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1.
In this study the contribution of biological N2 fixation (BNF) to several green manure crops used at planting of sugar cane, or in the inter-rows of the ratoon crop, was evaluated. The subsequent effects of these legumes on the N supply and yield of the sugar cane crop was also investigated. The experiment was conducted in an extremely sandy N-deficient soil over two consecutive years. In the first year the legumes were planted on the same day as the sugar cane and in the second year they were planted immediately after the harvesting of the cane. The treatments consisted of four legume species (Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis, Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna deeringiana), 100 kg N as urea fertiliser in a split addition, and no fertiliser N addition. The legumes were planted as two rows spaced 40 cm apart between each row of cane. Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) and maize (Zea mays) were planted along the side of the experiment to act as non-N2-fixing reference plants for the application of the 15N natural abundance technique to quantify the BNF input to the legumes and the sugar cane. The soil cover, monitored using an overhead digital camera, showed that Crotalaria juncea was the quickest to establish and cover the soil. At 31 days after planting (DAP) it reached a height of over 60 cm, more than twice that of any of the other green manures, and covered 55% of the soil, 16% more than that of the second most vigorous legume, Canavalia ensiformis. Using the natural abundance 15N technique it was deduced that all of the legumes had obtained over 60% of their N from BNF. BNF inputs to some of the green-manure legumes were quite significant, ranging from 35 to 55 kg N ha?1 for Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea and Mucuna deeringiana at plant crop, whereas the effect of the presence of these legumes on final cane yield and dry matter and N accumulation was not significant. There was also considerable evidence of negative (allelopathic) effects on cane growth induced by the presence of some of the legumes, especially Crotalaria juncea.  相似文献   

2.
Yard trimmings from sources rich in grass clippings have the potential to supply nutrients for crop production. Our objectives were to estimate N availability from yard trimmings and determine their effects on crop production, soil nutrients, and organic matter levels. We conducted a field experiment, comparing three consecutive years of yard trimmings applications (22, 44, or 66 Mg ha?1 yr?1 dry weight) with inorganic N (112 kg N ha?1 yr?1) and zero-N controls in a silage corn (Zea mays L.) - winter triticale (Triticosecale spp.) rotation. The yard trimmings were screened and ground, and allowed to heat for a short period. They were incorporated each spring before planting corn. We measured crop yield and N uptake, and estimated apparent N recovery (ANR). We measured soil inorganic N two weeks after yard trimmings application and after corn harvest. In a one-year on-farm demonstration, we compared three sources of yard trimmings applied at a single rate. Yard trimmings applied at 44 Mg ha?1 dry weight provided sufficient available N to replace inorganic N. For silage corn grown with summer irrigation, estimated ANR in the crop was 7% in Year 1, 19% in Year 2, and 18% in Year 3 at the 44 Mg ha?1 yard trimmings rate, compared with a mean ANR of 65% for the inorganic N treatment. Postharvest soil nitrate residual (0-to 120-cm depth) was similar for the 44 Mg ha?1 treatment and inorganic N treatment. We observed variation in N availability with year and source of material. Yard trimmings also increased soil test K and organic matter.  相似文献   

3.
Maize grown in the mid-hills of Nepal traditionally received inputs of manure. However, N fertilizer is increasingly applied either alone or in combination with manure. This study investigated the effect of these different nutrient sources applied at three rates (0, 45, 90 kg N ha-1) on crop yields in a maize-millet rotation at two locations (Pakhribas and Dordor Gaun) in the mid-hills of Nepal and measured the recovery of 15N-labelled urea applied as a top-dressing to maize at three rates (11.25, 22.5, 45 kg N ha-1). Grain and straw yields of maize were greater following the application of fertilizer either alone or in combination with manure, rather than manure alone. Millet yields were unaffected by the rate or form of N inputs to maize. Little (<25%) of the applied fertilizer was recovered in the maize crop, with only a further 3% recovered by the subsequent millet crop. On average, 58% of the applied fertilizer was recovered in the 0- to 60-cm soil layer at maize harvest, mainly in non-mineral N forms. Transformations and movement of applied fertilizer N were shown to be rapid, occurring within 7 days of application. Approximately one-third of the applied fertilizer was unaccounted for in the crop-soil system at maize harvest. It was concluded that fertilizer was rapidly immobilized and that its subsequent rate of turnover was low so that an application of fertilizer to one crop made no substantial contribution to the nutrition of the next.  相似文献   

