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1.
在包括着花生栽培种在内的花生属同一区系中野生二倍体种的细胞学研究表明,除一个种外,其染色体组型具有9对大染色体和1 对小染色体(‘A’)的特征。例外的一个种A.ba tizocoi具有更为一致的染色体组型。相同染色体组型二倍体种的种间杂种,具有中等的至高的花粉染色率,但在包含着A.batizocoi的杂交组合中,其杂种的花粉染色率为0,花粉母细胞的减数分裂也很不规则。这种不育的杂种,通过染色体组加倍,很可能产生可育的、稳定的双二倍体。有人提议,栽培种花生可能起源于这样一种不育的种间杂种,而从形态学和植物地理学角度来看,截至目前所搜集到的类型,最可能的染色体组的供体种是A.cardenasii和A.batizocoi。 相似文献
2.
《中国油料作物学报》2016,(3)
开展花生种间杂交与杂种遗传研究对于探明种间亲缘关系、创制新种质和培育新品种具有重要意义。本研究利用花生栽培品种白沙1016(2n=4X=40,AABB)与二倍体野生种A.macedoi(2n=2X=20)进行种间杂交,通过胚拯救获得种间杂种F_1植株,进而对F_1进行了分子标记鉴定、有丝分裂与减数分裂观察和基因组荧光原位杂交(GISH)分析。结果显示,杂种F_1有30条染色体,其中既有来自母本白沙1016的染色质,又有来自父本A.macedoi的染色质;A.macedoi染色体经DAPI染色显示出明亮着丝粒带且包含一对"小染色体";白沙1016的A染色体组也显示出A.macedoi基因组标记探针的杂交信号;F_1减数分裂终变期染色体平均构型为0.6 III+8.27 II+11.6 I,减数分裂I期后、末期表现为不均等分裂。以上结果表明本研究获得了新的种间杂种F_1材料,所涉及的A.macedoi可能为A染色体组物种;A.macedoi染色体与花生A染色体组发生交换产生补偿性易位的几率比较大;减数分裂后、末期染色体的不均等分裂和非四分体形成,是杂种F_1表现高度不育的重要原因之一。 相似文献
3.
花生属种间杂种F1的雄配子发生与发育特点研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究以铁矾－苏木精法和改良卡宝品红染色法对载野杂交组合父本Arachis cardenasii（二倍体）、母本铁岭四粒红（四倍体）及杂种F1根尖细胞染色体进行观察，F1为2n＝30。利用醋酸洋红压片法对野生种A.cardenasii花粉母细胞减数分裂及小孢子发育各个时期进行了观察。杂种F1的花粉母细胞减数分裂及小孢子发育与四倍体栽培种花生相比表现出一些特殊的细胞学特点：F1花粉母细胞联会复杂，染色体构型平均值为2n＝9.5Ⅰ＋6.7Ⅱ 1.8Ⅲ 0.4Ⅳ；大发细胞以15：15方式分离。存在染色单体分离提前现象；细胞核发生异型分裂，并形成了在体积上显著小于正常子细胞的小细胞，从而导致形成五分体和六分体；绝大多数小孢子的败育发生在单核居中期至单核靠边;F1 花粉萌发率低，花粉发育不正常。另外F1的部分花粉具有6个萌发孔，特别是以秋水仙素处理恢复育性的F1花粉均具有6个萌发孔。 相似文献
4.
本文研究了花生属拟直立型组(Section Erectoides)三个种(系)间多种—代及其双二倍体的形态特征、花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中染色体的联会形式及育性.结果表明,该组的染色体组已出现分化和变异,染色体结构变异可能是导致分化的重要因素之一。文中还简单地讨论了该组优良种(系)的应用前景. 相似文献
5.
野生种Arachis duranensis（AA）和A. ipaensis（BB）是花生栽培种最可能的二倍体祖先种,而其合成的四倍体是研究花生起源与进化的重要材料。本研究利用A. duranensis系（PI 497262）和A. ipaensis（PI 468322）,通过杂交、组织培养、寡核苷酸探针染色荧光原位杂交（OS FISH）和基因组原位杂交（GISH）技术创制和鉴定了一个新的种间杂种W1824,进一步对其花粉育性、减数分裂行为和表型性状进行分析,发现W1824花粉高度不育,染色体平均构型为0.5 III + 3.5 II + 11.5 I,主茎高、侧枝长和叶面积均表现出超亲优势。表明PI 497262和PI 468322具有较高的杂交亲和性,暗示由上述两个系合成的四倍体花生可能具有显著高于亲本的生物产量和不稳定的染色体遗传方式。 相似文献
6.
