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1.

Background

Shoulder ulcers can have a significant impact on the welfare of sows. In Denmark, rubber mats are used for treatment of shoulder ulcers. The objective of the study was to compare a treatment consisting of a combination of rubber mats and zinc ointment with the effect of local antibiotic spray (chlortetracycline) on shoulder ulcers.

Methods

A total of 304 sows with shoulder ulcers were observed shortly after farrowing (day 1) and on days 14 and 21 after the first observation. The sows were paired according to the grade of the shoulder ulcer using the official Danish scoring system. From each pair of sows, one sow was allocated to mat group (M) and the other to an antibiotic group (A) in a random way. In the M group, rubber mats were placed on the floor, and the ulcers were treated with zinc ointment once a day. In the A group, sows were treated with antibiotic spray daily. The size of the shoulder ulcer was measured manually on a continuous scale on days 1, 14 and 21. The data were analysed by use of two multivariable models where the response was the area of the shoulder ulcer on day 14 and day 21, respectively. Explanatory variables were treatment, herd, parity, body condition and size of ulcer on day 1. If a sow had an ulcer on both shoulders, the shoulder with the largest ulcer was selected.

Results

The treatment consisting of mats and zinc ointment had a statistical significant effect on the size of the shoulder ulcer on day 14 and day 21 compared to daily treatment with antibiotic spray. For lean sows that were kept on rubber mats and zinc ointment, the average shoulder ulcer was significantly smaller on day 14 (3.8 cm2 versus 9.5 cm2 when antibiotic spray was used) and day 21 (3.4 cm2 versus 6.6 cm2) compared to lean sows that were only treated with antibiotic spray. For fat sows this was also the case when using the lesion on day 21 as the response (2.0 cm2 versus 5.7 cm2) but not on day 14. Moreover, the size of the lesion on day 1 was statistically associated with the size of the lesion on day 14 and on day 21. The treatment was equally effective in the three herds.

Conclusions

Rubber mats and daily smearing with zinc ointment slow progression and contribute to the healing of shoulder ulcers compared with housing on slats and daily spraying with antibiotics. It is recommended to place a rubber mat in the farrowing crate at the first sign of shoulder ulcers.  相似文献   

2.
Shoulder lesions are caused by tissue breakdown of the skin and/or underlying tissue as a result of long lasting pressure. The lesions are commonly seen in sows during the period of lactation and contribute to poor animal welfare as well as affecting the consumers'' attitudes towards the swine industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between prolonged recumbency during early lactation and development of shoulder lesions, in particular the lying bout time. Eighteen sows of Swedish Landrace were observed for 24 hours during the day of farrowing and day 2, 4, 9 and 11 after farrowing in May 2009. The data were analysed for correlations between the duration of the longest observed uninterrupted lying bout and the prevalence of shoulder lesions recorded at weaning (week 5).In the study, shoulder lesions were observed in eight of the eighteen sows at the time of weaning. The total lying time of the sows was highest on day 0 and day 2, when the proportion of time spent in lateral recumbency over the 24-hour period was on average 80 percent. The longest lying bout had an average duration of 6,3 hours (right side) and 7,2 hours (left side). A significant correlation (Spearman rank coefficient = 0,88; P < 0,05) was found between the duration of the longest observed uninterrupted lying bout and the occurrence of shoulder lesions on right side among well conditioned sows with a low amount of straw present at farrowing. This suggests that avoiding prolonged uninterrupted recumbency contributes to the prevention of shoulder lesions in sows.  相似文献   

