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1.
The effect of space on the multiplication of the reniform nematode,Rotylenchulus reniformis on cowpea was determined under green house conditions. Both plant growth as estimated by root and shoot weights as well as its lengths and multiplication of the reniform nematode were greatly affected by the amount of space (soil). The population ofR. reniformis increased with an increase in the amount of space (soil) around seedling; highest being observed at 1,250 g of soil. The growth pattern of cowpea was attaining highest growth in 1,000 g of soil. Population ofR. reniformis increased with an increase in soil up to 1,250 g with 5 seedlings. The growth of cowpea was highest in 500 g of soil with 2 seedlings.  相似文献   

2.
Cotton, linseed, soybean and sunflower oilseed cakes as well as aldicarb were used to study their effect on the reproduction of R. reniformis and growth of cowpea plants under greenhouse conditions. All treatments of oilseed cakes and aldicarb reduced final population, rate of build up and reproduction of nematode than those of untreated soil in all soil types. The reduction in such values varied greatly according to the type of employed oilseed cakes and soil type. In general, cotton and sunflower proved to be the most effective oilseed cakes for controlling. R. reniformis and gave the greatest growth of cowpea plants when, compared with the other tested oilseed cakes in sandy and both sandy loam and clayloam soil, respectively. Aldicarb was superior and very potent inhibitor to the reniform nematode reproduction, when compared to the tested oilseed cakes in all soil types.  相似文献   

3.
Four hardwood barks (HWB) i. e.Acacia arabica (AA),Ficus sycomorus (FS),Morus alba (MA) andZiziphus spinachristi (ZS) were tried as soil amendments at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% rates w/w for control ofRotylenchulus reniformis and improvement of cv. Giza 1 sunflower growth under greenhouse conditions. All HWB with various concentrations significantly (P≤0.01) reduced numbers of larvae in soil, both females and eggmasses on roots, total final nematode population as well as the nematode build-up as compared to control. 1.5% rate of ZS, AA and MA barks were most effective in reducing numbers of larvae in soil, total final nematode population and the nematode build-up. Also, 1.5% rate of each of FS and AA barks were most effective in reducing numbers of females or eggmasses, respectively. On the other hand, the least reduction in the previous nematode stages and rate of build-up was observed with 0.5% dose of FS bark. Shoot weights were increased significantly with both of 1.0% and 1.5% doses of each of FS and ZS barks and only with 1.5% dose of MA bark. Both shoot lengths and root weights increased significantly with 1.5% dose of all HWB or with 1.0% dose of each of AA and ZS barks as compared to control. No significant increase in root lengths was observed. Generally, there were positive significant correlations between doses of HWB, each of the reductions in the previous nematode stages and increases in sunflower growth criteria.  相似文献   

