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1.
Pesticides may induce oxidative stress leading to generate free radicals and alternate antioxidant or oxygen free radical scavenging enzyme system. This study was conducted to investigate the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos toward male mice and the oxidative stress of the sub-lethal dose (1/10 LD50) on the lipid peroxidation level (LPO), reduced glutathione content (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities. Also, the protective effects of vitamin C (200 mg/kg body weight, bw) 30 min before or after administration of chlorpyrifos were investigated. The results demonstrated that the LD50 value of chlorpyrifos was 134.95 mg/kg bw. The oral administration of 13.495 mg/kg chlorpyrifos significantly caused elevation in LPO level and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, SOD and GST. However, GPx activity remained unchanged, while the level of GSH and G6PD activity were decreased. Vitamin C treatment to chlorpyrifos intoxicated mice decreased LPO level and GST activity, normalized CAT, SOD and G6PD activities, while GSH content was increased. We conclude that vitamin C significantly reduces chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in mice liver and the protective effect of the pre-treatment with vitamin C is better than the post-treatment.  相似文献   

2.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different N-acetylcysteine doses on the tolerance to fenthion-induced oxidative stress, alterations in glutathione metabolism and cholinesterase specific activities in the liver by using freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae) as a model organism. An acute toxicity study was carried out to determine 96-h median lethal concentration of fenthion for this species (2.16 mg/L) and 80% of this concentration was applied in toxicity studies. Four groups, each containing eight fish were constituted as follows: Control group, fenthion treated group, 0.5 or 400 mg/kg NAC-injected + fenthion-treated groups. Biochemical analyses were carried out spectrophotometrically. Fenthion treatment significantly decreased total glutathione and glutathione levels, glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio together with glutathione reductase and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase specific enzyme activities. The higher dose of N-acetylcysteine increased the toxic effects of fenthion and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase specific activity while decreasing glutathione S-transferase specific activity. However, injection of the lower dose provided a limited protection against fenthion toxicity. In all exposure groups, lipid peroxidation increased and total protein levels decreased, while protein depletion was prevented by low dose of N-acetylcysteine application. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities were at similar levels in the liver of C. carpio. A dose-dependent inhibition was observed in butyrylcholinesterase activity by N-acetylcysteine application. The results showed that fenthion had a significant oxidative stress inducing potential through the reduction of glutathione redox capacity. The critical point for overcoming oxidative stress by N-acetylcysteine in fenthion toxicity was the selection of the dose; N-acetylcysteine exerted its toxic effects by means of oxidative stress in fish liver at the higher dose.  相似文献   

3.
Male and female rats were orally administered chlorpyrifos at a dose of 6.75 mg kg−1 body weight for 28 consecutive days. An additional chlorpyrifos group received zinc (227 mg l−1) in drinking water throughout the experimental duration. Two groups more served as controls; one received water only and the other received zinc in drinking water. Administration of chlorpyrifos resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) level and significant decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in erythrocytes of male and female rats. In contrast, zinc-chlorpyrifos treatment showed insignificant differences (p ? 0.05-0.01), compared to control results, regarding LPO, SOD, GST and CAT. In case of AChE, supplementation of zinc showed little alteration in the activity of this enzyme in the rats treated with chlorpyrifos. It can deduce that chlorpyrifos induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes of male and female rats. The overall results reveal the pronounced ameliorating effect of zinc in chlorpyrifos-intoxicated rats and variation in the response of male and female animals regarding alteration in the level of some biochemical parameters and LPO.  相似文献   

4.
Pesticides induce oxidative stress leading to generate free radicals and alternate the antioxidant or oxygen free radical scavenging enzyme system. This study was conducted to investigate the oral toxicity of chlorpyrifos toward male rat and the oxidative stress of the sub-lethal dose (9 mg/kg; 1/25 LD50) on the lipid peroxidation level (LPO), reduced glutathione content (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities of testicular tissue. Also, the protective effects of propolis extract (50 mg/kg b.w.) alone or in combination with chlorpyrifos were investigated. The oral administration of chlorpyrifos significantly caused elevation in LPO level by 1.79-fold as compared to control. The activities of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, SOD, GPx and GST were decreased significantly (23.66%, 27.75%, 29.13% and 11.52%) as well as the level of GSH decreased by 21.97% in testicular tissue as compared to control animals. Co-administration of propolis extract with chlorpyrifos or alone in male rats decreased LPO level, normalized CAT, SOD GPx and GST activities, while GSH content was increased in testicular tissue. We conclude that propolis extract significantly reduces chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in rat testis and the protective effect of the pre-treatment with propolis extract as attenuating agent could be due to its antioxidant properties.  相似文献   