3.
A total of 160 gilts were used to evaluate the effects of pen vs. crated housing systems and drop- vs. trickle-fed feeding systems on sow productivity, occurrence of lesions during farrowing and weaning, immune measures, and behavioral responses during 2 consecutive gestation periods. Of the 160 eligible gilts, 117 farrowed in parity 1, and of those, 72 farrowed in parity 2. The gilts were randomly assigned to represent 1 of 4 factorially arranged treatment groups: pen drop-fed, crate drop-fed, pen trickle-fed, or crate trickle-fed. Replicate blocks were used for each parity with 5 sows per block initially in each treatment. At weaning, sows housed in pens had greater (P < 0.05) backfat thickness than sows housed in crates. The piglet weaning weight was greater (P < 0.05) for sows fed with the single drop compared with the trickle-feeding system. Lesions scores and all other productivity measures did not differ among treatments. An interaction was observed for percentage of neutrophil phagocytosis (P < 0.05) between penning and feeding systems. In pens, drop-fed sows had greater phagocytosis than trickle-fed sows, but in crates, drop-fed sows had a tendency for lower phagocytosis than trickle-fed sows. All other immune measures were not different among treatments. The occurrence of oral-nasal-facial (ONF) behaviors (chewing, rooting, and rubbing) and active behaviors increased, and lying behavior decreased (P < 0.05), from 0800 to 1200 for all sows. During the 0800 to 1200 period, crate drop-fed sows displayed more (P < 0.05) ONF and active behaviors than did sows in the 3 other treatments. Sows housed in groups of 5 had a greater (P < 0.05) duration of standing in the 0400 to 0800 period compared with crated sows. Housing systems had complex effects on sow behavioral sequences, but penned sows had more sequences associated with stress than did crated sows. Also, crate drop-fed gilts and sows expressed more ONF behaviors than gilts and sows in other treatments. Generally, productivity, skin lesions, and immune measures were not different, but behaviors at certain times of day and behavioral sequences were different for sows in pens and crates with drop or trickle-feeding systems. None of the environments evaluated were associated with significant physiological stress responses among the sows. Thus, sows were able to adapt within each environment through behavioral mechanisms without the need to invoke major physiological adjustments.  相似文献   

4.
The effect of a straw dispenser in farrowing crates was investigated to determine the extent to which the provision of small quantities of straw has an influence on both sows and piglets. Sows and suckling piglets are often housed in barren environments with limited opportunities to show behavior they are highly motivated to perform. Enriching the environment might be a solution; for example, by providing materials that can be manipulated. In this study, 20 sows received a straw dispenser with chopped straw (treatment group) and 20 other sows did not receive any enrichment (control group). The treatment group was split up in 2: in treatment group A, the straw dispenser was placed in front of the sow, above the feed trough; and in treatment group B, the straw dispenser was placed next to the sow. Sows from the treatment groups received the straw dispenser from arrival in the farrowing crate until weaning. The total straw use within the treatment group was very variable but did not differ before and after farrowing. Sows took on average 53.0 g (±8.85) straw from the straw dispenser during the whole period in the farrowing crate. The frequency of undesirable and stereotypical behavior performed by the sows did not differ between treatment and control groups, and the same is seen with nest-building behavior before farrowing. By positioning the dispenser in front of the sow, the frequency of lateral lying increased, which means the udder was exposed more toward the piglets. This was reflected in the higher frequency of udder activity, performed by piglets from this treatment group. By positioning the dispenser next to the sow, sows showed more ventral lying behavior, because of disturbance of lying behavior by piglets. Piglets from this treatment group also showed less udder activity and possibly because of this, more pain-related behavior. These piglets performed more playing behavior in the third week of life compared with other groups, but it cannot be stated with certainty that this is a positive effect. A lower weight gain and weaning weight were seen in piglets within treatment group B. Possible explanations are the higher level of activity among these piglets as the straw dispenser was positioned within their reach or decreased milk consumption because of decreased udder activity and increased ventral lying by the sows. It can be concluded that the straw dispenser has positive effects on the behavior and welfare of sows and piglets, but positioning the straw dispenser in reach of both sow and piglets is not preferred as it is associated with undesirable effects on behavior such as ventral lying in sows and pain-related behaviors in piglets.  相似文献   