4.
Sex hormone, testosterone, was used to induce the function of sex reversal in the two nematode genera, by treatingM. javanica andT. semipenetrans egg-masses and new hatched larvae. The percentages of males were 80 and 62.5%, respectively, when applying testosterone three times, the first on egg-masses, the second and the third on hatched larvae at 10 ppm concentration. Percentage of males was increased by 45.83 forM. javanica in comparison with the check. Also, the sex hormone decreased the percentage of citrus nematode females that infected the root with 80%. Consequently, this means that the males percentage was increased.In addition, the reduction percentages of the total nematode population forM. javanica andT. semipenetrans treated with testosterone were 33.33 and 80%, respectively.These results indicate that the use of testosterone to induce the function of sex reversal is promising as a new approach for controlling parasitic nematodes,M. javanica andT. semipenetrans on tomato and sur orange, respectively. Testosterone showed two dimensions in this respect, the first is in changing the population sex ratio, where the percentages of males were increasing and decreasing the total population in comparison with the check in both nematode genera.
Zusammenfassung Das Sexualhormon Testosteron wurde angewandt, um die Ausbildung des Geschlechts vonM. javanica undT. semipenetrans durch Behandlung der Eigelege und der frischgeschlüpften Larven zu beeinflussen. Bei dreimaliger Anwendung des Hormons bei den Eigelegen, sowie den Zweit- und Drittlarven, betrug der Männchen-Anteil der beiden Nematodenarten 80 bzw. 62,5%. Dabei wurde der Männchenanteil vonM. javanica um 45,8% gegenüber Kontrolle erhöht. BeiT. semipenetrans wurde bei gleicher Anwendung der Weibchenanteil um 80% vermindert, was ebenfalls einen Anstieg der Männchenquote bedeutete.Weiterhin wurde durch die Testosteron-Anwendung die Gesamtpopulation vonM. javanica um 33,3% und diejenige vonT. semipenetrans um 80% vermindert.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Gebrauch von Testosteron zur Beeinflussung des Geschlechterverhältnisses einen neuen aussichtsreichen Weg zur Bekämpfung der pflanzenparasitären NematodenM. javanica undT. semipenetrans darstellt. Die Wirkung des Hormons ist dabei eine zweifache: Verringerung des Weibchenanteils sowie Verminderung der Gesamtpopulation der Nematodenart.
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5.
Assay of polyphenol oxidase activity in relation to infection with the reniform nematode, influence of reducing and oxidizing agents and the enzyme activity level inRotylenchulus reniformis- andMeloidogyne incognita-tomatoes were conducted in this study. Polyphenol oxidase activity was greater inR. reniformis-infected than in uninfected roots, but was less in tissues treated with ascorbic acid and glutathione reducing agents than in healthy or in tissues treated with copper oxychloride oxidizing agent. In uninfected roots, activity of polyphenol oxidase was nearly equal to that inR. reniformis infected tissues treated with copper oxychloride. Best plant growth was observed with copper oxychloride which was associated with the least soil and root numbers ofR. reniformis. The enzyme activity in tissues infected withR. reniformis was much higher than in those parasitized withM. incognita. This activity in either nematode infected tissue was higher than that noticed in healthy tissues. This work demonstrated the occurrence of altered metabolism uponR. reniformis infection, involvement of the oxidation-reduction physiological processes anti/pro nematode buildup as well as the detection of noticeable differences in polyphenol oxidase activity whenR. reniformis orm. incognita was present.  相似文献   

6.
Zusammenfassung Es wurden Labortests zur Klärung der Frage durchgeführt, wieweit der räuberische NematodeDiplogaster sp. in der Lage ist, die Dichte der Larven der zwei wurzelparasitären NematodenMeloidogyne javanica undTylenchulus semipenetrans zu reduzieren. Eine weitere Versuchsserie verwendete mit sterilem Boden gefüllte Blumentöpfe.Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Raub-Nematode beide parasitischen Nematodenarten,M. javanica an Tomaten- undT. semipenetrans an Orangen-Wurzeln stark reduzierte. Dabei erwies sich die Wirkung unabhängig von der Beuteart aber abhängig von der Beutedichte.
Studies on the potential use of the predator, Diplogaster sp. (Nematodes, Diplogasteroidea) on certain root-parasitic Nematodes
A laboratory test was conducted in glass petri dishes to assess the efficacy ofDiplogaster sp. on the predation of the second stage larvae ofMeloidogyne javanica andTylenchulus semipenetrans nematodes at 25°C and 65% R. H. in the incubator. In addition, an applied experiment in pots was carried out to explore the role of the predator on the two parasitic nematode genera. Diplogaster sp. exteriminated large numbers of prey ofM. javanica andT. semipenetrans larvae 7 days after the beginning of the experiment. The rate of predation on parasitic nematodes in laboratory test was independent on the prey species but dependent on the prey density. The parasitic nematodes,M. javanica andT. semipenetrans, populations in the roots of tomato and sour orange, respectively, were significantly reduced by the addition of the predatory nematode,Diplogaster sp., in the pot experiment.