5.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the ameliorative properties of lycopene against the toxic effects of deltamethrin (DM) by examining oxidative damage markers such as lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defense system components in carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish were divided into seven groups of 15 fish each and received the following treatments: Group 1, no treatment; Group 2, orally administered corn oil; Group 3, oral lycopene (10 mg/kg body weight); Group 4, exposure to 0.018 μg/L DM; Group 5, exposure to 0.018 μg/L DM plus oral administration of 10 mg/kg lycopene; Group 6, exposure to 0.036 μg/L DM; and Group 7, exposure to 0.036 μg/L DM plus oral administration of 10 mg/kg lycopene. Treatment was continued for 14 days, and at the end of this period, blood and tissue (liver, kidney, and gill) samples were collected. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined in blood and tissues for measurement of oxidant-antioxidant status. A significant elevation in the level of MDA, as an index of lipid peroxidation, and reductions in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) and low molecular weight antioxidant (GSH) levels were observed in DM-exposed fish. Treatment with lycopene attenuated the DM-induced oxidative stress by significantly decreasing the levels of MDA. In addition, lycopene significantly increased the SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities and the level of GSH. The present results suggest that administration of lycopene might alleviate DM-induced oxidative stress.  相似文献   

6.
Recovery study was performed at regular intervals to establish the time course of 50% and 100% recovery in neurotransmitter enzyme (acetylcholinesterase, AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and locomotor behaviour response of mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis exposed to lethal concentration (20.49 mg L−1) of an organophosphorous pesticide, monocrotophos (MCP) for 96 h. In vitro AChE activity studies indicated that MCP could cause 50% inhibition (I50) at 10.2 × 10−5 M. A positive correlation was observed between brain AChE activity and swimming speed during the recovery study. Also, the recovery response of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) as well as lipid peroxidation (LPO) as biomarkers of oxidative stress were assessed in viscera of G. affinis. The results showed that the MCP besides its inhibitory effect on target enzyme AChE activity and induction in antioxidant enzyme activities as a characteristic of oxidative stress, which can be used as biomarkers in the pesticide contaminated aquatic streams.  相似文献   

7.
This study examined the effects of chlorpyrifos in the rat erythrocyte antioxidant system and evaluated the ameliorating effects of catechin and quercetin on the oxidative damage induced by chlorpyrifos. Sexually mature male Wistar rats were given chlorpyrifos (5.4 mg/kg, 1/25 of the oral LD50), catechin (20 mg/kg), quercetin (20 mg/kg), catechin plus chlorpyrifos, and quercetin plus chlorpyrifos daily via gavage for four weeks. No statistical differences were found in the catechin-only and quercetin-only groups compared with the control group. By the end of the fourth week, chlorpyrifos alone increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities compared with the control group in rat erythrocytes. In the catechin-plus-chlorpyrifos and quercetin-plus-chlorpyrifos groups, there were statistically significantly decreased MDA levels and increased SOD, CAT, and GPx activities compared with the chlorpyrifos-only group. Thus, it appears that catechin and quercetin ameliorate chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes in vivo.  相似文献   

8.
The protective effects of zinc on liver and kidney injury induced by chlorpyrifos (CPF) were investigated in rats. Male and female rats were orally administered CPF at a dose of 6.75 mg kg−1 body weight for 28 consecutive days. An additional CPF group received zinc (227 mg l−1) in drinking water throughout the experimental duration. Two groups more served as controls. Administration of CPF resulted in a significant increase in serum lipid peroxidation (LPO) level, while induced significant decreases in the activities of plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) either in male or female rats. Similarly, a significant increase in the levels of various serum marker enzymes [e.g. aminotransferases (AST and ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)] and increase the level of total protein, uric acid and creatinine. In contrast, co-administration of zinc to CPF-treated animals restored most of these biochemical parameters to within normal levels. In case of AChE, supplementation of zinc showed little alteration in the activity of this enzyme especially in male rats treated with CPF. CPF caused histopathological change in liver and kidneys of male and female rats. However, zinc administration to CPF-treated animals resulted in overall improvement in liver and kidneys damage, emphasizing its antioxidant role. In light of the available data, it can deduce that CPF-induced lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, liver and kidneys damage in male and female rats, and conjunction supplementation of zinc has resulted in pronounced ameliorating effect.  相似文献   

