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土壤水分含量是对地表生态过程有着重要影响的生态因子,在三峡库区生态环境保护中具有重要作用。选取三峡库区典型植被类型杉木、马尾松混交林(A)和马尾松纯林(B),通过网格(3.00 m×3.00 m)取样,地统计学方法研究群落(30.00 m×30.00 m)0.00 - 20.00 cm土壤水分的空间特征。结果表明:(1)两种典型植物群落土壤含水量空间变异性不同,样地A和样地B土壤含水量的变异系数分别表现出弱和中等强度的变异性;(2)两种典型植物群落土壤水分具有良好的半方差结构,半方差函数曲线可以用球状模型进行拟合。土壤水分的空间相关范围存在明显的差异,有效变程分别为51.00 m和12.37 m;土壤水分分布格局呈明显的斑块状分布;(3)在本研究区域内,植被、地形和地貌等是影响土壤含水量空间异质性的主要因素。 相似文献
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森林土壤养分空间异质性研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
森林土壤养分的空间异质性直接关系着林地生产力、生态恢复的方向与途径,是植物群落空间格局形成的重要影响因素,对生态系统的演替有重要作用,因此近年来有关土壤养分空间异质性的研究成为国内外研究的热点。文中就海拔高度、土层深度、坡向、植被类型等环境因素对森林土壤养分空间异质性的影响进行了综述,指出目前该研究领域存在的主要问题是结合多种环境因子对土壤进行季节动态变化的研究比较缺乏,基于林分或更大尺度下对森林生态系统土壤空间异质性的形成机制、土壤空间变异规律同人为干扰、物种空间分布格局等关系的研究应该得到更多重视,并提出今后研究的方向。 相似文献
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应用地统计学结合地理信息系统研究了广东省东莞市森林表层土壤（0～25 cm）有机质、全氮、全钾、全磷和pH值等5种土壤肥力指标的空间变异规律。研究表明：全磷、全钾、有机质、全氮为中等变异;pH值属于弱变异;全钾、pH值的变异函数曲线的理论模型符合球状模型,有机质、全氮、全磷适用模型为指数模型;全磷、全钾、有机质、pH值具有中等空间相关性,全氮的空间相关性较弱;5种肥力指标的空间自相关范围存在明显差异,变化范围为2218～19297 m。用普通克立格法进行最优内插,得各肥力指标含量分布图,并分析了各土壤肥力指标的分布状态。 相似文献
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Forest structure in space: a case study of an old growth spruce-fir forest in Changbaishan Natural Reserve, PR China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ecologists and foresters are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of spatial information in ecosystem analysis and resource management. An across-scale analysis of forest structure was conducted to characterize the spatial characteristics of a 2 ha spruce-fir forest located inside Changbaishan Natural Reserve (CNR), PR China. The study was designed to develop an approach for assessment of within-stand heterogeneity to increase understanding of the effects of heterogeneity on pattern–process relationships in forests. Univariate and bivariate Ripley's K functions were employed to capture stand heterogeneity in terms of intra- and inter-specific point patterns of tree distributions. Stem-mapped crowns were generated and analyzed as canopy patches within a geographic information system (GIS) to quantify patterns within the strata of the forest canopy. The dominant spruces were randomly distributed within each height class but aggregated when all height classes were analyzed. In addition, spruces had repulsive patterns to other species which exhibited clear aggregation. Canopy heterogeneity, both in terms of composition and spatial patterning, were complex – as expressed within canopy layers and among individual forest species. This across-scale complexity supports a multivariate spatial and across-scale approach to characterizing forest structure, and argues for linked pattern-process experiments. We suggest that joint field and simulation studies be conducted which relate changes in forest stand dynamics to changes in stand heterogeneity. These linked studies are needed to provide a measure of ecological significance relative to statistical significance of patterns. 相似文献
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回顾我国城市绿地系统规划的发展路径及方向,阐述融合了生态学思想的城市绿地系统规划原理．继而以苏州市为例,分析了生态学思想在城市绿地系统规划中的具体运用,认为其规划充分利用了苏州市的自然地貌,从而形成了环状式网络布局结构,廊道结构合理,组成了稳定的生态廊道,有利于生物多样性保护．其生态学思想的应用体现在利用自然生态条件建立完整连续的城市绿地空间系统,碳氧平衡构造可持续的生态城市． 相似文献
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基于RS和GIS的天鹅山林场森林景观格局研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以2003年12月28日Spot5遥感图像和2000年天鹅山森林二类资源调查数据为主要数据源,利用ERMAP-PER和ARCGIS为空间信息处理工具得到森林景观分布图,采用软件Fragstats3.3对天鹅山林场的景观要素特征、景观异质性和景观空间关系进行了分析,以揭示其生态状况和空间变异。结果表明:全场共划分7类景观要素,其中杉木林、阔叶林为该场主要森林景观要素类型;松林与幼林受人类干扰大而阔叶林受人类干扰小;杉木林地之间的聚集状况较好。 相似文献
