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1.
The small intestine of healthy adult Beagles was examined to determine whether subclinical abnormalities might exist that would be relevant to the use of Beagles in pharmacologic studies. Duodenal juice was obtained for qualitative and quantitative bacteriologic examinations; jejunal mucosa was taken for morphologic and biochemical investigation, and intestinal permeability was assessed by quantification of 24-hour urinary excretion of 51Cr-labeled EDTA after its oral administration. Comparisons were made with findings in healthy adult dogs of other breeds that served as controls. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth was found in 14 of the 21 Beagles examined, and represented a mixed flora that included obligate anaerobic bacteria in 8 dogs and exclusively aerobic bacteria in 6 dogs. Intestinal permeability (percentage urinary recovery of 51Cr-labeled EDTA; mean +/- SEM) was considerably higher (P < 0.01) in Beagles with anaerobic overgrowth (37.6 +/- 3.2%) or aerobic overgrowth (30.5 +/- 4.8%), compared with Beagles with no overgrowth (17.3 +/- 1.6%) and with controls (11.1 +/- 1.0%). In Beagles, significant (r = 0.54, P = 0.03) correlation was observed between 24-hour urinary recovery of 51Cr-labeled EDTA and bacterial numbers in duodenal juice. Morphologic changes in jejunal mucosa were minimal, and specific activities of brush border enzymes were not significantly decreased, apart from aminopeptidase N, but activities of lysosomal and endoplasmic reticular marker enzymes were higher in the 3 groups of Beagles with anaerobic, aerobic, or no overgrowth, compared with controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

2.
The influence of pancreatic secretions on the bacterial flora of the small intestine in 6 dogs was investigated by determining effects of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency on numbers and types of bacteria in duodenal juice, and by examining the subsequent response to dietary supplementation with bovine pancreatic extract. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency was induced by ligation of pancreatic ducts and was confirmed by indirect assessment of exocrine pancreatic function. Duct ligation was followed by large increases (P less than 0.01) in total numbers of bacteria, reflecting increased numbers particularly of Lactobacillus spp and Streptococcus spp, in 3 dogs accompanied by obligate anaerobes. Total numbers of aerobes and anaerobes decreased markedly (P less than 0.05) after supplementation with bovine pancreatic extract to values that were not significantly different from those determined before duct ligation. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency therefore resulted in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth that was reversed by pancreatic replacement therapy, indicating that pancreatic secretions can have an important influence on the small intestinal bacterial flora of dogs.  相似文献   

3.
In order to develop a calf model for studying the syndrome of ruminal drinking (RD) in veal calves, three dual-fistulated calves were used to test the effect of intraruminal administration of milk replacer on the jejunal mucosa. Biopsies of the proximal jejunal mucosa were taken through a jejunal fistula and the mucosal morphology and the activities of two brush border enzymes, lactase and alkaline phosphatase, were determined.Means of villus length and brush border enzyme activities decreased during the period of intraruminal administration of milk. The hyperplastic villus atrophy in this model was similar to that found in chronic RD patients in previous studies. This could not be associated with isolation of pathogenic micro-organisms from the faeces and is probably the consequence of the intraruminal milk feeding procedure itself.Clinical recovery from the signs of RD occurred rapidly after intraruminal administration of milk ceased and was followed by restoration of villus length and brush border enzyme activities 3–4 weeks later.  相似文献   