9.
Atrazine (ATR) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) are the most common pesticides found in freshwater ecosystems throughout the world. Herein, we investigated the oxidative stress responses and histopathological changes in the liver and gill of common carp after a 40-d exposure to CPF and ATR, alone or in combination, and a 20-d recovery treatment. We found that exposure to ATR, CPF or their mixture for 40 d could induce decrease in antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT and GSH-Px) activities and increase in MDA content in a dose-dependent manner in the liver and gill of common carp. Especially with regard to the pathological changes, the tissue damage increased in severity in a dose-dependent manner. The liver tissue of common carp revealed different degree of hydropic degeneration, vacuolisation, pyknotic nuclei, and fatty infiltration. The gills of common carp displayed varied degrees of epithelial hypertrophy, telangiectasis, oedema with epithelial separation from basement membranes, general necrosis, and epithelial desquamation. After a 20-d recovery treatment, the antioxidant enzyme activities and MDA content were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in the corresponding exposure groups in all of the highest doses, but not in the lower doses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of subchronic oxidative stress and histopathological effects caused by ATR, CPF and their mixture in the common carp. Thus, the information presented in this study is helpful to understand the mechanism of ATR-, CPF- and ATR/CPF-mixture-induced oxidative stress in fish.  相似文献   

10.
Paraquat is a highly toxic herbicide that is used in most countries without restriction. The cytotoxic action of paraquat is mediated by reactive radicals that are products of its metabolic reduction in cells. It has already been hypothesized that some angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (e.g., captopril and enalapril) could show antioxidant and radical scavenging activity through their structural thiol groups, increasing antioxidant enzymes production or nitric oxide synthesis. In this study the hepatoprotective effect of captopril and enalapril against paraquat induced oxidative stress cytotoxicity was evaluated in isolated rat hepatocyte. Subtoxic concentrations of captopril (0.2 mM) and enalapril (0.2 mM) significantly (p < 0.05) protected the hepatocytes against paraquat (2 mM) induced oxidative stress cytotoxicity markers including: cell lysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial membrane potential decrease, lysosomal membrane oxidative damage and cellular proteolysis. Moreover, we showed that non-thiol enalapril acts as well as thiol containing captopril at inhibiting oxidative stress cytotoxicity markers. Finally, our results support the hypothesis that it is the increase in nitric oxide synthesis and not the presence of the thiol group that accounts for the antioxidant activity of ACE inhibitors.  相似文献   

11.
The toxicity of fenvalerate to the prawn Penaeus monodon was evaluated using biomarkers of stress. In a preliminary bioassay test, P. monodon was exposed to a series of fenvalerate concentrations, which showed 4, 6.5 and 8.5 μg L−1 to be sublethal, median lethal and lethal, respectively. Sublethal effect of fenvalerate was further evaluated in hepatopancreas, muscle and gills of prawns with reference to oxidative stress biomarkers. Significant induction of lipid peroxidation and glutathione-S-transferase activity was found in hepatopancreas, muscle and gills of prawns exposed to fenvalerate when compared to control (P < 0.001, P < 0.05 and P < 0.05). On the contrary, the activities of Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione were found to be reduced in the experimental group of prawns when compared to control. The results suggest that the animals were under oxidative stress when exposed to sublethal concentration of fenvalerate.  相似文献   

12.
In this study, the effects of malachite green on selected immunological parameters, oxidative stress and antioxidant status biomarkers in blood, liver, kidney, spleen and gill of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, was examined. During 5 days the malachite green was applied at concentrations of 1/15,000 and 1/150,000 for 30 s and 60 min, respectively. Immunological parameters (nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity, total plasma protein (TP), total immunoglobulin (TI)) and biochemical parameters (lipid peroxidation (MDA), catalase (CAT) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels) were evaluated after exposed to malachite green. It has been observed that NBT activity (p < 0.05, p < 0.001), total protein (p < 0.01, p < 0.001) and total immunoglobulin (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) levels were decreased compared with control group. In the rainbow tout exposed to malachite green duration 5 days significantly increased lipid peroxidation, which might be associated to decreased levels of reduced glutathione and catalase activity in the whole tissues of O. mykiss (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001 for each cases).  相似文献   