5.
Two experiments were conducted to examine the effectiveness of various strategies using gonadotropins to induce ovulation during lactation as a means of controlling the weaning-to-estrus interval in sows. The objective of Exp. 1 was to examine the efficacy of various gonadotropin regimens for induction of ovulation during lactation. Primiparous (n = 60) and multiparous (n = 83) crossbred sows were assigned, before farrowing, to one of four treatments: no injection (control); 1,000 IU hCG on d 0 (hCG-0; d 0 = day of farrowing); P.G. 600 + 1,000 IU hCG 4 and 7 d after farrowing, respectively (hCG-7); or P.G. 600 + 1,000 IU hCG 11 and 14 d after farrowing, respectively (hCG-14). Sows were weaned on 18 +/- 2 d after farrowing and monitored daily for estrus via exposure to mature boars. The criterion for determining the induction of ovulation was a sustained increase in serum progesterone concentrations above 4.0 ng/mL. The most consistent response to exogenous gonadotropins was on d 0, with an 80% response in primiparous sows (12/15) and a 71% response in multiparous sows (15/21). Weaning-to-estrus intervals for multiparous sows were longer (P = .05) for hCG-14 and hCG-7 than for control and hCG-0 sows. Weaning-to-estrus intervals for primiparous sows were longer (P = .05) for the hCG-14 than for the hCG-0 treatment. The objective of Exp. 2 was to ascertain the effects of postpartum treatment with hCG (1,000 IU) on d 0 and PGF2alpha (10 mg) at d 14 on the weaning-to-estrus interval in multiparous sows weaned at d 14 after birth. Before farrowing, sows (n = 60) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: positive control, weaning at d 21; negative control, weaning at d 14; hCG within 24 h after farrowing, weaning at d 14; or hCG within 24 h after farrowing and PGF2alpha at weaning, weaning at d 14. Weaning-to-estrus intervals were longer (P = .05) in sows receiving PGF2alpha than in the other treatments. Results indicate that it is possible to induce ovulation immediately after farrowing, using a single injection of hCG, and this strategy can be used to uncouple weaning from the resumption of reproductive activity. However, the administration of PGF2alpha at 14 d after farrowing did not consistently cause regression of the induced corpora lutea.  相似文献   

6.
Forty-five gravid cross-bred sows (mean parity 3.3 +/- .3) were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments: corn-soybean mean (CS) or CS plus 60 mg salinomycin per kilogram of diet (CSS). Sows were fed their respective diets through two successive parities with dietary treatment initiated at 100 d postcoitum and continued until weaning of the second successive litter. Therefore, sows fed CSS received salinomycin for 14 d before the first parturition and for approximately 153 d before the second parturition. Daily feed intake was restricted to 2 kg.hd-1.d-1 during gestation and to 3 kg.hd-1.d-1 from weaning to breeding. All sows. had ad libitum access to feed during lactation. Sows were weighed 7 d prior to parturition, at weaning and at breeding. Weaning-to-estrus interval and farrowing interval were recorded for all sows. Litters were weighed at birth and weaning. There were no differences (P greater than .05) between dietary treatments in sow weights before parturition, at weaning or at breeding for either first or second farrowing. The CSS-fed sows lost more weight from weaning to breeding after the first (P less than .03) and second (P less than .05) lactation periods than CS-fed sows. The CSS-fed sows tended to gain more (P = .06) weight during lactation than CS-fed sows. There were no differences (P greater than .05) between treatments in lactation feed intake, weaning-to-estrus interval, farrowing interval, litter size born or weaned, litter weights at birth or at weaning, or in sow culling rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