4.
Tillage and residue retention affect nitrogen (N) dynamics and nutrient losses and therefore nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and crop fertilizer use, however, there is little information about residual fertilizer effects on the subsequent crop. Micro‐plots with 15N‐labelled urea were established in 2014/2015 on a long‐term experiment on a Vertisol in north‐west Mexico. N fertilizer recovery (NFR) and the effects of residual fertilizer N for summer maize (Zea mays L.) and the subsequent wheat (Triticum durum L.) crop were studied in three tillage–straw management practices (CTB: conventionally tilled beds; PB‐straw: permanent raised beds with residue retention; PB‐burn: permanent raised beds with residue burning). Fertilizer 15N recovery rates for maize grain across all treatments were low with an average of 11%, but after wheat harvest total recovered 15N (15N in maize and wheat straw and grain, residual soil 15N) was over 50% for the PB‐burn treatment. NFR was lowest in CTB after two cropping cycles (32%). Unaccounted N from applied fertilizer for the maize crop averaged 120 kg 15N ha?1 after wheat harvest. However, more than 20% of labelled 15N was found in the 0–90 cm soil profile in both PB treatments after wheat harvest, which highlights the need for long‐term studies and continuous monitoring of the soil nutrient status to avoid over‐application of mineral N fertilizer.  相似文献   

5.
Improved fallows with leguminous trees have been developed in Southern Africa as a viable alternative to inorganic fertilizers but the changes in soil properties that are responsible for crop productivity improvement and implications of mixing litter and fresh leaves from the same tree species on soil fertility are not fully understood. Our objectives were to quantify (1) some changes in soil properties that are responsible for crop production improvement under improved fallow systems; (2) the N mineralization patterns of mixtures of litter and fresh leaves from the same tree species. The treatments used in the study were 2-year planted Sesbania sesban (sesbania) and Cajanus cajan (cajanus) and controls of natural fallow, continuous fertilized and unfertilized maize. At fallow clearing sesbania contributed 56 kg N ha–1 through litter and fresh leaves. Sesbania (fresh leaves + litter) showed high N mineralization after 10 weeks compared to the mixture of cajanus fresh leaves with litter. Maize yields were significantly correlated with preseason NO3–-N and total inorganic-N content of the top 20-cm soil layer. Soil penetrometer resistance at 4 weeks after planting was lowest in the sesbania land-use system (2.2 Mpa), whereas the highest percentage of water-stable aggregates at fallow clearing and crop harvest was in sesbania (83%) and cajanus (77%), respectively. The improved soil conditions and N contribution of sesbania and cajanus fallows to the subsequent maize crop was evidenced by increased maize yields of between 170–200% over maize without fertilizer.  相似文献   

6.
施氮和豌豆/玉米间作对土壤无机氮时空分布的影响   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  
为探明甘肃河西走廊绿洲灌区豌豆/玉米间作体系土壤无机氮时空分布现状和过量施用氮肥对环境的影响,2011年在田间试验条件下,采用土钻法采集土壤剖面样品,采用Ca Cl2溶液浸提、流动分析仪测定土壤无机氮含量的方法,研究了不同氮水平[0 kg(N)·hm?2、75 kg(N)·hm?2、150 kg(N)·hm?2、300 kg(N)·hm?2、450 kg(N)·hm?2]下豌豆/玉米间作体系土壤无机氮时空分布规律。结果表明:作物整个生育期内,灌漠土无机氮以硝态氮为主,其含量是铵态氮的7.55倍。在玉米整个生育期内,与不施氮相比,75 kg(N)·hm?2、150 kg(N)·hm?2、300 kg(N)·hm?2和450 kg(N)·hm?2处理的土壤硝态氮含量分别增加29.7%、67.5%、88.2%和134.3%。与豌豆收获期相比,在玉米收获时土壤硝态氮含量平均降低44.2%。间作豌豆和间作玉米分别比对应的单作在0~120 cm土层硝态氮含量降低6.1%和5.1%。豌豆/玉米间作体系土壤无机氮累积量在不同施氮量和不同生育时期都是表层(0~20 cm)最高。豌豆收获后,0~60 cm土层土壤无机氮累积量间作豌豆和间作玉米分别比相应单作降低4.9%和1.9%,60~120 cm土层降低10.8%和9.2%;玉米收获后0~60 cm土层平均降低28.2%和9.4%,60~120 cm土层平均降低23.5%和12.5%。土壤无机氮残留量间作豌豆比单作豌豆在0~60 cm土层降低4.9%,60~120 cm降低10.9%。因此,施用氮肥显著增加了土壤无机氮含量和累积量,且主要影响土壤硝态氮。过量的氮肥投入会因作物不能及时全部吸收而被大水漫灌和降雨等途径淋洗到土壤深层,造成氮肥损失和农田环境污染。间作能显著降低土壤无机氮浓度和累积量,特别在作物生长后期对土壤无机氮累积的降低作用更加明显。  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