4.
Dogs (n = 158) with serum trypsinlike immunoreactivity (TLI) concentrations < or = 5.0 microg/L were studied. The diagnosis of clinical exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) was made in 114 of 158 dogs based on TLI concentration < 2.5 microg/L and clinical signs typical of EPI (eg, polyphagia, voluminous feces, weight loss). In 44 of 158 dogs, a single TLI measurement and clinical signs were not diagnostic. In 9 of 44 dogs, TLI was < 2.5 microg/L, indicating EPI, but the gastrointestinal signs were atypical or the dogs were asymptomatic. In 35 of 44 dogs, TLI was 2.5-5.0 microg/L. All 44 dogs were retested for TLI within 1-27 months (mean, 11.9 months). In 20 of 44 dogs, the retested TLI was normal (> 5.0 microg/L). In 4 of 44 dogs with clinically diagnosed EPI, the retested TLI was < 2.5 microg/L. In the remaining 20 of 44 dogs, TLI was persistently < 5.0 microg/L (range, 1.0-4.9 microg/L; mean, 3.1 microg/L). Of these dogs, 15 had no clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease, and 5 had occasional clinical signs atypical for EPI. Gross examination of the pancreas (12 dogs) showed that the amount of normal pancreatic tissue was remarkably diminished. These dogs were diagnosed with subclinical EPI. The TLI-stimulation test, in which TLI is measured before and after stimulation with secretin and cholecystokinin, showed a significant response (P < .05) both in dogs with subclinical EPI and in control dogs, but showed no response in dogs with clinical EPI. In this study, EPI was diagnosed in its subclinical phase by TLI concentrations persistently < 5.0 microg/L, and a single TLI concentration < 5.0 microg/L was not diagnostic. Retesting after TLI concentrations < 5.0 microg/L is recommended even in clinically normal dogs, because of the possibility of subclinical EPI.  相似文献   

5.
This overview summarizes research performed during the last decades that has had an impact on the diagnosis and management of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs. Pancreatic acinar atrophy is by far the most common cause for the maldigestion signs of canine EPI. The ability to diagnose pancreatic acinar atrophy in the subclinical phase before the development of total acinar atrophy and manifestation of clinical signs has offered new possibilities to study the pathogenesis of the disease. Diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic dysfunction is based on typical findings in clinical histories and clinical signs and is confirmed with pancreatic function tests. In recent years, the measurement of serum canine trypsin-like immunoreactivity has become the most commonly used pancreatic function test to diagnose canine EPI. Serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity measurement is species- and pancreas-specific. When clinical maldigestion signs of EPI appear, enzyme replacement therapy is indicated. Despite accurate enzyme supplementation, only a small portion of orally administered enzymes are delivered functionally intact into the small intestine. In dogs, the highest enzyme activity in the duodenum has been obtained with nonenteric-coated supplements: raw chopped pancreas or powdered enzymes. Aside from dietary enzyme supplements, dietary changes are often made to improve clinical response, but sometimes weight gain and stool quality remain suboptimal. Other medications for treatment of gastrointestinal tract signs are often used in such dogs with EPI. Antibiotics are the most common adjunctive medication. Of the antibiotics administered, tylosin is used in Finland almost exclusively.  相似文献   

6.
Chronic pancreatitis is a common cause of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in humans and cats but is rarely recognised in dogs in which pancreatic acinar atrophy (PAA) is reportedly more common. This paper describes four dogs which developed EPI secondary to pancreatitis. Two of the dogs also had diabetes mellitus which developed before EPI. One diabetic dog had concurrent hyperadrenocorticism and was euthanased five months after presentation; the other diabetic dog died 48 months after diagnosis. The remaining dogs were alive 78 and 57 months after diagnosis. The number of affected dogs was comparable to the number of cases of presumed PAA seen over the same time period in the same institution. Chronic pancreatitis may be a more common cause of EPI in dogs than previously assumed and may be under-recognised because of difficulties in diagnosis. The relative importance of chronic pancreatitis as a cause of canine diabetes mellitus remains to be ascertained.  相似文献   

