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1.
为探明不同湿润持续时间及叶片温度与黄瓜霜霉病发生的关系,通过观察不同湿润条件下黄瓜霜霉病的初显症时间,计算逐日显症率及累积显症率,并利用热红外成像仪对显症后叶片温度进行连续监测。结果显示,不同湿润持续时间对黄瓜霜霉病的初显症时间、逐日显症率产生影响。叶片湿润持续4 h,黄瓜霜霉病在接种后7.00 d显症;叶片湿润持续12 h,黄瓜霜霉病初显症时间最早,仅为3.25 d。叶片湿润持续时间不同,黄瓜霜霉病初显症时的叶片温度存在显著差异。回归分析表明,初显症时间与最大温差呈显著正相关,与平均温度呈显著负相关。叶片湿润持续4、6 h的病斑出现高峰在显症后第2、3天,逐日显症率分别是37.50%和41.18%,比叶片湿润持续10、12 h的早。显症后期,湿润持续时间4、6、8、10、12 h的病斑累积显症率分别是87.94%、93.71%、90.25%、84.24%和88.36%,差异不显著。表明接种黄瓜霜霉菌Pseudoperonospora cubensis后叶片湿润持续时间越长,潜育期越短,叶片最大温差越小,叶片平均温度越大。  相似文献   

2.
Cucumber is a common vegetable all over the world; however, its production is seriously affected by cucumber downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Endophytes have great potential to control such fungal diseases. The aim of the study was to isolate, screen and identify endophytic bacteria, which show antagonistic activity to downy mildew, in cucumbers. Here, surface sterilized leaves were used for endophytic bacteria isolation. All the isolates were further screened for the antagonistic activities against P. cubensis by leaf discs assay, separate leaves assay and sporangia releasing inhibition assay. The control efficacies of the endophytic bacteria (screened above) were finally evaluated through field tests. In this study, a total of 81 endophytic bacteria were isolated from cucumber leaves sampled at blossoming and fruiting stages, respectively, among which, six (strains CE1, CE8, CE9, Y1, Y2 and Y22) were tested for their strong antagonistic activity in vitro. In the field test, strain CE8, identified as belonging to Bacillus sp. based on 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis, showed a strong control efficacy of 42.1 %, a value almost two times as high as that using 69 % metalaxyl-mancozeb WG, a widely used antifungal chemical in China. Based on the results above, CE8 was finally screened out for its great potential in cucumber downy mildew control, implicating a powerful value of the strain in the production practice.  相似文献   

3.
This study investigated the role of Peronospora arborescens oospores as primary inoculum for downy mildew of opium poppy and infection types that they may give rise to in Spain using an integrative experimental approach that combined pathogenicity tests in growth chambers and field microplots, together with molecular detection of P. arborescens infection by specific nested-PCR assays. The results demonstrated that oospores in infested soil or leaf debris were effective inoculum for ingress of the pathogen through underground plant tissues early in poppy seedling growth. This gave rise to systemic infections that reproduced the stunting, chlorotic syndrome frequently observed in affected plants in commercial fields. Additionally, infection of underground tissues of older plants by oospore inoculum could remain asymptomatic. Results also suggested that sporangia formed on infected plants are effective in producing secondary local infections that later may become systemic and either symptomatic or asymptomatic. Finally, and more importantly, those delayed symptomatic or asymptomatic systemic infections, as well as secondary local infections of capsules, can give rise to infected seeds. This research on the biology of P. arborescens on poppy plants and epidemiology of downy mildew may help to develop knowledge-based disease-management strategies of use in the protection of yields of opium poppy crops in Spain and elsewhere.  相似文献   

4.
To develop a molecular method to identify Pseudoperonospora cubensis in cucumber leaves with signs of downy mildew, we compared the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal DNA-internal transcribed spacer, cytochrome oxidase II, and β-tubulin genes of P. cubensis and P. humuli isolates. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distinguished P. cubensis and P. humuli based on variations in β-tubulin sequences, and one specific primer set was designed for further analysis. Real-time PCR and high resolution melting analysis showed that the primer set can be used to specifically identify P. cubensis in cucumber leaves with downy mildew.  相似文献   