The knowledge of nitrogen (N) losses in direct‐drilling agrosystems is essential to develop strategies to increase fertilizer efficiency and to minimize environmental damage. The objectives were i) to quantify the magnitude of N volatilization and leaching simultaneously as affected by different urea fertilization rates and ii) to evaluate the capacity of these specific plant–soil systems to act as a buffer to prevent nitrate leaching. Two experiments were conducted during 2001/02 and 2002/03 growing seasons in Alberti, Argentina. The crop was direct‐drilled maize and the soil a Typic Argiudoll. Ammonia losses, N uptake by crop at flowering and harvest, grain yield, N in previous crop residues, and soil nitrate content up to 2‐m depths were determined. Nitrogen availability, soil nitrate (NO3)‐N up to 1 m plus fertilizer N, was linearly and highly associated with crop N uptake at flowering (R2=0.93, P<0.01) and at harvest (R2=0.852, P<0.01). Around 17.5% of fertilizer N was lost by volatilization in 10 days. The obtained values of residual nitrate N up to the 150‐cm depth were associated (R2=0.960, P<0.001) with those predicted by the nitrate leaching and economic analysis package (NLEAP) model. Maize in the direct‐drilling system was able to cycle N from the previous crop residues, N from soil organic matter, and N from fertilizers with few losses.  相似文献   

8.
The effects of an intercrop catch crop (Italian ryegrass) on (i) the amounts and concentrations of nitrate leached during the autumn and winter intercrop period, and (ii) the following crop, were examined in a lysimeter experiment and compared with that from a bare fallow treatment. The catch crop was grown in a winter wheat/maize rotation, after harvest of the wheat, and incorporated into the soil before sowing the maize. A calcium and potassium nitrate fertilizer labelled with 15N (200 kg N ha?1; 9.35 atom per cent excess) was applied to the winter wheat in spring. Total N uptake by the winter wheat was 154 kg ha?1 and the recovery of fertilizer-derived N (labelled with 15N) was 60%. The catch crop (grown without further addition of N) yielded 3.8t ha?1 herbage dry matter, containing 43 kg N ha?1, of which 4.1 % was derived from the 15N-labelled fertilizer. Two-hundred kg unlabelled N ha?1 was applied to the maize crop. During the intercrop period the nitrate concentration in water draining from the bare fallow lysimeters reached 68 mg N1?1, with an average of 40 mg N1?1. With the catch crop, it declined rapidly, from 41 mg N I?1 to 0.25 mg N I?1, at the end of ryegrass growth. Over this period, 110 kg N ha?1 was leached under bare fallow, compared with 40 kg N ha?1 under the catch crop. 15N-labelled nitrate was detected in the first drainage water collected in autumn, 5 months after the spring application. The quantity of fertilizer-N that was leached during this winter period was greater under bare fallow (18.7% of applied N) than when a catch crop was grown (7.1 %). In both treatments, labelled fertilizer-N contributed about 34% of the total N lost during this period. With the ryegrass catch crop incorporated at the time of seedbed preparation in spring, the subsequent maize grain-yield was lowered by an average of 13%. Total N-uptake by the maize sown following bare fallow was 224 kg N ha?1, compared with 180 kg ha?1 with prior incorporation of ryegrass; the corresponding values for uptake of residual labelled N were 3% (bare fallow) and 2% (ryegrass) of the initial application. Following the maize harvest, where ryegrass was incorporated, 22.7% of the previous year's labelled fertilizer addition was present in an organic form on the top 30 cm of lysimeter soil. This compares with 15.7% for the bare fallow intercropping treatment. Tracer analyses showed overall recoveries of labelled N of 91.7% for the winter wheat/ ryegrass/maize rotation and 97% for the winter wheat/bare fallow/maize rotation. The study clearly demonstrated the ecological importance of a catch crop in reducing N-leaching as well as its efficient use of fertilizer in the plant-soil system from this particular rotation. However, the fate of the organic N in the ploughed-down catch crop is uncertain and problems were encountered in establishing the next crop of maize.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major nitrogen consuming crop, as nitrogen is considered as an important determinant of its grain yield. Though inorganic fertilizer is widely recommended, the problem of high cost and inaccessibility limit its usage by resource poor farmers. Biochar application provides a new technology for both soil fertility and crop productivity improvement. With limited research on the suitability of biochar for soil improvement practices in Ghana, our objective was to determine the synergistic effect of biochar and inorganic fertilizer on the nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use efficiency, and yield of maize. Field experiment was conducted in Ghana, KNUST, in the major and minor raining seasons. Biochar was applied at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha?1 and fertilizer N applied at 0, 45, and 90?kg ha?1. The results showed significantly (p??1 supplemented with 45?kg N ha?1 increased N uptake by 200%, and grain yield by 213% and 160% relative to the control in the minor and major rainy seasons, respectively. The greater yield of maize recorded on biochar-amended soils was attributed to the improved N uptake and nitrogen use efficiency. In conclusion, our finding suggests that the application of combined biochar and inorganic N fertilizer is not only ecologically prudent, but economically viable and a practicable alternative to current farmers’ practice of cultivating maize in Ghana.  相似文献   