Mit 3 Tabellen  相似文献   

7.
Effect of nematicidal potential ofZinnia elegans Jacq (1, 2, 3 & 4 plants per pot) as a mix-crop along with tomato againstMeloidogyne incognita andRotylenchulus reniformis was studied under a greenhouse conditions. The nematode final population of both nematodes and their rate of build up as well as the root gall index were significantly affected by the number of zinnia plants when grown with tomato together. There was a negative correlation between the number of zinnia seedlings and the final population of both nematodes. The lowest nematode final population and rate of build up were determined at the highest number of zinnia plants (4 plants per pot). The highest number of root gall index was found on roots of tomato grown alone (4), while, the lowest one was found on roots of tomato (0.7) grown with four plants of zinnia. This type of control is considered inexpensive and pollution-free.
Zusammenfassung Zur Wirkung vonZinnia-Pflanzen in Mischung mit Tomate gegen die NematodenMeloidogyne incognita undRotylenchulus reniformis.Bei Zugabe von 1, 2, 3 oder 4 Pflanzen vonZinnia elegans pro Topf zu Tomate unter Gewächshausbedingungen wurden die Enddichte der Wurzel-NematodenMeloidogyne incognita undRotylenchulus reniformis sowie die Reproduktionsrate und der Wurzelgallenindex signifikant beeinflußt, und zwar mit steigender Zahl an Zinnia-Pflanzen vermindert. Der höchste Wurzelgallen-Index (4,0) wurde bei allein wachsender Tomate pro Topf festgestellt, der niedrigste Index (0,7) bei Anwesenheit von 4 Zinnien. Diese Form der Wurzelnematodenbekämpfung ist billig und frei von Umweltbelastungen.

With 2 tables  相似文献   

8.
The interactions of root-knot nematode and VAM fungus on common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and the sequence of nematode infection were studied in the greenhouse. The inoculation with VAM fungus caused a significant increase in plant height and fresh weight compared with non treated plants.Meloidogyne infection unsignificantly decreased plant height and dry weight. When fungus was inoculated at 15 and 30 days prior toM. incognita infection, a significant increase in fresh weight was observed. There were no significant differences in total nitrogen (mg/plant) between plants inoculated withM. incognita alone or those inoculated with bothM. incognita and VAM fungus at the same time or 15 days after the fungus inoculation. Plants preinoculated with VAM fungus 30 days prior to nematode infection had a significant increase in total nitrogen. The inoculation with VAM fungus caused a significant increase in phosphorus content. However, it was significantly decreased in plants inoculated with nematode alone and in plants inoculated with VAM fungus andM. incognita at the same time. Gall index and final nematode population were significantly increased when nematodes were treated at the same time with fungus, although there were significant decrease in nematode final population and gall index when the plants were treated with nematodes at 15 and 30 days after mycorrhizal infection. A decrease in percentage of fungal colonization was observed when nematodes were inoculated with fungus at the same time.  相似文献   

9.
Average numbers ofMeloidogyne javanica larvae and females in cowpea roots in sandy soil and sandy clayloam were significantly higher (at 5% level) than that of calcareous soil. The highest root-knot nematode population (68.3 ind./plant) was in sandy clay-loam soil, followed by sandy soil (25.8 ind./plant). The lowest was in calcareous soil (6.3 ind./plant).  相似文献   

10.
In two glasshouse studiesSesbania accessions were compared with a susceptible tomato cultivar as hosts toMeloidogyne javanica. Inoculating the growth medium with either infective juveniles or egg masses resulted in significant differences in root galling and egg mass production. The accessions could be grouped into moderate and poor hosts. Growth of roots was also depressed by the infestation. In a field study on a nematode infested site, significant variation in root galling was observed. Infestation was lower in plants growing on ridges than those on flat land. The studies indicate that continued cultivation ofSesbania may lead to a build up in soil root-knot nematode populations.  相似文献   

11.
The effectiveness of intercropping tagetes with tomato in comparison with the natural root exudates of tagetes onMeloidogyne javanica nematode population and galls on tomato cultivated in sandy soil was studied. Both tagetes roots extracts and intercropping tagetes with tomato significantly reducedM. javanica nematode population, egg masses and galls on tomato. Intercropping tagetes with tomato was more effective in reducing root-knot nematode population and galls than treating tomato with natural root extracts of tagetes.Therefore, intercropping resistant plant with susceptible host to nematode is a new and good approach to nematode control.
Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Wirkung des Pflanzens vonTagetes zwischen Tomaten im Vergleich zur Beigabe von Wurzel-Exudaten vonTagetes zu den Tomaten auf den NematodenMeloidogyne javanica in Sandboden untersucht. Beide Verfahren reduzierten signifikant die Zahl der Nematoden, die Eigelege und Gallenbildungen an den Tomaten. Jedoch wirkte die Zwischenpflanzung vonTagetes besser als die Hinzufügung vonTagetes-Wurzelexudaten.Auf Grund der Ergebnisse bietet das Zwischenpflanzen einer resistenten Pflanzenart zu einer nematoden-empfindlichen Pflanzenart einen neuen Weg der Nematodenbekämpfung.