5.
Pseudoperonospora cubensis causes great losses in cucurbitaceous crops worldwide. In cool temperate climates of northern Europe or North America overwintering as active mycelium is not possible, because all hosts so far reported there are summer annuals. Oospores have not yet been found in these regions under field conditions. The only perennial member of the Cucurbitaceae found naturally in central and northern Europe is Bryonia dioica. To date this plant has not been recorded as a host for downy mildews, but our infection trials demonstrate that P. cubensis is able to infest this plant. Amplification and sequencing of the ITS rDNA confirmed the observed downy mildew disease on B. dioica as P. cubensis. From these findings, the possibility that P. cubensis may be able to overwinter on this perennial host cannot be excluded. Whether or not B. dioica plays a part in the epidemology of P. cubensis in Europe requires evaluation by further studies.  相似文献   

6.
After being accidentally introduced from the USA at the end of the 19th century, downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola (Berk. et Curt.) Berlese et De Toni became one of the most damaging diseases affecting Vitis vinifera in Europe. Downy mildew causes both direct and indirect losses and can lead to severe reduction of yield. Our understanding of the life cycle and epidemiology of P. viticola has been recently altered by molecular studies that revealed that the overwintering inoculum (i.e., the oospores) does more than initiate disease, as was previously thought. A mechanistic model was developed for predicting the entire chain of processes leading to primary infections, and this primary infection model was linked to other models of secondary infection cycles. The model for primary infections defines the length of the primary inoculum season and a seasonal oospore dose consisting of several cohorts of oospores that progressively mature. The model was evaluated by means of Bayesian analysis in both Italy and eastern Canada, and showed high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy both for potted plants and vineyards. Fungicide applications are necessary to control downy mildew because preventive agronomic practices are not very effective, including host resistance. The use of warning systems based on weather-driven models leads to a reduction in the use and cost of chemicals and a reduction in their environmental impact.  相似文献   

7.
The oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis is a leaf pathogen causing severe damage to members of the Cucurbitaceae, especially cucumber and melon. It propagates clonally by sporangia. Oospores of P. cubensis were previously observed in nature but their formation in the laboratory was never reported nor their germination or infection. Here we report on the sexual reproduction of P. cubensis under controlled conditions in the laboratory. When field isolates were inoculated singly onto detached leaves of cucurbits in growth chambers no oospores were produced. However, when pairs of selected isolates were mixed and inoculated onto detached leaves, oospores were formed in the mesophyll within 6–11 days, suggesting that P. cubensis is heterothallic, having two opposite mating types, A1 and A2. Isolates belonging to pathotype 3 were all A1 whereas isolates belonging to the new pathotype 6 were either A1 or A2. Oospores were spherical, ~40 μm in diameter, hyaline to red-brown in color. Oospores were produced regularly, in large numbers, in Cucumis sativum and Cucumis melo, very seldom and in very small numbers in Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita maxima and Citrullus lanatus, and not in Cucurbita moschata. Oospores were formed at 12.5–21°C but not at 25°C. Under moisture-saturated atmosphere oospores were also produced in leaves of intact plants. Oospores inoculated onto detached leaves in growth chambers produced F1 downy mildew lesions at 6–21 days after inoculation, many in Cucumis sativum, Cucumis melo and Cucurbita moschata, very few in Cucurbita pepo or Citrullus lanatus, and none in Cucurbita maxima. This report shows that P. cubensis is heterothallic, having A1 and A2 mating types which can cross and enable sexual reproduction in cucurbits. A preliminary report on part of the results has been published earlier.  相似文献   

8.
为明确黄瓜霜霉病菌Pseudoperonospora cubensis对氟吡菌胺的抗性时空动态,2011—2016年从河北省和山东省黄瓜主产区采集1 821株霜霉病菌,采用叶盘漂浮法检测供试菌株对氟吡菌胺的敏感性,并以茎叶喷雾法评估5种常规药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的田间防效。结果表明,河北省和山东省黄瓜主产区的黄瓜霜霉病菌对氟吡菌胺已普遍产生了低度抗性,平均抗性倍数为5.86;所有供试菌株的抗性频率为51.89%,其中低抗菌株及中抗菌株分别占36.18%和15.71%;平均抗性指数为0.34,每年检测的抗性频率、抗性倍数及抗性指数呈增长趋势,且随着监测区域的变化而变化。在河北省定兴县和山东省寿光市进行的田间防效试验结果显示,按推荐剂量喷施,687.5 g/L氟吡菌胺·霜霉威盐酸盐SC对黄瓜霜霉病防效显著高于常规对照药剂68%精甲霜灵·代森锰锌WG、58%甲霜灵·代森锰锌WP、80%代森锰锌WP及250 g/L嘧菌酯SC的防效,但防效明显下降,由2011年的92.58%～93.31%降至2016年的80.07%～80.82%。表明需要制定和实施抗药性治理对策,如限制山东和河北2省黄瓜的每个生长季节中687.5 g/L氟菌·霜霉威SC的使用不超过2次,而且要与不同作用机理的卵菌杀菌剂交替使用防治黄瓜霜霉病。  相似文献   