7.
Twelve sows each farrowed in an experimental pen designed especially for this study or in a crate. Viable counts of enterobacteriaceae were performed in samples taken from the laying area and from the teats. Secretion from every mammary complex was examined repeatedly for bacteria and for somatic cells. The sows in the experimental pen did not lay down in their own faeces. The viable counts in samples from the laying area and the teats were much lower than with the sows kept in farrowing crates. Infection with E. coli was observed in 3 mammary complexes of the sows in the experimental pen as compared to 27 complexes of the sows in the crate. More than half of the infections was detected in the samples taken before farrowing began. In the average the bacteria persisted for 1.3 days. On the first 4 days of life piglets sucking teats with cytologically defined mastitis had an average daily gain of 105 g as compared to 125 g with piglets sucking healthy teats. In conclusion puerperal mastitis is a consequence of faecal contamination of the mammary gland. Soiling of the laying area with faeces and urine can be reduced by improvements in the farrowing accommodations.  相似文献   

8.
The effects of amperozide on sow performance when administered as a single intramuscular injection of 1 mg kg-1 at the time of either farrowing or weaning, or on both occasions were evaluated. Treatments were given during the rearing of two consecutive litters with each individual sow remaining on the same treatment throughout the trial. In total, 64 sows, 16 per treatment group, were used to investigate the effects on weight loss during lactation, mastitis-metritis agalactia (MMA) and duration of the reproductive cycle. Untreated control sows lost more weight (2 to 3 kg) during lactation than sows treated with amperozide at farrowing. No clinical outbreak of MMA was recorded in the amperozide groups dosed at the time of farrowing. The number of empty days was decreased (about three days) in sows treated with amperozide at weaning. Furthermore, pre-weaning mortality decreased (8 per cent) and piglet growth rate improved (6 per cent) when sows were treated with amperozide at farrowing. The results suggest that amperozide improves the health status and productivity of sows by reducing their emotional responses to novel or threatening situations.  相似文献   

9.
This study examined the impact of a single dose of azaperone administered to sows at the end of farrowing on piglet weight gain and mortality during the lactation period. Two hundred fifty-two sows (JSR hybrid) housed in a conventional farrowing crate system were assigned to either a treatment or a control group. The parities of the sow were between 1 and 6. The differences between live birth weight and weight at weaning were recorded for 3,093 individual piglets. Serum concentrations of IgG of 485 piglets also were recorded during tail docking. Median and interquartile range (IQR) were 5.1 (2.9 to 9.5) mg·mL(-1) in the control group and 5.6 (3.1 to 12.1) mg·mL(-1) in the azaperone group (P > 0.05). Litter size was 13.0 (11 to 15) total born piglets and birth weight was 1.28 (1.05 to 1.52) kg. Weaning weight for the control group was 5.64 (4.73 to 6.54) kg compared with 5.78 (4.79 to 6.71) kg for the azaperone treated group (P = 0.005). Daily BW gain differed significantly (P = 0.001) between the 2 groups, 205 g for the controls, compared with 214 g for the azaperone group. There were no significant differences between piglet mortality rates (17% and 20%). Azaperone applications to sows tended to have a positive effect on productivity. Effect was greatest in the primiparous sows and declined with increasing parity. This may have been due to both physiological and behavioral differences between the sows as they experienced increasing numbers of gestations, farrowings, and lactation periods.  相似文献   

10.
Studies were conducted at swine facilities in Illinois and North Carolina to evaluate the effect of treatment with doramectin injectable solution on transmission prevention of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis from sows to nursing piglets. Approximately 42 days prefarrowing, 58 mange-free sows were experimentally infested with 200 S. scabiei in each ear. Seven to fourteen days prior to farrowing, 22 sows were given doramectin injectable intramuscularly at a dose of 300 microg/kg of body weight. A total of 21 sows served as untreated controls. Skin scrapings for mite counts and lesion scoring were performed on sows before treatment on day 21, and on either day 35 or 42. Each sow was observed on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 or 42 for the incidence of scratching/rubbing. Skin scrapings, lesion scoring, and observation of scratching/rubbing were performed on the piglets after weaning and at the end of the nursery stage. Geometric mean mite counts of the untreated sows were 0.70 and 0.26 on days 21 and 35 or 42, respectively, and 0.00 for doramectin-treated sows over the same time periods (P<0.05). Lesions scores and the incidence of scratching/rubbing were both higher in the untreated sows as compared to the doramectin-treated sows during the same time periods (P<0.05). Geometric mean mite counts of piglets farrowed by untreated sows were 0.50 and 0.60 after weaning and at the end of the nursery stage, respectively, and 0.00 for piglets from doramectin-treated sows over the same time periods (P>0.05). Lesion scores and the incidence of scratching/rubbing were both higher in piglets from untreated sows as compared to those piglets from doramectin-treated sows (P<0.05). Treating S. scabiei-infested sows with doramectin injectable solution before farrowing eliminated mite infestation and prevented the transmission of S. scabiei to piglets.  相似文献   