With one table  相似文献   

12.
Zusammenfassung Baumwolle, Weizen, Mais, Sojabohne, Zwiebel, Kichererbse und Sesam wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Anfälligkeit gegen die WurzelnematodenMeloidogyne javanica undM. incognita incrita untersucht. Sesam und Mais waren gegen beide Nematodenarten resistent. Baumwolle wurde vonM. javanica nicht befallen. Dagegen wurden Zwiebel und Sojabohne von diesem Nematoden stark geschädigt. Die statistische Analyse zeigte signifikante Befallsunterschiede zwischen den Wirtspflanzen undMeloidogyne-Arten.
Susceptibility of certain field crops to some Nematoda infection, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) and M. incognita acrita (Kofoid & White) chitwood
Varietal susceptibility of certain field crops were tested. Sesame and maize were resistant toM. javanica andM. incognita acrita infection. Cotton was resistant toM. javanica only. Onion and soybean were highly infected withM. javanica in comparison with the other tested hosts. Soybean also was highly infected withM. incognita acrita. Wheat showed the presence of the lowest of nematode population of the two species on its roots. Severity of galls was paralleled to the mentioned nematode populations.Statistical analysis of the data indicates that there were significant differences between the tested hosts. Also, the interaction between nematode species and hosts was significant.

Mit 2 Tabellen  相似文献   

13.
To evaluate the effect of adjacent tree species on the susceptibility of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) to pine wilt disease, an inoculation experiment was conducted usingP. thunbergii seedlings potted with seedlings of six tree species,i. e. Alnus sieboldiana, Eurya japonica, Lespedeza bicolor formacutifolia, Pinus thumbergii, Robinia pseudo-acacia andSarothamus scoparius. About ten months after planting, they were inoculated with the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in early July 1992. After that, the proportion of pine seedlings with completely discolored foliage increased more quickly when the seedlings were potted withR. pseudo-acacia, S. scoparius orA. sieboldiana than when potted withP. thunbergii, L. bicolor orE. japonica. At the end of the study period, 17 weeks after inoculation, it reached 90.6%, 90.0%, 87.5%, 72.7%, 63.3%, and 59.4% when the pine seedlings were potted withR. pseudo-acacia, S. scoparius, A. sieboldiana, P. thunbergii, L. bicolor andE. japonica, respectively. This indicated that the susceptibility ofP. thunbergii seedlings to pine wilt disease was influence by the species of adjacent trees.  相似文献   

14.
Cycocel, was evaluated at three different doses 500, 1,000 and 1,500 ppm achieving its effect on tomato phytotoxicity and growth in relation to root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne javanica, tomato infection. The results indicated that using 500 ppm of Cycocel was the optimum where no phytotoxic effects or reduction on plant growth were noticed at all. In addition, percentages of infected plants withM. javanica and numbers of galls per root were greatly decreased. Also, a great reduction was detected in nematode population. Increasing Cycocel concentration was parallel to the increase in phytotoxicity and decreasing of tomato growth was noticed.  相似文献   

15.
Three species of blue green algae;Anabena oryzae, Nostoc calcicola andSpirulina sp. were tested versusMeloidogyne incognita infecting cowpea cv. Baladi. In single treatments,N. calcicola alga was superior than the other algae treatments in reducing the number of nematode galls and egg masses as compared to the untreated check. In combined treatments, the 3 algae together achieved the highest significant (P≤0.01 and 0.05) reduction in the number of galls and egg masses. All the treatments significantly (P≤0.01 and 0.05) improved plant growth criteria as measured by fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots and length of shoots and increased the number of nodules.  相似文献   

16.
The studies showed that herbicides i. e. Treflan had side effects in controllingMeloidogyne javanica (38.1% reduction in nematode population) followed by Gramoxone (15.1% reduction), while Dowpon “S” and Cotoran showed lethal phytotoxic effects on the tomato plants.  相似文献   