7.
Malabsorption can result from interference with either the degradation or absorption phases in the handling of dietary constituents and represents an important cause of weight loss and diarrhoea in dogs. Effective treatment depends on identification and understanding of the underlying disease which could affect the functional capacity of the exocrine pancreas or small intestine. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) can be identified by a low concentration of trypsin-like immunoreactivity in serum and results in serious malabsorption due to interference with degradation of carbohydrate, protein and fat. Treatment with oral pancreatic extract complemented by a low fat, high quality protein diet, is effective in many cases. Refractory cases may need additional treatment with an oral antibiotic for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), and H2-receptor blockers to help prevent denaturation of the pancreatic extract by stomach acid. The pancreas plays a key role in the normal absorption of cobalamin (vitamin B12) in dogs and malabsorption of cobalamin in EPI may not resolve with treatment so that cobalamin may need to be given parenterally. Small intestinal disease may result in interference with the number or functioning of individual enterocytes, in some cases accompanied by cellular infiltration of the mucosa. Diagnosis depends on indirect assessment of intestinal damage, for example by assay of serum vitamins and determination of intestinal absorption and permeability, and in selected cases followed by endoscopic examination, intestinal biopsy and culture of duodenal juice. Treatment depends on the disease and may include oral antibiotic for SIBO and immunosuppressive drugs for infiltrative disease. Dietary management is also important, for example with a restricted fat diet containing highly digestible carbohydrate and high quality protein, and when a dietary sensitivity is suspected a restriction diet of a selected protein source may be needed.  相似文献   

8.
Quantitative and qualitative bacteriological studies were performed on duodenal juice from 19 dogs with chronic small intestinal disease. Bacterial overgrowth was demonstrated in seven German shepherd dogs with minimal histological but specific biochemical abnormalities in the jejunal mucosa. Most frequently this overgrowth comprised bacteria of the normal flora, particularly Escherichia coli and enterococci, but these were occasionally accompanied by bacteria rarely present in the proximal small intestine of the normal dog, particularly Clostridium species. In most cases this overgrowth was associated with raised serum folate and reduced serum vitamin B12 concentrations, a finding consistent with the capacity of many enteric bacteria to synthesise folate and bind vitamin B12.  相似文献   

9.
OBJECTIVE: To determine serum lipase activities and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) concentrations in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). ANIMALS: 74 healthy dogs and 25 dogs with EPI. PROCEDURES: A diagnosis of EPI was made on the basis of clinical signs, low serum trypsin like immunoreactivity (TLI) concentration, and response to treatment with enzyme replacement. Median values for fasting serum lipase activity and serum PLI concentrations were compared between the 2 groups with a Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Median fasting serum lipase activity was not significantly different between dogs with EPI (366.0 U/L) and healthy dogs (294.5 U/L), and only 1 dog with EPI had a serum lipase activity less than the lower limit of the reference range. Median serum PLI concentration was significantly lower in dogs with EPI (0.1 microg/L) than in healthy dogs (16.3 microg/L). All dogs with EPI had serum PLI concentrations less than the lower limit of the reference range. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Serum lipase activity is not limited to the exocrine pancreas in origin, whereas serum PLI is derived only from the exocrine pancreas. Unlike in serum TLI concentrations, there was a small degree of overlap in serum PLI concentrations between healthy dogs and dogs with EPI. Serum TLI concentration remains the test of choice for diagnosis of EPI.  相似文献   

10.
Controversy exists over the diagnosis of idiopathic small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in dogs and some clinicians use the term antibiotic-responsive diarrhea (ARD) in preference. However, whether such terms are interchangeable is not clear. To examine the relationship between duodenal bacterial numbers and a clinical response to antibiotics, SIBO and ARD were defined by nonoverlapping criteria. Quantitative duodenal juice bacteriology and indirect serum biochemical tests were used to assess small intestinal bacterial populations in 30 dogs with gastrointestinal disorders, including 9 with ARD. Serum total unconjugated bile acid (TUBA) concentrations were measured in all dogs, serum folate and cobalamin concentrations were measured in 29 of 30 dogs, and quantitative culture of duodenal juice was performed in 22 of 30 dogs. Serum TUBA concentrations also were measured in samples from 38 control dogs. Twenty of 22 affected (clinical) dogs in which quantitative bacteriology was performed were classified as having SIBO (>10(5) colony-forming units of total bacteria per milliliter of duodenal juice), but bacterial numbers did not differ significantly between dogs with ARD and dogs with other disorders. Increased folate (19/29), decreased cobalamin (16/ 29), or a combination (9/29) were common, but increased TUBA concentrations were documented in only 5 of 30 clinical dogs. Again, no significant differences were observed between dogs with ARD and those with other disorders, and a similar proportion (5/38) of controls had abnormally high TUBA concentrations. Finally, no significant differences were noted when duodenal bacteriology and TUBA concentrations were assessed before and during antibiotic therapy. These results question the utility of quantitative duodenal juice bacteriology and indirect biochemical marker tests for SIBO in the investigation of canine gastrointestinal disorders.  相似文献   