13.
The euryhaline fish, Oreochromis mossambicus was exposed to sub-lethal concentration (0.017 mg L−1) of a novel phosphorothionate, 2-butenoic acid-3-(diethoxy phosphinothionyl) ethyl ester (RPR-V) for 30 days and allowed to recover for 7 days. Important biomarker enzymes were assayed in plasma, brain, gill, liver, kidney, and muscle during exposure tenures of day-3, -7, -15, -30, and also at 7 days (withdrawal) after stopping treatment. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities of brain, gill, and muscle were strongly inhibited by 67, 75, and 66%, respectively, on day-30. Exposure (time) dependent increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), acid phosphatase (AcP), and alkaline phosphatase (AkP), activities in plasma and kidney; AcP and AkP activities in gill were noticed. However, significant decrease in ALAT, ASAT, AcP, and AkP activities in liver was observed. The depletion of glycogen was observed in liver, brain, and gill tissues, an indication of typical stress related response of the fish with pesticide. A significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in gill and brain was observed and decreased in liver and muscle, indicating tissue damage and muscular harm. Depletion of glutathione (GSH) was observed in the above tissues, there by enhancing the lipid peroxidation resulting in cell damage. The induction in hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) levels indicates the protection against the toxicity of xenobiotic-induced lipid peroxidation. There was a significant recovery in all the above biochemical parameters, in all the tissues of fish after a recovery period of 7 days. These results revealed that RPR-V affects the intermediary metabolism of O. mossambicus and the increase of biomarker enzymes in plasma, might be due to the necrosis of liver.  相似文献   

14.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) were shown to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction in various human diseases and some of these inhibitors have been reported to enhance antioxidant defenses. The objective of the present study was to shown the abilities of enalapril and lisinopril as two nonthiol ACEi on mitochondrial toxicity due to paraquat. In this study, mitochondrial isolation from rat liver was divided into six groups. Group 1 was considered as control, group 2 received paraquat (5 mM), group 3 received enalapril (0.25 mM), group 4 received lisinopril (0.01 mM), group 5 received paraquat (5 mM) + enalapril (0.25 mM), and group 6 received paraquat(5 mM) + lisinopril (0.01 mM). Viability, lipid peroxidation, catalase activity, GSH (reduced glutathione) and GSSG (oxidized glutathione) concentrations were also determined. Simultaneous treatment of mitochondria with enalapril (0.25 mM) + paraquat (5 mM) and lisinopril (0.0.01 mM) + paraquat (5 mM) did not significantly ameliorate the mitochondrial toxicity induced by paraquat (5 mM) alone (p > 0.05). However, the nonthiol ACEi, enalapril showed to partially improve target of lipid peroxidation due to paraquat. In conclusion, nonthiol ACEi treatment did not improve the increased oxidative stress and the decreased antioxidant mechanisms.  相似文献   

15.
The erythrocyte, due to its role as O2 and CO2 transporter, is under the constant exposure to reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of 2,4-D to induce oxidative stress in blood of male wistar rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: a control group and three treated groups receiving by gavage 15, 75 and 150 mg, respectively, of 2,4-D/kg/BW/day for 28 days. Results showed that 2,4-D caused significant negative changes in the investigated biochemical parameters. In fact, 2,4-D exposition strongly increases LDH, by contrast, there is a statistically significant decrease in Hgb levels. The malondialdehyde level was significantly increased in 2,4-D treated groups. Fatty acid composition of the erythrocytes was also significantly changed with 2,4-D exposure, in favor of the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR) activities in erythrocytes were significantly decreased. Thus, our results indicated the potential effects of 2,4-D to cause oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes. Therefore, at higher doses, 2,4-D may play an important role in the development of vascular disease via lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress.  相似文献   

16.
Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of Folidol 600® in static toxicity tests. The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 values of Folidol 600® to O. niloticus were 17.82, 8.91, 4.00 and 2.70 mg L−1, respectively. The values of hematological parameters increased, and inhibition of cholinesterases activity (AChE, BChE and PChE) in plasma of fish exposed to the higher concentrations of pesticide reached 94%. Furthermore, the exposure of Tilapia to Folidol 600® caused an increase of 4%, 20% and 38.4% in oxygen consumption at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L−1, respectively. However, exposure to 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg L−1 caused a decrease of 33.6%, 35.2% and 42.4% in oxygen consumption relative to the control. The ammonium excretion of fish exposed to 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg Folidol 600®/L was 0.12, 0.18, 0.30, 0.33, 0.37, 0.36 and 0.33 μg/g/min, i.e., 50%, 150%, 175%, 208%, 200% and 175% increase, respectively, relative to the control.  相似文献   