10.
We studied N mineralization of legume green manures under laboratory and field conditions, and the effects of field green-manuring on the microbiological properties of an acid Alfisol soil. No significant differences were found in the mineralization rates of Sesbania (Sesbania cannabina), sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) green manure. Mineralization was higher in field-capacity moist soil than water-saturated soil. The decomposition of sunnhemp under field wetland conditions, in the absence of a rice crop, was a rapid as it was under in vitro conditions. The decomposition released considerable amounts of mineral N and the level of NH 4 + -N was significantly higher than NO 3 – -N. Significant improvements were observed in the microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, and bacterial populations in the field soil green-manured for rice for 3 years, compared with fertilized soil.  相似文献   

11.
通过2年田间试验,研究了减量施氮和减氮配施不同比例控释肥对黄土旱塬春玉米产量、水分利用效率及土壤硝态氮残留量的影响,旨在为黄土高原旱作农业区提供合理的施肥管理模式。试验于2017年4月至2018年9月在黄土旱塬雨养农业区进行,供试作物为春玉米,采用半覆膜种植方式,一年一熟制。试验共设置CK(不施氮肥)、N1C1(控释尿素65%+普通尿素35%,N200kg/hm^2)、N1C2(控释尿素50%+普通尿素50%,N200kg/hm^2)、N1C3(控释尿素35%+普通尿素65%,N200kg/hm^2)、N1(减氮模式,普通尿素,N200kg/hm^2)、N2(传统施氮模式,普通尿素,N250kg/hm^2)6个处理,测定土壤含水量、收获期土壤剖面(0—300cm)中的硝态氮含量及春玉米产量。结果表明:与N2处理相比,减氮处理(N1)并没有减少作物产量,反而显著增加作物产量(p<0.05),2017年、2018年分别增加9.6%和6.9%,土壤水分利用效率分别提高13.3%和10.2%(p<0.05)。同等施氮量(200kg/hm^2)下,与全尿素N1处理相比,2017年配施不同比例控释肥的各处理降低了春玉米的产量和水分利用效率;2018年N1C2处理较N1处理显著增加春玉米的产量和水分利用效率(p<0.05),分别增加7.7%和11.6%。此外,试验2年后减氮模式N1和减氮配施一定比例的控释肥处理显著减少土壤剖面(0—300cm)中硝态氮的残留量(p<0.05),与N2处理相比,N1处理减少了61.2%;同等施氮量(200kg/hm^2)下,与N1处理相比,N1C2处理降低了50.8%。  相似文献   