11.
Routine liver biochemical parameters were evaluated in 8 dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) induced by surgical ligation of the pancreatic duct and the pancreatic branch of the pancreaticoduodenal artery and confirmed with the trypsin-like immunoreactivity test. Eight additional dogs were used as healthy controls. Data collection began at the 4th week postoperatively and continued weekly to the 21st week. In the dogs with EPI, the serum activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were consistently elevated. The serum total and conjugated bilirubin concentrations remained within normal limits throughout the experimental period. Histopathological study revealed hepatic lipidosis in the dogs with EPI. Therefore, since this condition seems to be an additional consequence of EPI in dogs, laboratory evaluation of dogs with EPI must include assessment of liver function, to determine if additional or different therapeutic measures are indicated.  相似文献   

12.
This study examines the ability of Giardia duodenalis trophozoites, isolated from a wild bird, to colonize the intestinal tracts of companion animals (kittens) and domestic ruminants (lambs). Trophozoites colonized the intestinal tracts of intraduodenally inoculated animals as demonstrated by increasing parasite burdens within the duodenum and jejunum and by fecal passage of cysts within 4 days post-inoculation. The pathogenesis of the trophozoites was further investigated in kittens. In these animals, infection significantly reduced jejunal brush border microvillous length and density, which resulted in a loss of overall epithelial brush border surface area. This injury was associated with the production of diarrhea in four of five infected kittens. These findings indicate that some bird species may carry G. duodenalis that represent a possible health threat to companion animals and livestock. Our results describe the first successful colonization of avian-derived G. duodenalis trophozoites in the small intestines of domestic kittens and lambs.  相似文献   

13.
In small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) syndrome the small intestine is colonized by bacteria in excess of 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml or g (Batt et al 1983, Williams et al 1987, Strombeck & Guilford 1990). In dogs, SIBO has only recently been recognized as a cause of gastrointestinal signs like diarrhea (Strombeck et al 1981, Batt et al 1983, Batt & McLean 1987, Batt et al 1988). No demonstrable underlying anatomic or functional predisposition is identified in most cases of canine SIBO. However, most of the reported cases have been on German shepherds and dogs suffering from pancreatic insufficiency (Williams etal 1987; Simpson etal 1990).  相似文献   

14.
The effects of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency on the small intestinal mucosa were examined in dogs following pancreatic duct ligation. There were no significant changes either in villus architecture or enterocyte height after duct ligation, but numbers of bacteria in duodenal juice increased then subsequently decreased following treatment with exogenous pancreatic enzymes. Pancreatic insufficiency resulted in a considerable increase in the proportion of microvillar membrane proteins of molecular mass over 200 kDa from 3.3 +/- 4 per cent (mean +/- SEM) to 13.6 +/- 7.2 per cent, and this decreased to 6.9 +/- 5.2 per cent following pancreatic enzyme supplementation. However, anticipated increases in activities of maltase and sucrase were not observed following duct ligation, and there was a reduction in lactase activity which was reversed by pancreatic supplementation. Activities of marker enzymes for the other subcellular organelles showed relatively minor or no changes throughout the study. These findings are consistent with a specific role for pancreatic enzymes in the post-translational processing of intestinal microvillar membrane proteins, and suggest that reduced degradation of brush border proteins in the absence of pancreatic secretions may be masked by quantitative and qualitative changes in the intestinal microflora.  相似文献   