11.
Different floor space allowances for dry, pregnant sows in pens were evaluated to determine the impacts of space on sow performance, productivity, and body lesions during 2 consecutive farrowings. Treatment groups of 5 sows/pen were assigned to 1.4, 2.3, or 3.3 m(2) of floor space/sow or of 5 sows in individual stalls (1.34 m(2)). The experiment consisted of 6 replications (blocks 1 to 6), and within each block measurements were recorded for 2 consecutive pregnancies and farrowings. A total of 152 sows were measured at 1 farrowing, and 65 of those sows were measured at the successive farrowing (n = 217 records). Performance traits were BCS, BW, backfat (BF), days until rebred, and proportion culled. Litter traits were number of piglets born alive, male:female ratio, and proportions of stillborn, mummified, or dead piglets after birth. Litter performance measures were mean piglet BW and gain and litter BW. Lesion scores were assessed for several body regions. There were treatment and parity effects and interactions for several traits. An interaction of space treatment and parity occurred for sow mean BW, d-110 BW, BF, litter size, and litter and piglet BW and gain, with most effects in parity 2, 3, and 4 sows. Space affected sow mean (P < 0.001) and d-110 BW (P < 0.05) and mean BF and adjusted BF (P < 0.001); sows in pens at 相似文献   

12.
This study investigated follicular development during and after postweaning altrenogest treatment of primiparous sows in relation to subsequent reproductive performance. Primiparous sows (n = 259) were randomly assigned at weaning (d 0) to 1 of 4 groups: control (no altrenogest, n = 71), RU4 (20 mg of altrenogest from d -1 to 2, n = 62), RU8 (20 mg of altrenogest from d -1 to 6, n = 65), or RU15 (20 mg of altrenogest from d -1 to 13, n = 61). Average follicular size (measured by ultrasound) increased during altrenogest treatment and resulted in larger follicles at the start of the follicular phase for RU4, RU8, and RU15 compared with controls (5.3 ± 0.9, 5.5 ± 1.3, 5.1 ± 1.2, and 3.4 ± 0.6 mm, respectively; P < 0.0001). Farrowing rate was greater in RU15 (95%) than in RU8 (76%; P = 0.04). The RU15 group also had more piglets (2 to 3 more piglets total born and born alive; P < 0.05) than the other treatment groups. Follicular development at weaning clearly affected reproductive performance. At weaning, average follicular size: small (<3.5 mm), medium (3.5 to 4.5 mm), or large (≥ 4.5 mm), was associated with farrowing rates of 86, 78, and 48%, respectively (P < 0.001). Sows with large follicles at weaning had low farrowing rates (71%) in RU4, very low farrowing rates (22%) in RU8, but normal farrowing rates in RU15 (83%). In conclusion, this study showed that 15 d of postweaning altrenogest treatment of primiparous sows may allow follicle turnover in sows that had large follicles at weaning and that this was associated with an improved reproductive performance. It also showed that shorter treatment with altrenogest (4 or 8 d) is beneficial for sows with small follicles at weaning, but is not recommendable for sows with large follicles at weaning.  相似文献   