12.
Management of N fertilization depends not only on the mineral N measured at the beginning of the growing season but also on the status of the low-molecular-weight organic-N fraction. Our study was conducted to analyze how much of the 15N applied in labeled cornshoot tissue would be recovered in 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable 15N fractions and wheter a decrease in the CaCl2-extractable 15N fraction quantitatively followed the trend in net mineralization of the 15N applied in corn-shoot tissue during an incubation period. The effects of adding 15N-labeled young corn-shoot tissue to a sandy soil and a clay soil were investigated for 46 days in an aerobic incubation experiment at 25°C. The application of 80 mg N kg-1 soil in the form of labeled corn-shoot tissue (24.62 mg 15N kg-1 soil) resulted in a significant initial increase, followed by a decrease the labeled organic-N fraction in comparison with the untreated soils during the incubation. The labeled organic-N fraction was significantly higher in the sandy soil than in the clay soil until the 4th day of incubation. The decrease in labeled organic N in the sandy soil resulted in a subsequent increase in 15NO inf3 sup- during the incubation. Ammonification of applied plant N resulted in a significant increase in the 1 M HCl-extractable non-exchangeable 15NH inf4 sup+ fraction in the clay soik, owing to the vermiculite content. The 15N recovery was analyzed by the 0.01 M CaCl2 extraction method; at the beginning of the incubation experiment, recovery was 37.0% in the sandy soil and 36.7% in the clay soil. After 46 days of incubation, recovery increased to 47.2 and 43.8% in the sandy and clay soils, respectively. Net mineralization of the 15N applied in corn-shoot tissue determined after the 46-day incubation was 6.60 mg 15N kg-1 soil (=34.9% of the applied organic 15N) and 4.37 mg 15N kg-1 soil (=23.1% of the applied organic 15N) in the sandy and the clay soils, respectively. The decrease in the labeled organic-N fraction extracted by 0.01 M CaCl2 over the whole incubation period was 3.14 and 2.33 mg 15N kg-1 soil in the sandy and clay soil, respectively. These results indicate that net mineralization of 15N was not consistent with the decrease in the labeled organic-N fraction. This may have been due to the inability of 0.01 M CaCl2 to extract or desorb all of the applied organic 15N that was mineralized during the incubation period.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

In three field trials in southern Norway, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) or subterranean clover (T. subterraneuni L.) was undersown in spring grain at three N fertilizer rates and ploughed under in late October as a green manure for a succeeding spring grain crop. The content of topsoil (0-20 cm) mineral nitrogen was determined during the growth of the grain crop, after grain harvest and after ploughing. In addition, mineralization of nitrogen and carbon was measured in green-manured soil incubated at 15°C and controlled moisture conditions. During grain crop growth, ryegrass tended to reduce soil mineral N compared with the other treatments. After grain harvest, in a small-plot experiment where extra nitrate was added, ryegrass reduced soil nitrate N (0-18 cm) from 4.2 to 0.4 g m?2 within 13 days, while the clovers had negligible effect compared with bare soil. Up to 9.4 g N m?2 was present in above-plus below-ground ryegrass biomass at ploughing. In incubated ryegrass soil, there was a temporary net N immobilization of up to 0.9 g N m?2 as compared with unamended soil. In clover-amended soil, mineral N exceeded that in unamended soil by up to 5 g N m?2.  相似文献   

14.
Carbon (C) and/or nitrogen (N) in plant residues can be assimilated into microbial biomass during the plant residue decomposition before incorporation into SOM in the form of microbial residues. Yet, microbial transformation of plant residue-N into microbial residues and the effects of inorganic N inputs on this process have not been well documented. Here, we undertook a 38-week incubation with a silt loam soil amended with a 15N-labeled maize (Zea mays L.) residue to determine how the transformation of maize residue-N into soil amino sugars was affected by rates of inorganic N addition. The newly metabolized amino sugars derived from maize residue-N were differentiated and quantified by using an isotope-based gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. We found that greater amounts of maize residue-N were transformed into amino sugars with lower inorganic N addition at the early stages of the plant residue degradation. However, the trend was reversed during later stages of decay as greater percentage of maize residue-N (8.6-9.4%) were enriched in amino sugars in the Nmed and Nhigh soils, as compared with N0 and Nlow (7.5-8.2%). This indicated that higher availability of inorganic N could delay the transformation process of plant-N into microbial residues during the mineralization of plant residues. The dynamic transformations of the plant residue-N into individual amino sugars were compound-specific, with very fast incorporation into bacterial MurAM-new found during the initial weeks, while the dynamics of maize residue-derived GluN exhibited a delayed response to assimilate plant-N into fungal products. The findings indicated differential contributions of maize residue decomposing microorganisms over time. Moreover, we found no preferential utilization of inorganic N over plant residue-N into amino sugars during the incubation course, but inorganic N inputs altered the rate of plant-N accumulation in microbial-derived organic matters. Our results indicated that higher N availability had a positive impact on the accumulation or stabilization of newly-produced microbial residues in the long term.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