9.
系统比较了云南省石林县(‘红地球’)和弥勒县(‘水晶葡萄’)葡萄园采用避雨栽培和露天栽培对葡萄霜霉病Plasmoparaviticola(Berk.Curtis)Berl.de Toni.的防治效果,监测了田间葡萄园内避雨栽培和露天栽培处理中葡萄霜霉病的发生流行与植株冠层气象因子的变化情况,并结合适宜葡萄霜霉病病害循环的温度、相对湿度、叶面持露时间及田间葡萄植株冠层微气象因子的变化对避雨栽培有效防治葡萄霜霉病的气象原理进行了分析。结果表明,避雨处理可有效控制葡萄霜霉病的发生和危害,石林县和弥勒县两地葡萄园的防治效果分别达到97.84%和66.29%。弥勒县‘水晶葡萄’对霜霉病的抗性较强,霜霉病发生较轻,但在避雨栽培条件下霜霉病的病情指数也显著低于对照。植株冠层微气象因子变化分析表明,避雨栽培可以减少决定霜霉病菌能否成功侵染的叶面水膜持续时间,创造不适宜霜霉病菌萌发和侵入的条件,还可以显著减低棚内植株冠层适宜孢子囊产生的相对湿度的持续时间,减少霜霉病菌的侵染菌量,从而有效地控制了霜霉病的发生和危害。  相似文献   

10.
为明确黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性动态及相应药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的田间防效,采用叶盘漂浮法监测了2011—2015年河北省黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性,采用茎叶喷雾法测定了含甲霜灵或精甲霜灵的混剂及嘧菌酯单剂等7种药剂的田间防效。结果表明:采自河北省不同地区的838株黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯普遍产生抗性,抗性频率为100.00%,抗性倍数为482.99和354.97,黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性随着监测地区和监测年限而波动,唐山、沧州、石家庄、衡水、廊坊和保定市的菌株对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性指数高于其它地区,黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性指数在不同年度间高位波动。按照田间推荐剂量喷施,250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂对黄瓜霜霉病的防效为72.15%~74.13%;68%精甲霜灵·代森锰锌水分散粒剂和58%甲霜灵·代森锰锌可湿性粉剂的防效分别为65.30%~70.19%和63.26%~68.35%,与80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂防效相当;50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂、250 g/L双炔酰菌胺悬浮剂和687.5 g/L氟吡菌胺·霜霉威盐酸盐悬浮剂的防效达82.00%以上,对黄瓜霜霉病具有较好的防效,在黄瓜霜霉病菌对嘧菌酯、甲霜灵和精甲霜灵产生抗性的地区,可作为替代或混配药剂使用。  相似文献   

11.

Development of sorghum downy mildew, incited by Peronoscleospora sorghi (Weston and Uppal) C.G. Shaw, on maize, sorghum and Johnson grass was investigated at two locations in Uganda during three seasons (1994 and 1995). More sorghum downy mildew developed on the Johnson grass and sorghum than on the maize at all locations and in all seasons. No significant differences were observed in sporulation of P. soghi on the three hosts. Leaf shredding occurred on the three hosts but was the least on maize. Cross-inoculation with both conidia and oospores was achieved on the three hosts. Since the fungal population formed oospores and sporulated readily on the three hosts, which is typical of the sorghum strain, the disease in Uganda is attributed to the sorghum strain.  相似文献   

