唑的最低,300 mg/L时预防效果为80.16%,治疗效果为71.68%。  相似文献   

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