15.
Previously published studies of the pathology of canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) have been based on morphological findings during the clinical phase of the disease, when atrophy of acinar parenchyma occurs. Recently, low serum trypsinlike immunoreactivity (TLI) concentration has been shown to precede clinical signs, making it possible to diagnose EPI prior to onset of the clinical disease. This study presents histological and ultrastructural findings of pancreatic biopsies from 11 German Shepherd Dogs and 2 Rough-coated Collies with subclinical EPI (SEPI). These findings were compared with those from dogs with clinical EPI (n = 11) and healthy control dogs (n = 5). Biopsied tissue from dogs with SEPI typically contained both normal and atrophied acinar parenchyma. The most significant finding was the marked lymphocytic infiltration, which was most prevalent at the border zone of affected and nonaffected parenchyma but had spread into the normal acinar tissue. Numerous intraacinar lymphocytes were found. Most of the lymphocytes were positive by immunostaining for CD3. In more advanced stages of destruction, the findings were characteristic of pancreatic acinar atrophy. In the atrophied parenchyma, the inflammatory reaction, if present, was less prominent. Ultrastructural changes were in accordance with those of the histological study showing infiltration of lymphocytes both in affected acini and in acini that revealed no obvious ultrastructural changes. Progressive degenerative changes of acinar cells were considered a nonspecific finding. Apoptotic death of acinar cells was occasionally found. The inflammatory reaction was clearly shown to precede the pancreatic acinar atrophy, and the findings suggested that lymphocytic pancreatitis leads to atrophy of the pancreas. The possibility that EPI is an immune-mediated disease in German Shepherd Dogs and Rough-coated Collies is discussed.  相似文献   

16.
Pancreatic acinar atrophy (PAA) is by far the most common cause for the maldigestion signs of canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). The ability to diagnose PAA in the subclinical phase before the development of total acinar atrophy and manifestation of clinical signs has offered new possibilities to study the pathogenesis of the disease. Marked T-lymphocyte infiltration during the progression of acinar atrophy and the genetic susceptibility of the disease have been taken as a primary evidence of the autoimmune nature of the disease. The term autoimmune-mediated atrophic lymphocytic pancreatitis is preferred to describe pathologic findings. A single abnormally, low serum canine trypsin-like immunoreactivity (cTLI) concentration (< 2.5 mg/L), in dogs with typical maldigestion signs has been shown to be highly diagnostic for clinical EPI and is found in dogs with end-stage PAA. Repeatedly subnormal cTLI values (2.5-5.0 micrograms/L) in dogs with no clinical signs of EPI are valuable markers of subclinical EPI and highly suggestive for partial PAA. The primary treatment of EPI is supplementing each meal with pancreatic enzymes. The long-term treatment response for the nonenteric-coated enzyme supplements has been found to be good in half of these dogs, but the response varied considerably.  相似文献   

17.
This is a report of seven-year-old male Akita mixed dog, with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). He had a history of chronic vomiting and diarrhea with anorexia/hyporexia. Previously he suffered acute abdomen about eight months prior to this visit. Our dog showed uncommon combination of diseases that could cause PLE since it was affected by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL), and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). The dog had most of the abnormalities found in IL, as well as hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, lymphopenia, hypocalcemia, and hypercholesterolemia. During endoscopy exam, we found changes characteristic of IL such as irregular small white spots. We took biopsies from stomach, duodenum, and cecum. These biopsies showed infiltration by lymphocytes and plasmatic cells in the lamina propria also, the duodenal biopsies showed moderate dilation of the lymphatic vessels. The patient had 2.1?µg/mL of TLI, this result was compatible with EPI. We assume that the first pathology in this animal was IBD, which caused chronic pancreatitis (CP) that in turn progressed to EPI. It is also possible that IL was secondary to IBD. We have reported for the first time the correlation of IBD and EPI in dogs. This should change our approach to treating chronic diarrhea in dogs. Therefore, we propose that dogs diagnosed with EPI should also be subjected to endoscopy and intestinal biopsy. Similarly, to rule out secondary EPI, TLI should be measured routinely in dogs with IBD.  相似文献   