13.
The limited space in farrowing crate imposes many challenges, such as prolonged farrowing duration and high piglet stillbirth rate. Although the features of farrowing pens compensate for the drawbacks of farrowing crates, they are associated with high piglet crushing mortality caused by the greater space afforded to sows and their rolling-over behaviour. Therefore, a freedom farrowing pen was designed to overcome the drawbacks of both farrowing crates and farrowing pens. The main features of the freedom farrowing pen are its left anti-crushing bar and detachable right anti-crushing bar on the sides of the sow lying area. It also has a 10 cm-high anti-crushing bar in the non-lying area. Eighteen healthy, multiparous Yorkshire sows (3-7 parity) were averaged and randomly assigned to farrowing crates, farrowing pens, and freedom farrowing pens to compare the effects of the farrowing systems on sow behaviour and performance. Results showed that the farrowing duration and the mean piglet birth intervals were longer for the sows in farrowing crates than for those in farrowing pens and freedom farrowing pens (P<0.05), but there was no difference between the sows in farrowing pens and those in freedom farrowing pens (P>0.05). The piglet stillbirth rate was higher for the sows in farrowing crates than for those in farrowing pens and freedom farrowing pens (P<0.001). Crushing mortality was higher among piglets in farrowing pens (P<0.001), but there was no difference between piglets in freedom farrowing pens and those in farrowing crates (P>0.05). The freedom farrowing pen and the farrowing pen allowed sows to turn around and move freely, but because of the different structures of their anti-crushing bars, the increase in sow movement did not cause higher piglet crushing mortality (P>0.05). Sows in freedom farrowing pens were found to be more protective of their piglets.  相似文献   

14.
This study evaluated how socializing piglets before weaning affects behavior of lactating sows and the pre- and postweaning behavior and performance of piglets. Two farrowing rooms, each with 6 pens, and 1 nursery with 4 pens were used. In total, data were obtained from 24 sows and their litters. In each farrowing room, the solid barriers between 3 farrowing pens were removed on d 12 after farrowing, and the sows remained confined in their crates (experimental group). In the other 3 farrowing pens of each farrowing room, sows and their litters were kept under conventional conditions until weaning (control group). All piglets were weaned 28 d after birth. After weaning, piglets from each group remained together in 1 pen of the nursery. The behavior of sows (lying, standing, sitting, nursing) and piglets (lying, active, suckling) in the farrowing rooms was observed for 24 h before and for 48 h after removal of the barriers between the pens. In addition, behavior (active, lying, feeding, agonistic behavior) of piglets was observed in the nursery during the initial 48-h period after weaning. Each piglet was weighed on d 5, 12, and 28 after birth and thereafter weekly until the fifth week of rearing. In the farrowing room, mixing of litters did not influence behavior of piglets and sows. Preweaning weight gain of the piglets did not differ (P = 0.60) between the treatments. In the initial 48 h after weaning, less agonistic behavior (P < 0.001) was observed in piglets belonging to the experimental group. During 5 wk of rearing, piglets in the experimental group gained more weight compared with the control group (P = 0.05). The advantage shown by the experimental group became especially conspicuous in the first week after weaning (P = 0.05). By socializing unfamiliar piglets before weaning, stress due to mixing could at least be distanced in time from the other burdens of weaning, thereby improving performance.  相似文献   

15.
Folic acid and reproductive performances of sows   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Two-hundred nine sows were used in a 2 X 2 split-plot unbalanced design to measure the effect of folic acid against control, and flushing against a normal level of feeding, between weaning and mating on the following variables: serum folates at weaning and at 60 d of gestation, blood hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Ht) after 15 wk of gestation and reproductive performance at farrowing. Folic acid was administered im according to a schedule that maintained serum folates at approximately the same level between weaning and 60 d of gestation. The treatments had no effect on Hb or Ht after 15 wk of gestation. Average live litter size was 12.0 piglets/litter for sows receiving the folic acid and flushing treatments as compared with 10.5 for sows without any treatment; the main effect of folic acid was significant (P less than or equal to .04). Intralitter variation in birth weight and total litter weight tended to be increased by folic acid administration. Results showed that the administration of folic acid during gestation could appreciably improve the reproductive performance of sows.  相似文献   