12.
沈阳地区葡萄霜霉病流行时间动态及其气象影响因子分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
 通过2012-2014年田间小区试验,对沈阳地区葡萄霜霉病自然发病情况进行了系统调查和对比分析,并对影响葡萄霜霉病流行动态的气象因素进行了相关性分析。结果表明,沈阳地区葡萄霜霉病的季节流行曲线是典型的单峰S形曲线。应用SPSS19.0软件分析,明确了Logistic模型能够反映沈阳地区葡萄霜霉病流行时间动态情况。同时,推导了病害流行阶段:指数增长期为7月上旬至7月下旬,该时期为最佳药剂防治时期;逻辑斯蒂增长期为7月下旬至8月下旬;衰退期为8月下旬至葡萄生育末期。不同生长季病害发生日期、流行阶段天数和最大病情指数虽各不相同,但与Logistic模型推导趋势基本一致。各个流行阶段病害的表观侵染速率表现为:始发期＞盛发期＞衰退期。始发期和盛发期的是决定整个生长季葡萄霜霉病流行程度的关键时期。气象因素对葡萄霜霉病的流行有明显影响,其中表观侵染速率与7 d平均相对湿度、7 d累计降雨量和7 d叶面湿润时数成显著正相关,而与7 d平均气温呈显著负相关,以上4个气象因素是影响沈阳地区葡萄霜霉病流行的主导因子。  相似文献   

13.
Pseudoperonospora cubensis is an oomycete pathogen causing downy mildew disease on a variety of Cucurbitaceae, and has recently re‐emerged as a destructive disease on crops in this family, mainly on cucumber and squash. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of four mitochondrial and two nuclear DNA regions was used to detect changes in the genetic structure of P. cubensis populations occurring in the Czech Republic that might be associated with recently reported shifts in virulence. The analysed sample set contains 67 P. cubensis isolates collected from 1995 to 2012 in the Czech Republic and some other European countries. Sequence analyses revealed differences and changes in the genetic backgrounds of P. cubensis isolates. While all isolates sampled before 2009 exhibited the genotype of the subspecies of Clade II and were collected from cucumber, all samples collected from other hosts belonged to Clade I (P. cubensis sensu stricto) or were sampled from 2009 onwards. In addition, 67·16% of all post‐2009 isolates from Clade II had two heterozygous positions in their nrITS sequence, which suggests sexual reproduction and/or a mutational origin. Thus, the results indicate that, apart from the rise in prevalence of Clade I, the change in the genetic structure of P. cubensis populations may be linked with a hybridization or, less likely, a mutation event that rendered strains able to infect a broader spectrum of host species.  相似文献   

14.
Cucurbit downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is a devastating, worldwide-distributed disease of cucurbit crops in the open field and under cover. This review provides recent data on the taxonomy, biology, ecology, host range, geographic distribution and epidemiology of P. cubensis. Special attention is given to host-pathogen interactions between P. cubensis and its economically-important cucurbit hosts (Cucumis sativus, C. melo, Cucurbita pepo, C. maxima, and Citrullus lanatus); pathogenic variability in P. cubensis at the species, genus, and population levels; and, differentiation of pathotypes and races. Genetics and variability of host resistance and cellular and molecular aspects of such resistance are considered. A focus is given to methods of crop protection, including prevention and agrotechnical aspects, breeding for resistance—classical and transgenic approaches, chemical control and fungicide resistance. Novel technologies in biological and integrated control are also discussed. This review also summarizes the most important topics for future research and international collaboration.  相似文献   

15.
The downy mildew pathogen, Pseudoperonospora humuli, forms oospores abundantly in diseased hop tissue. Diverse monosporangial isolates of P. humuli derived from samples collected in Japan, Germany and the USA readily formed oospores within hop leaves when inoculated singly, suggesting homothallism. Single zoospore isolates also readily formed oospores within hop leaves, further supporting the homothallic nature of this oomycete. The majority of oospores were deemed viable based on cytoplasm characteristics and plasmolysis assays. However, disease symptoms failed to develop when hop leaves were inoculated with newly formed oospores, even when oospore conditioning was attempted with treatment with potassium permanganate or β‐glucuronidase/arylsulphatase, brief exposure to freezing temperature, or passage through an earthworm. Oospores derived from a monosporangial isolate of P. humuli that overwintered outdoors in infested leaves buried in soil also failed to cause downy mildew. Pseudoperonospora humuli is homothallic and oospores of the organism appear to require as yet unknown conditions to stimulate their germination and/or infection.  相似文献   