18.
The most common cause for the clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs is pancreatic acinar atrophy (PAA). In the subclinical phase of EPI, before total atrophy occurs, exocrine pancreas is affected by infiltrative lymphocytic inflammation, which gradually leads to selective destruction and atrophy of the acinar tissue.Here, we analyzed the role of cell-mediated and humoral immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of atrophic lymphocytic pancreatitis in German shepherd dogs and rough-coated collies. Pancreas biopsies and serum samples were obtained from 12 dogs with subclinical EPI (SEPI), 13 dogs with clinical EPI and 13 healthy control dogs.Immunohistochemical analysis showed that, in the subclinical phase, the majority of the infiltrating lymphocytes were T-cells with an almost equal number of CD4+ 'T-helper' and CD8+ 'cytotoxic' T-lymphocytes. The distribution of the two lymphocyte subsets was different. Typically, the CD4+ cells were present in large cellular infiltrates in the affected parenchyma, and the scattered CD8+ cells had infiltrated both the affected and the normal parenchyma. In sections where destruction of acinar parenchyma was present, the CD8+ T-cells were predominant. In cases of marked T-cell infiltration, CD79+ B-lymphocytes and plasma cells, and lysozyme-positive macrophages were also detected. Lymphoid follicle germinal centers with a majority of cells staining positively for CD79 were found. The lymphocytic infiltration in the totally atrophic tissue of dogs with clinical EPI was less prominent. Indirect immunofluorescence staining showed serum antibodies reacting weakly with pancreatic acinar cells in five out of nine dogs with subclinical and three out of 10 dogs with clinical EPI, but not in the control dogs.The results suggest that the tissue destruction is largely T-cell-mediated, although the presence of numerous B-lymphocytes and pancreas-specific antibodies in the sera of some dogs indicate that humoral mechanisms are also involved. In conclusion, this study suggests that the atrophic lymphocytic pancreatitis in German shepherds and rough-coated collies is an autoimmune disease.  相似文献   

19.
The retinoid etretinate influences the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells. Therefore, the activity of disaccharidases maltase and sucrase was measured in duodenum and jejunum after oral retinoid application to female mice. The enzymes are localized in the brush border of differentiating mucosal cells. The etretinate dose ranged from 0.1 to 1 mg/kg. The treatment with etretinate induced a decrease of the duodenal and jejunal disaccharidase activity. A correlation between the influence in intestinal enzyme activity and undesired gastrointestinal side effects which were described by GOLD et al. (1988) is supposed.  相似文献   

20.
Biochemical changes in the small intestine during development of naturally acquired wheat-sensitive enteropathy of Irish Setters were investigated. To distinguish primary biochemical abnormalities from secondary effects of intestinal damage, progeny of affected dogs reared on a normal wheat-containing diet were compared with their own littermates reared on a cereal-free diet and with age-matched clinically normal Irish Setters fed the same wheat-containing diet. Peroral jejunal biopsy specimens were sequentially obtained between weaning and 1 year of age; specific activity and reorientating sucrose density-gradient distribution of organelle marker enzymes were determined. Major primary biochemical abnormalities were not detected in affected progeny. In affected dogs fed wheat, there was a selective, but secondary, loss of the brush border alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase N activities. This loss was associated with the development of partial villus atrophy, but represented a specific effect of dietary wheat on the brush border, not merely a nonspecific effect of mucosal damage, because other brush border enzymes, including disaccharidases, were not similarly affected. Increased soluble activities of lysosomal and peroxisomal marker enzymes late in the disease process may represent alterations in these 2 organelles as a secondary consequence of mucosal damage.  相似文献   

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