16.
Ivermectin given in a single subcutaneous dose (300 micrograms/kg of body weight) was tested for activity against swine scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei). Efficacy was determined by recoveries of mites from ear scrapings and by observations of clinical signs. Treatment of infected sows 8 to 37 days before farrowing eliminated scabies from the sows and prevented its transmission to their offspring. Pigs farrowed by ivermectin-treated sows remained noninfected throughout the study regardless of whether they were treated with ivermectin at weaning. Placebo-treated sows remained infected and transmitted scabies to their offspring. Ivermectin treatment of pigs at weaning eliminated the infection, whereas placebo treatment did not. The placebo-treated pigs remained infected while in the nursery, but ivermectin treatment eliminated the infection when they were moved to the growing and finishing floor at 12 weeks of age. It appears that an effective control program for swine scabies using ivermectin could be based on a single treatment of the sows before farrowing. Any infection (epizootic) appearing in growing pigs could be controlled by a single treatment of all in-contact pigs.  相似文献   

17.
The ability to show standing oestrus and to ovulate within 10 days of weaning was studied in 240 purebred Swedish Yorkshire primiparous sows, fed according to a conventional feeding regime during lactation. The sows were weighted and backfat depth was recorded at farrowing and at weaning. Oestrus control was performed daily and blood samples for determination of plasma progesterone were drawn regularly in 205 sows. The distribution among the sows of the first standing oestrus after weaning had 2 peaks. The first peak occurred within 10 days of weaning and the second 24-30 days after weaning. Twelve per cent of the sows ovulated without showing standing oestrus within 10 days of weaning and 4% had an anovulatory first oestrus within the same time. Significant differences in age at farrowing and in loss of weight and backfat during lactation were found between sows which both showed standing oestrus and ovulated within 10 days of weaning and sows which neither showed standing oestrus, nor ovulated within the same time. The season during which weaning occurred significantly influenced the ability to show standing oestrus and ovulate within 10 days of weaning. Among the sows which both showed standing oestrus and ovulated within 10 days of weaning, significant positive correlations were found between weight loss, litter size, litter weight gain and the interval from weaning to first standing oestrus.  相似文献   

18.
A total of 48 sows were allocated to four groups (12 sows per group) at the 99th day of pregnancy and were treated throughout two consecutive breeding cycles, as follows: (a) control group: no treatment; (b) group BC1: 400 mg β‐carotene/sow/day via feed from 7 days prior to the expected farrowing, until the 30th day postservice; (c) group BC2: 400 mg β‐carotene/sow/day via feed from 7 days before weaning up to service, followed by 200 mg β‐carotene until the 30th day postservice; and (d) group BC inj: four intramuscular (i.m.) injections of 200 mg β‐carotene/sow (on the 100th day of pregnancy, on the day of farrowing, on the day of weaning and on the first day of oestrus). Serum β‐carotene equivalents, vitamin A and IgG concentrations were determined in sows at several times of the breeding cycle. Moreover, serum IgG concentrations were determined in piglets on the second day of lactation and at weaning. Data relating to sow reproductive parameters and litter parameters were also recorded. It was shown that concentrations of serum β‐carotene equivalents were elevated only in the BC inj group during lactation and at service, while serum vitamin A concentrations were also elevated in the BC inj group only at oestrus. There was no effect of β‐carotene on the oestrus intensity score, the weaning‐to‐oestrus interval, the number of returns to oestrus per sow and the farrowing‐to‐farrowing interval. The number of piglets born alive was greater in the BC inj group compared with the controls, while the litter size at weaning was greater in the groups BC1, BC2 and BC inj compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Supplementation of β‐carotene did not appear to influence the serum IgG concentration in sows and piglets.  相似文献   