16.
A. C. PAPPAS 《EPPO Bulletin》1985,15(4):411-418
Resistance to acylalanine fungicides in Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the downy mildew of cucurbits, is reviewed. Insensitive strains of the fungus predominated during the second year of metalaxyl application in cucumber glasshouses in Greece and Israel. Resistance was detected either on detached cucumber leaves floated on metalaxyl solutions or on potted plants treated (sprayed or drenched) with this fungicide. Metalaxyl-resistant strains of P. cubensis showed good pathogenicity and fitness, and competed favorably with the sensitive strains in the absence of the fungicide. A synergism between these two biotypes resulted in an increased virulence of the resistant forms on metalaxyl-treated plants. Metalaxyl-resistant strains of the pathogen exhibited cross resistance to other acylalanine fungicides. Strains resistant to acylalanines and to the chemically unrelated oomycete-fungicides fosetyl-Al and propamocarb were isolated in Israel, as well. In Greece, however, protective sprays with fosetyl-Al, cymoxanil and mancozeb gave good control of cucumber downy mildew when the pathogen was resistant to metalaxyl. P. cubensis is the first case of fungus which developed resistance to acylalanines in the field.  相似文献   

17.
Mixtures of cymoxanil with mancozeb (Mancur) or with mancozeb plus oxadixyl (Pulsan, Sandocur-M) were effective in controlling either metalaxyl-sensitive (MS) or -resistant (MR) isolates ofPseudoperonospora cubensis on cucumbers (cv. ‘Elem’) in growth chambers. Metalaxyl+mancozeb (Ridomil-MZ) and oxadixyl+mancozeb (SAN-518) mixtures were effective against the metalaxyl-sensitive but less so against the metalaxyl-resistant isolate. Fungicide mixtures were far more effective in controlling either the sensitive or the resistant isolates than were the individual components applied alone, thereby representing significant levels of synergistic interactions. Increased efficacy of mixtures relative to their combined components (synergy factor) was calculated by the Wadley method. Mixtures containing cymoxanil showed high synergy factors against the resistant isolate, whereas Ridomil-MZ and SAN-518 did not evince this phenomenon. We concluded that cymoxanil mixtures might be suitable for the control of downy mildew incited by a metalaxyl-resistant isolate ofP. cubensis.  相似文献   

18.
Yellowish lesions with downy, gray growth developed on the leaves of carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus) in a greenhouse in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan, in March 2011. We identified the fungus on diseased plants as Peronospora dianthicola on the basis of the morphologies of the conidia, conidiophores, and oospores. To confirm pathogenicity of the fungus, we inoculated healthy plants with a conidial suspension of the fungus, and the plants developed the same signs and symptoms as the naturally infected plants. We then reidentified P. dianthicola from the diseased lesions. This is the first report of downy mildew of carnation in Japan.  相似文献   

19.
The fatty acid composition of sunflower downy mildew, Plasmopara halstedii, was compared to other parasitic Oomycetes and to pathogenic fungi associated with sunflower by gas chromatographic analysis. P. halstedii revealed a characteristic profile differing from all other samples by the dominance of 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid. The infraspecific variation between the isolates of sunflower downy mildew was low: no correlation was visible between fatty acid profiles and isolates of different pathotypes or from different geographic origins. Lipids from hyphae, zoosporangia and oospores of the pathogen contained the same fatty acids, though the content of 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid was significantly lower in oospores. The taxonomic and diagnostic value of the fatty acid profile in P. halstedii is discussed.  相似文献   

20.
BACKGROUND: Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the causal oomycete agent of cucurbit downy mildew, is responsible for enormous crop losses in many species of Cucurbitaceae, particularly in cucumber and melon. Disease control is mainly achieved by combinations of host resistance and fungicide applications. However, since 2004, resistance to downy mildew in cucumber has been overcome by the pathogen, thus driving farmers to rely only on fungicide spray applications, including carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides. Recently, CAA‐resistant isolates of P. cubensis were recovered, but the underlying mechanism of resistance was not revealed. The purpose of the present study was to identify the molecular mechanism controlling resistance to CAAs in P. cubensis. RESULTS: The four CesA (cellulose synthase) genes responsible for cellulose biosynthesis in P. cubensis were characterised. Resistant strains showed a mutation in the CesA3 gene, at position 1105, leading to an amino acid exchange from glycine to valine or tryptophan. Cross‐resistance tests with different CAAs indicated that these mutations lead to resistance against all tested CAAs. CONCLUSION: Point mutations in the CesA3 gene of P. cubensis lead to CAA resistance. Accurate monitoring of these mutations among P. cubensis populations may improve/facilitate adequate recommendation/deployment of fungicides in the field. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

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