由丹参四倍体和二倍体杂交获得丹参三倍体,三倍体植株高度不育。为探讨其育性的细胞学机制,我们采用细胞学和解剖学的方法,对其花粉母细胞发育过程中的染色体和细胞学表现进行了观测。结果表明,丹参三倍体植株生长正常,在花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中存在落后染色体、染色体不均等分向两极、染色体桥等异常现象,分裂结果产生三分体、微核等,而且花粉粒形态异常,产生畸变,萌发率极低。这些说明,丹参三倍体在生长发育过程中,由于减数分裂过程中染色体数目不平衡,在减数分裂过程中产生各种畸变、异常的染色体和细胞的行为表现,是造成其不育的主要原因。本研究为丹参三倍体育性研究提供理论依据,也为丹参育种生产实践提供指导。 相似文献
7.
研究了花生属中花生组与拟直立型组３５ 个种间杂交组合的杂种胚珠和幼胚的发育状况,其中２３ 个组合为栽培种（２ｎ＝ ４ｘ）×拟直立型组野生种（２ｎ＝ ２ｘ）,１２ 个组合为花生组野生种（２ｎ＝ ２ｘ）与拟直立型组野生种杂交。所有组合的杂种均在发育过程的某一阶段发生败育,但组合间差异较大,野生种之间杂种胚的发育状况一般好于栽培种与野生种的杂种胚,共观察到３ 种不同的败育类型。采用胚珠和幼胚离体培养方法,成功地克服了种间杂交不亲和性,在９ 个杂交组合中首次获得杂种一代幼苗,移栽后有５ 个组合的杂种植株存活下来,并相继开花。对这些杂种后代的花粉育性、结实性、形态特征及花粉母细胞分裂过程进行了全面分析,证实了杂种的真实性。杂种胚珠和幼胚离体培养的成功,为进一步拓宽远缘杂交的亲本范围和更好地利用宝贵的野生花生资源,提供了有效的技术途径。 相似文献
8.
为了研究异质小麦雄性不育系减数分裂中期Ⅰ与后期Ⅰ的染色体行为及与育性恢复的相关性,以几类异质小麦雄性不育系为母本,用常规品种(系)作为父本与其杂交,调查了杂种F1减数分裂中期Ⅰ单价体频率与后期Ⅰ染色体变异率及自交结实率之间的相关性.结果表明:(1)花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ单价体频率与后期Ⅰ染色体变异率呈显著正相关,后期Ⅰ染色体变异率与自交结实率呈负相关,但不显著;(2)相同异质不育系与相同或不同品种杂交时减数分裂中期Ⅰ单价体频率与后期Ⅰ染色体变异率及结实率差异不显著;(3)不同异质不育系与相同或不同品种杂交时减数分裂中期Ⅰ单价体频率与后期Ⅰ染色体变异率差异性较为显著,但减数分裂中期Ⅰ单价体频率与结实率差异性不显著;(4)异质小麦中,异源胞质影响染色体变异,但核基因是调控的关键因素. 相似文献
9.
花生原产于南美洲,国外从三十年代就开始研究花生野生资源的利用,到五十年代初才获得了与栽培种杂交的不育三倍体杂种,到七十年代不少国家重视了这项研究,并获得了一些抗病性强、品质优良的种间杂种材料。 国内从近几年开始研究,我们先后对花生种间杂交亲和性及花生种间三倍体杂种染色体加倍技术等进行了报导,同时也获得一些杂种材料和连续与栽培种回交的子代材料,现正在选育中。 花生种间杂交,由于双亲的染色体倍性不同,杂交后产生的三倍体(2n=30)杂种尽管经过人工加倍处理后,F_1代杂种成为可育的异源六倍体(2n=60), 相似文献
10.
专论细胞遗传学研究在花生育种中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由10个栽培品种和一个二倍体野生种A.Chacoenoe(Pl276235)杂交产生了三倍体的种间杂种。杂种表现了不同的交叉频率,这证明不同的花生品种的染色体配对能力是不同的,同时也揭示出克服杂交不亲合性并使之成功的可能性。为了进行普通细胞学研究并详细地鉴别外加系和替换系,对花生粗线期20条染色体进行了鉴别,并作了首次的叙述与分类。发现A—染色体是一个相当小的完全异染色质的染色体。 为了填补某些种的种子败育我们知识上的缺口,对根茎区系一些种的胚胎学进行了研究,这些种受精作用进行迟缓和不完全受精。种子败育大概是由于胚乳发育停止和内种皮细胞发育增生等原因所致。种间三倍体杂交呈现了不能受精的无配子生殖所具有的那种胚胎特征。 相似文献
11.
12.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
13.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
15.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
16.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
17.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
18.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
19.
Rita Favas Janaína Morone Rosrio Martins Vitor Vasconcelos Graciliana Lopes 《Marine drugs》2022,20(3)
The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O2•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O2•− scavenging, (IC50 = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC25 = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC50 = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC50 = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O2•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms. 相似文献
20.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献