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The present landscape structure and function is the result of centuries of changes produced both by natural processes and human driving forces. For centuries many mountain and hillside areas have been the subject of deforestation to create space for agriculture and grazing, although the abandonment of traditional mountain agriculture has produced a natural forest recovery in many regions of the world. The physical changes imposed on the landscape by the development of secondary woodland have brought both positive and negative consequences, depending on the geographical and economic context and on the scale of the sites. Among the ecological problems caused by natural reforestation, one of great interest is the reduction of open spaces resulting in a loss of landscape heterogeneity and mosaic features. This review paper focused its attention on landscape metrics or indices that are frequently used to assess the structural characteristics of the landscape and to monitor changes in land use: mean patch size (MPS), connectivity (CONN), boundary length (BL) and the patch number (NP). Through the analysis of 52 selected papers and 53 case studies, we identified the main gaps in current knowledge, providing directions for further research. Most of the reviewed studies focused only on a portion of the spatial attributes that we were interested in and only 32 case studies reported accurate data both on forest expansion rate and time range analyzed in the study area. We conclude that the study of changes in all the spatial attributes considered within the same case study is a key to explain ecological consequences in mosaic cycles or in stochastic dynamic landscapes that emerged from the interplay of several processes, and to predict and explain their spatial and temporal characteristics. The current knowledge of how changing spatial attributes affect biodiversity, habitats, and ecosystem functions is limited by the scarcity of studies that explicitly consider the shifting in time of the four spatial attributes together. 相似文献
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景观水系整治中的生态规划——以深圳茅洲河综合治理规划为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
随着城市化进程的加快,许多郊野的河流水系成为城市重要的自然开放空间。同时水系的景观功能、休闲游憩功能和生态功能日益彰显。文章以深圳茅洲河的综合治理为例,探讨水系景观生态规划的理念、目标和内容,最后从水系景观生态规划中总结所得到的启示。
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Managing for biodiversity in Pacific Northwest forest ecosystems requires a means to predict the interactive effects of natural, introduced, and altered disturbance regimes. Although disturbances are known to be a determinant of patterns of biological diversity, disturbance and diversity principles have not been consistently applied in management of forest ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest. Here we review disturbance and diversity theory and develop a synthetic conceptual model for use in predicting the effects of disturbances of any origin on biodiversity, focusing on the Pacific Northwest. Disturbance principles have traditionally been applied to understanding patterns of species diversity, but they can also be applied to understanding the broader concept of biodiversity. Our conceptual model integrates these principles, illustrating relationships among mechanisms that limit species diversity and those that enhance it. Diversity-limiting factors are: environmental stress due to high levels of disturbance relative to productivity, and competitive exclusion that can arise where disturbance has been suppressed or managed to favor a particular species’ dominance. Conversely, biological diversity will be enhanced by disturbances that are not too frequent to be stressful, and that create functional heterogeneity (spatial and temporal variation in habitat structure and biological legacies that are vital for post-disturbance reproduction and growth). The three disturbance-related mechanisms that determine diversity operate over local to landscape spatial scales and ecological time scales and thus can be readily influenced by management. By comprehensively evaluating existing disturbance regimes and how they are influencing these factors, managers can help maintain or restore the ecological foundation for biodiversity. We describe management approaches to improve this foundation focusing on forests managed for multiple goals in the Pacific Northwest, where there is considerable potential for and interest in maintaining and enhancing biodiversity. 相似文献
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GIS支持下滇池流域生态环境敏感性评价 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