17.
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. (sesbania) is a fast growing N2-fixing widely used as an improved fallow species by smallholder farmers in eastern and southern Africa to restore fertility of their N-deficient soils. In order to establish the need for inoculation, the population of sesbania rhizobia in soil collected from a site where the species is intended for introduction was assessed using the most probable number (MPN) plant infection assay. The MPN of sesbania rhizobia was low (21, 6–81 fiducial limits at P=0.05 g−1soil) but with N2-fixation potential comparable to sesbania inoculant strain KFR 651. Evaluation of an indigenous sesbania rhizobial isolate GSS 1 from the MPN assay in potted field soil showed that it was more effective than strain KFR 651 in terms of plant growth and shoot dry matter (DM) accumulation at 9 and 12 weeks after planting, respectively. Total shoot N content was also higher for plants inoculated with isolate GSS 1 than inoculant strain KFR 651 and uninoculated control treatments 12 weeks after planting. These results demonstrate that it is better to inoculate with effective indigenous than exogenous rhizobia where the need for inoculation has been established.  相似文献   

18.
The effect of aqueous solutions of L-arginine, L-glutamic acid and ascorbic acid onMeloidogyne javanica egg hatch, juvenile survival, and maturity and fecundity of nematode females in susceptible tomato roots was investigated. All tested compounds significantly suppressed egg hatchability at all concentrations (1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm). L-arginine proved to be the best one in inhibition egg hatch and achieved the highest inhibition percentages at all tested concentration. Inhibition rate of egg hatch increased by increasing the concentration of amino acids and vitamin. L-arginine and L-glutamic acid and ascorbic acid at 2000 ppm resulted in 100% mortality ofM. javanica juveniles after 7 days exposure. Application of aqueous solutions of L-arginine, L-glutamic acid, and ascorbic acid at 1000 ppm significantly reduced numbers ofM. javanica populations, mature females and eggmasses in tomato roots. The maximum inhibitory effect was obtained by L-arginine acid which surpassed both ascorbic acid and L-glutamic acid, in reducing nematode population (R% were 84.95, 80.11 and 70.4, respectively) and in affecting maturity and fecundity of females (maturity % were 53.7, 54.2 and 67.7 and fecundity % were 39.2, 46.2 and 61.2 for L-arginine acid, ascorbic acid, and L-glutamic acid respectively, in comparison with that of control group).  相似文献   

19.
The effects of different planting densities (250,000, 500,000 and 750,000 plants ha−1) and cutting frequencies (45, 60 and 75 days) on the biomass production and chemical composition of Moringa oleifera was studied in a completely randomised split plot design with four blocks, in Managua, Nicaragua, located geographically at 12°08′15′′ N and 86°09′36′′ E. The 75 day cutting frequency produced the highest fresh matter yield, 100.7 and 57.4 Mg ha−1 year−1, and dry matter (DM) yield, 24.7 and 10.4 Mg ha−1 year−1, during the first and second year, respectively. All planting densities produced the highest DM yield at 75 day cutting frequency. In the first year, the density of 750,000 plants ha−1 produced the highest fresh matter yield, 88.0 Mg ha−1 and highest DM yield, 18.9 Mg ha−1, but in the second year the density of 500,000 plants ha−1 gave the highest yields, 46.2 Mg ha−1 and 8.1 Mg ha−1, respectively. During the first year, DM (22.8%), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (30.8%) and ash (9.14%) contents were highest and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) (68.2%) was lowest in the longest cutting interval, while contents of crude protein (CP) (22.8%) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) (22.8%) were not affected significantly by cutting frequency. In the second year, DM and CP contents and IVDMD were not significantly affected by cutting frequency, whereas NDF, ADF and ash contents were lowest in the 60 day cutting frequency. Planting density had no significant effect on chemical composition or IVDMD. These data suggest that Moringa forage could be an interesting protein supplement for ruminants.  相似文献   

20.
This study was carried out to evaluate hand-hoeing at different intervals, unweeding and weeding on nematode populations associated with maize cv. Third Cross Hybrid 3100 at the harvest stage. Hand-hoeing treatments, especially at 5 weeks after maize sowing, reduced the total populations ofDitylenchus sp.,Heterodera sp. andTylenchorhynchus clarus compared to unweeded plots. The minimum nematode populations were found in weed-free plots.  相似文献   

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