Field experiment was conducted for 7 years continuously to evaluate the influence of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer on soil fertility buildup and nutrient uptake in mint (Mentha arvensis) and mustard (Brassica juncea) cropping sequence. Maximum organic carbon was observed under full supply of organic manure (T2; FYM at 20 t ha?1) averaged across all the Stages of cropping sequence. It was increased by 38, 50, and 51% in T2 in Stages I (after mint harvest/presowing of dhaincha), II (after incorporation of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata)/presowing of mustard), and III (after harvest of mustard/preplanting of mint), respectively, over their respective controls. In general, magnitude of organic carbon was recorded higher in Stage II after green manuring of Sesbania compared with Stages I and III. Nitrogen availability in treated plots was increased by 26.0–89.9, 15.2–64.5, and 4.9–52.0% in Stages I (after mint harvest/presowing of Sesbania), II (after incorporation of dhaincha/presowing of mustard), and III (after harvest of mustard/preplanting of mint), respectively, over their respective control. Average across all the three Stages showed a positive balance of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in soil under different treatments. Mean of the three Stages indicated that maximum available N, P, and K were increased by 36.1, 129.0, and 65.20% in T4 (N:P:K: 133:40:40 and FYM at 6.7 t ha?1), T4 (N:P:K::133:40:40 and FYM at 6.7 t ha?1), and T3 (N:P:K::100:30:30 and FYM at 10 t ha?1), respectively, over their initial status. Supply of organic and inorganic fertilizer (T4; N:P:K::133:40:40 and FYM at 6.7 t ha?1) was found most suitable combination with respect to N, P availability in soil, and productivity of mint and mustard crop.  相似文献   

16.
Soil organic matter is important to improve and sustain soil fertility in tropical agroecosystems. The combined use of organic residue and fertilizer inputs is advocated for its positive effects on short-term nutrient supply, but the effect of the integrated use on long-term stabilization of soil organic C and N is still unclear. We conducted a 1.5-y soil incubation experiment with maize (Zea mays) residue and urea fertilizer to examine the stabilization of C and N in four Sub-Saharan African soils differing in texture (sand, sandy loam, clay loam, and clay). The inputs were enriched with 13C and 15N in a mirror-labelling design to trace the fate of residue-C and N, and fertilizer-N in combination. We hypothesized that combining inputs would enhance the stabilization of C and N relative to either input alone across a range of soil textures. The treatments were destructively sampled after 0.25, 0.5, and 1.5 y to assess input-derived C and N stabilization in soil macro- and microaggregate fractions. The combination treatment had a significant but small (2% of residue-applied C) increase in residue-C stabilized in the total soil after 0.25 y, but this increase did not persist after 0.5 and 1.5 y. While combining residue and fertilizer decreased the amount of residue-N stabilized within 53- to 2000-μm sized soil aggregates (e.g., 7% less at 1.5 y), it increased the stabilization of fertilizer-N at all sampling times (e.g., 20% more at 1.5 y). The increased amount of fertilizer-N stabilized was significantly greater than the amount of residue-N lost in the combined input treatments in the three finer textured soils at 1.5 y, indicating an interactive increase in the stabilization of new N. Our results indicate that combining residue with fertilizer inputs can increase the short-term stabilization of N, which has the potential to improve soil fertility. However, benefits to N stabilization from combining organic residues and fertilizer seem to be less in coarser-textured soils.  相似文献   

17.
太湖地区水稻季氮肥的作物回收和损失研究   总被引：9，自引：3，他引：9  
在太湖地区水稻土上,采用田间微区15N示踪试验研究了不同氮磷肥配合下水稻季氮肥去向以及残留肥料氮在麦季的吸收利用。结果表明,水稻当季作物对肥料氮的回收率为29%～39%,土壤残留肥料氮的后效很低,后季冬小麦仅利用土壤残留肥料氮的2.4%～5.2%。经过连续两个稻麦轮作,0—60cm土壤中残留肥料氮占施氮量的11%～13%,绝大多数在0—20 cm表层土中。水稻季施用的肥料氮向耕层以下移动很少,20—60 cm土层中累积肥料氮仅占施氮量的0.6%～1.1%,主要发生在小麦季及水稻泡田时期,肥料氮损失占施氮量的47～54%,氨挥发和硝化反硝化气态损失是主要途径。高氮和高磷处理没有增加作物产量和氮肥利用率,过量施氮或施磷无益于作物增产和氮肥吸收利用。  相似文献   