17.
The antioxidant responses of Solanum nigrum L. cell suspension cultures to metalaxyl exposure were investigated. An increase in lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide content, for both concentrations tested (20 mg L−1; 40 mg L−1) revealed the response of oxidative metabolism of cell suspensions to metalaxyl. Superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) activities increased, particularly in the highest concentration of metalaxyl used. An analysis by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel (PAGE) followed by staining for enzyme activity, revealed seven SOD isoenzymes, two CAT isoenzymes, and nine APX isoenzymes. Metalaxyl levels were quantified in the culture medium and results suggest that suspension cells were able to accumulate and/or degrade the fungicide five hours after exposure. SOD, CAT and APX isoenzymes were differently affected by the metalaxyl treatment. Results suggest that the higher concentration of metalaxyl induced oxidative stress to cell suspension cultures of S. nigrum.  相似文献   

18.
Rotenone, an insecticide, causes toxicity through inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain at complex I and oxidative injury to the tissues. The aim of the present study was to determine in vivo effects of rotenone on myocardium and cardio-protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an antioxidant agent, against rotenone toxicity in rats. The rats were divided into three groups: untreated control, rotenone (2.5 mg/kg/day for 60 days, i.p.) and rotenone + CAPE groups. CAPE was administrated i.p. 10 μmol/kg/day for 62 days started two days before first dose rotenone injection. The malondialdehyde, nitric oxide levels and xanthine oxidase activity of rotenone group was significantly higher than control and rotenone + CAPE groups (p < 0.05). However, catalase activity in the rotenone group was decreased in comparison with the other groups (p < 0.05). The superoxide dismutase activity of rotenone group was insignificantly decreased compared to the others. In conclusion, rotenone caused lipid peroxidation in myocardial tissue and CAPE treatment prevented this rotenone-induced lipid peroxidation in rats. CAPE might be a cardio-protective agent against myocardial toxicities.  相似文献   

19.
Organophosphothionate insecticide fenitrothion is known as potential toxic pollutant contaminating aquatic ecosystems. The effects of fenitrothion were studied to determine the 96 h LC50 value on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and investigate histopathological responses of fish exposed to sublethal fenitrothion concentrations. Data obtained from the fenitrothion acute toxicity tests were evaluated using the Probit Analysis Statistical Method. The 96 h LC50 value and 95% confidence limit for Nile tilapia (58.70 ± 6.97 g) was estimated as 0.84 (0.68-1.15) mg/L. Behavioral changes were observed closely during the acute toxicity test. The bioassay experiments were repeated three times and static test method was used. Some fish exposed to 96 h 0.1, 0.5 mg/L fenitrothion concentrations showed histopathological alterations in the gills, liver, kidney, brain and testes. Severely deformations were observed at 0.5 mg/L fenitrothion on the gills lamella such as hyperemia, epithelial hyperplasia, fusion and telangiectasis, in the liver tissue such as cloudy swelling, hydropic degenerations and lipid infiltration. In addition hyperemia and hemorrhage observed in kidney tissue and hyperemia was determined in brain tissue.  相似文献   

20.
Many classes of environmental pollutants can enhance the intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species, which can conduce to the damage of macromolecules and changes in oxidant defences levels in fish. In the present study it was analysed the hepatic levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in males and females of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus exposed to paraquat (PQ), at 17 and 27 °C. Tilapia were exposed to a sublethal concentration of PQ (0.5 mg L−1) during 45 days. Condition factor and hepatosomatic index of males and females exposed to PQ were significantly higher when compared with the control group, except in females at 17 °C. SOD and GST activities were higher in males and females exposed to PQ than in the control group at 17 and 27 °C. The levels of both enzyme activities revealed that they are sex-dependent with males exposed to PQ showing higher SOD activity (5.05 ± 0.13 and 4.84 ± 0.23 U/g protein, respectively at 17 and 27 °C) than females (4.21 ± 0.07 and 3.87 ± 0.27 U/g protein, respectively at the same temperature). Similar results were observed in GST activity. A GR activity significantly higher (9.09 ± 0.44 and 7.97 ± 1.08 U/g protein at 17 and 27 °C, respectively) was observed in PQ-exposed females, but not in exposed males. Fish exposed to PQ showed higher values of SOD and GST activities than the control group at both temperatures. These results are gender-dependent, while GR activity was higher only in PQ-exposed females. No significant differences were found for SOD, GST and GR activities between fish exposed to 17 and 27 °C, although males and females showed higher values at 17 °C. In short, this work advanced new knowledge on influence of gender in same biochemical parameters in tilapia exposed to PQ and demonstrated that their effects could be observed at different temperatures.  相似文献   

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