针对滇池流域存在的主要生态环境问题,选取坡度、地形起伏度、土地利用类型、土壤侵蚀强度和磷矿污染程度共5类关键性因子作为评价指标,运用GIS技术进行生态敏感性综合评价.结果表明,滇池流域生态敏感性在空间分布上呈显著差异性,低敏感区主要分布在昆明市周边西山区、五华区、盘龙区和官渡区及嵩明县部分地区,土地面积约为1062 km2,约占流域总面积的36.39%,土地利用类型多为林地、草地,生态环境较好;滇池湿地生态服务功能不明显,基本符合滇池污染严重的现状,中敏感区土地面积约为1374 km2,约占流域总面积的47.05%;高敏感区的分布主要受到磷矿、采石场等污染源的影响,土地面积约为484 km2,约占流域总面积的16.56%. 相似文献
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Maintaining understory plant species diversity is an important management goal as forest restoration and fuel reduction treatments are applied extensively to dry coniferous forests of western North America. However, understory diversity is a function of both local species richness (number of species in a sample unit) and community heterogeneity (beta diversity) at multiple spatial scales, while studies of restoration treatment effects often only examine local species richness at one or two spatial scales. We studied experimental thinning and prescribed fire treatment effects on understory plant species richness and community heterogeneity at three spatial scales using additive diversity partitioning. We also evaluated treatment effects on understory plant species colonization and extirpation at two spatial scales. There was no evidence that active restoration treatments reduced species richness or increased local extirpation of species. Restoration treatments significantly increased herbaceous species richness at the treatment-unit level primarily by increasing community heterogeneity among sampling points within the units. The combination of thinning and burning produced the greatest increase in community heterogeneity, and increased colonization by species that were not sampled prior to treatment. These results suggest that restoration treatments designed primarily to reduce fire hazard and promote sustainable conditions in these fire-adapted ecosystems can also increase community heterogeneity and facilitate colonization by new understory species without significant local extirpation of extant species. 相似文献
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Evangelos N. Manolis Theocharis D. Zagas George K. Karetsos Styliani A. Poravou 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2018,37(7):712-726
As the sustainable forest biomass harvesting process is highly influenced by the terrain, the heterogeneity, and the protection status of the landscape, this study highlights the GIS and Remote Sensing as important scientific tools, assisting in the planning process and integrating the appropriate spatial limitations for an ecological forest biomass extraction in a rational bioenergy utilization framework. This study is focused on the northwest Greece and particularly in the regional unit of Grevena which is part of the Western Macedonia region, the region with the highest unemployment rates in Greece. As the forests in the regional unit of Grevena occupy a significant percentage over half of the regional unit area, the emphasis on the sustainable harvesting and utilization of forest biomass for energy purposes could tackle unemployment rates, enhance the energy autonomy of the remote mountain villages, and reduce the Mediterranean forest fire risk. The spatial data process and the implied spatial limitations unfold a methodology procedure, which is revealing specifically quantified and illustrated results as are emerging progressively the oak forests of the regional unit of Grevena with biomass harvesting capabilities, which do not belong to the Grevena’s protected areas, have accessible slopes and lower diversity index. 相似文献
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林业生态工程空间数据及其管理技术 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于地理信息系统的林业生态工程信息管理系统,将大大提高林业生态工程管理的效率和水平。本文对林业生态工程空间数据特点及其管理技术进行综述,以期对林业生态工程信息管理技术研究提供帮助。 相似文献
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利用传统统计学与地统计学相结合的方法对小兴安岭谷地不同衰退程度云冷杉林表层土壤(0～20cm)水分空间异质性和格局进行研究。结果表明,衰退明显增加了林地表层平均水分的含量,不同衰退程度的云冷杉林地之间表层土壤水分含量均有极显著差异(p0.01)。半方差函数分析结果表明,随着衰退程度的增加,使得平均块金值、基台值增大,空间结构比随着衰退程度的增加而减小。云冷杉林表层土壤水分含量具有高度的空间异质性,其空间异质性以空间自相关部分为主,从占总空间异质性的99%减小到71%;各向异性分析也表明,不同衰退程度的云冷杉林地表层土壤水分在各方向上为各向同性,表明土壤水分变化是独立、随机、同质性的;其空间格局有明显的差异,随着衰退程度的增加,分数维变大,斑块形状复杂程度增大,表层土壤水分空间分布格局明显破碎化。 相似文献