19.
To evaluate the effect of late introduction to farrowing pens on the progress of farrowing and maternal behavior, 20 primiparous and 20 multiparous sows were allocated randomly to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) early introduction to pen (EP, n = 20) and 2) late introduction to pen (LP, n = 20). To evaluate the difference between loose-housed sows and crated sows when introduced late to the farrowing environment, a third treatment was included: late introduction to farrowing crate (LC, n = 20). Sow behavior and piglet birth intervals were recorded using video recordings from 16 h before the birth of the first piglet (BFP) until 48 h after BFP. Behavioral data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS and the percentage of stillborn piglets and the response of the sow to piglet scream were analyzed using PROC GENMOD in SAS. Before farrowing (16 to 3 h before BFP), sows introduced late to pens had more postural changes per hour than sows introduced early to pens (LP = 12.7, EP = 8.9; P = 0.04), whereas there were no differences between sows introduced late to crates and sows introduced late to pens (LC = 14.2, LP = 12.7; P = 0.53). Interbirth interval (P = 0.04), variation in the interbirth interval (P = 0.01), and percentage of stillborn piglets (P = 0.003) were affected by an interaction between parity and treatment. In multiparous sows there were no differences between treatments (P > 0.18) either in the progress of farrowing or in the percentage of stillborn piglets. For primiparous sows, there were no differences (P > 0.22) between sows that were introduced late to pens and sows that were introduced early to pens. Primiparous sows that were introduced late to crates compared with pens had longer interbirth intervals (LC = 29 +/- 4.9 min, LP = 16 +/- 2.9 min; P = 0.02), a greater variation of these intervals (LC = 35 +/- 8.3 min, LP = 16 +/- 3.6 min; P = 0.006), and a greater percentage of stillborn piglets (LC = 21%; 95% confidence interval ranging 14 to 30%, LP = 5%; 95% confidence interval ranging from 2 to 12%; P = 0.004). After farrowing, neither postural changes, time spent in lateral lying, number of near-crushing situations, nor the response to piglet scream test were affected by treatment (P > 0.09). When sows and gilts were introduced late to farrowing pens, neither progress of farrowing nor maternal behavior of importance for piglet crushing was influenced. However, crating primiparous sows that were introduced late to the farrowing environment compared with pen housing had detrimental effects on the progress of farrowing and the percentage of stillborn piglets.  相似文献   

20.
The influence of the quality of different lying surfaces on lesions and swellings at the joints as well as on the cleanliness of finishing bulls throughout the fattening period was studied. On 17 farms (623 bulls), pens with fully slatted concrete floors (CONCRETE), with rubber coated slats (RUBBER), with cubicles (CUBICLES, provided with five different types of soft lying mat) and with a littered lying area (STRAW) were compared. Bulls kept on STRAW developed the smallest lesion scores at the joints. In CUBICLES, there was a huge variability in the lesion scores depending on the type of lying mat, ranging from values comparable to STRAW up to and greater than the values for CONCRETE. The highest lesion scores at the carpal joints were found on CONCRETE, with intermediate values on RUBBER and in CUBICLES. At the tarsal joints, lesion scores were similar on CONCRETE and RUBBER and in the same range or worse on most mats in the CUBICLES. Swelling scores were highest on CONCRETE and intermediate on RUBBER and in CUBICLES compared to STRAW. In general, there was a steady increase in the lesion scores of the leg joints throughout the fattening period on CONCRETE, RUBBER and STRAW, whereas on some of the mats in CUBICLES these scores were at a high level from early on in the fattening period. Animals in all the housing systems were clean over the whole fattening period. Littering the lying area in CUBICLES affected neither the lesion scores nor the swelling scores at the joints nor animal cleanliness. In conclusion, both rubber coated slats and cubicles provided with soft lying mats were favourable with regard to the levels of lesions and swellings of the leg joints of finishing bulls compared to concrete slats. However, these levels were even lower in pens with a straw bedded lying area.  相似文献   

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