18.
 The effectiveness of tree-leaf biomass as a source of N to crops in agroforestry systems depends on the rate at which crops can obtain N from the biomass. A study was conducted to determine the fate of 15N labeled, soil-applied biomass of two hedgerow species, Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner (calliandra) and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (leucaena), in the subhumid highlands of Kenya. Labeled biomass obtained from 15N fertilized trees was applied to microplots in an alley cropping field and maize planted. N uptake and recovery by maize and hedgerow trees was periodically determined over a 20-week period during the short rain (1995) and the long rain (1996) growing seasons. In maize crop from treatments that received leucaena biomass, higher N uptake and recovery were recorded than in maize from the plots that received calliandra biomass. However, N uptake and recovery were higher in calliandra tree hedges than in leucaena hedges, indicating differences in N uptake by the two tree species. The largest fraction (55–69%) of N in the applied tree biomass was left in the soil N pool, 8–13% recovered by maize, 2–3% by tree hedges, and 20–30% could not be accounted for. Some of the unaccounted for N may have been left in the wood and root portions of the tree hedges and in the bulk soil below the 20-cm depth. The study shows that only a small fraction of the N contained in the N-rich biomass that is applied to the soil is taken up by the current season's crop, suggesting that a major benefit may be in the build-up of the soil N store. Received: 11 June 1999  相似文献   

19.
Summary Under greenhouse and field conditions, after the harvest of maize-cowpea intercropping, soils were analysed for total, ammonium and organic N fractions and fertilizer 15N residues. Growing cowpea as the sole crop or in intercropping with maize results in increased relative amounts of the acid hydrolysable organic N fractions in soil. After sole cropping of maize 70% of the residual fertilizer N was found in the acid hydrolysable fraction while after intercropping it was 80%–92%. The fertilizer and soil N labelling with 15N in identical but alternate series provided information on the nitrogen fixed by cowpea and left in the soil as crop residues. Under field conditions the cowpea plant residues left after cropping contained 170 kg N ha–1 in sole cropping and 105 kg N ha–1 in intercropping with maize. The N assimilated by cowpea-Rhizobium symbiosis was mainly present in the acid hydrolysable forms, particularly in the -amino N fraction and ammonium N fraction.  相似文献   

20.
Cover crops are important components of copping systems due to their beneficial effects on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate influence of phosphorus (P) fertilization on nutrient-use efficiency of 14 tropical cover crops. The P levels tested were 0 (low), 100 (medium), and 200 (high) mg kg?1 of soil. The cover crops tested were Crotalaria breviflora, Crotalaria breviflora, Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, Crotalaria ochroleuca G. Don, Crotalaria juncea L., Crotalaria mucronata, Calapogonium mucunoides, Pueraria phaseoloides Roxb., Pueraria phaseoloides Roxb., Cajanus cajan L. Millspaugh, Dolichos lablab L., Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merr., Mucuna cinereum L., and Canavalia ensiformis L. DC. Agronomic efficiency (shoot dry weight per unit P applied), physiological efficiency (shoot dry weight per unit of nutrient uptake), and apparent recovery efficiency (nutrient uptake in the shoot per unit nutrient applied) were significantly varied among cover crops. Agronomic efficiency decreased with increasing P levels. Overall, physiological efficiency of nutrient uptake was in the order of P > sulfur (S) > magnesium (Mg) > calcium (Ca) > potassium (K) > nitrogen (N). Similarly, apparent recovery efficiency was in the order of N > K > Ca > Mg > P > S. Different recovery efficiency in cover crops can be useful in selecting cover crops with high recovery efficiency, which may be beneficial to succeeding crops in the cropping systems. The P × cover crops interactions were significant for soil extractable Ca2+, P, cation exchange capacity (CEC), Ca saturation, Ca/K ratio, and K/Mg ratio, indicating that cover crops change these soil property differently under different P levels. Thus, cover crops selection for different P levels is an important strategy for using cover crops in cropping systems in Brazilian Oxisols. Optimal values of soil pH, soil Ca and Mg contents, hydrogen (H) + aluminum (Al), P, CEC, base saturation, Ca saturation, Mg saturation, and K saturation were established for tropical cover crops grown on an Oxisol.  相似文献   

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