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《动物营养学报》2016,(2)
神经肽Y(NPY)是一种广泛存在于中枢和外周并维持内环境稳态的神经递质,其在机体摄食调控中起着主要作用。NPY神经元主要位于下丘脑弓状核(ARC),由其发出的纤维投射到达下丘脑室旁核(PVN)、腹内侧核(VMN)、外侧区(LHA)、背内侧核(DMN)等核团,通过NPY神经纤维与对应的受体形成突触,从而发挥促摄食调控作用。NPY受体是Gi/Go-蛋白偶联受体,有Y1~Y8 8个亚型受体,其中Y1受体在下丘脑能量代谢调控中发挥着主导作用。本文对NPY的结构以及ARC、PVN、VMN、LHA、DMN核团中NPY相关的摄食调控作用及其分子机制进行了阐述,旨在为相关研究提供基础资料。 相似文献
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为探索外源性ＩＬ－６可否通过反馈作用调节机体的免疫反应,选用３～４月龄、体重１．５～２．５ｋｇ的健康青紫蓝家兔,麻醉后固定于脑立体定位仪上。试验组Ⅰ动物（ｎ＝８）在下丘脑外侧区注射２．５ｐｍｏｌ／ＬＩＬ－６２μＬ;试验组Ⅱ动物（ｎ＝５）在疑核处注入２％盐酸利多卡因０．５μＬ后,再在下丘脑外侧区注射２．５ｐｍｏｌ／ＬＩＬ－６２μＬ;对照组动物（ｎ＝４）在下丘脑外侧区注射人工脑脊液２μＬ。分别在注射前及注射后不同时间无菌采血作细胞免疫指标测定。结果：试验组Ⅰ动物的Ｔ细胞百分率和ＰＨＡ诱导的淋巴细胞转化率,在注射ＩＬ－６后６０ｍｉｎ显著升高;试验组Ⅱ动物的Ｔ细胞百分率和ＰＨＡ诱导的淋巴细胞转化率,在注射ＩＬ－６后１２０ｍｉｎ出现显著升高;对照组动物在注射前后无明显变化;由此证明,下丘脑外侧区一定量的ＩＬ－６具有增强机体细胞免疫功能的作用,而这种细胞免疫的调节作用至少有一部分是通过疑核到达免疫系统的。疑核是下丘脑外侧区ＩＬ－６调节机体细胞免疫的通路之一。 相似文献
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瘦素调节动物采食量及能量代谢的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
下丘脑是动物机体能量代谢的调节中枢,其神经内分泌调节网络的中心环节是感受外周脂肪细胞分泌的瘦素所提供的能量贮存信号,调控下丘脑弓状核内相关蛋白和激素的表达水平,从而调节能量的摄入和消耗,维持机体能量代谢的稳态,能量的摄入离不开采食而通过能量代谢的途径来控制采食量,尤其对于控制繁殖母猪体重显的尤为重要。文章就对瘦素调节动物采食量以及能量代谢的最新研究机制作一综述。 相似文献
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下丘脑是动物机体能量代谢的调节中枢,其神经内分泌调节网络的中心环节是感受外周脂肪细胞分泌的瘦素所提供的能量贮存信号,调控下丘脑弓状核内相关蛋白和激素的表达水平,从而调节能量的摄入和消耗,维持机体能量代谢的稳态,能量的摄入离不开采食而通过能量代谢的途径来控制采食量,尤其对于控制繁殖母猪体重显的尤为重要.本文就对瘦素调节动... 相似文献
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云南:育种与繁育研究室完成133头种猪的MC4R和OB基因检测黑素皮质素4受体(MC4R)基因对动物的采食行为,体重和能量稳态调控起着重要的作用,该基因能够通过交感神经来调节机体摄食功能,抑制摄食,导致血糖降低、胰岛素降低和瘦素含量降低,从而减少体脂,降低体重。肥胖(OB)基因的表达产物瘦素(Leptin)对家畜脂肪组织和神经内分泌有调控作用,通过对采食量和能量平衡的调节,促进家畜的生长、繁殖、泌乳和体况,其中较重要的作用是对家畜体重和能量平衡的调节。 相似文献
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下丘脑是动物机体能量代谢的调节中枢,其神经内分泌调节网络的中心环节是感受外周脂肪细胞分泌的瘦素所提供的能量贮存信号,调控下丘脑弓状核内相关蛋白和激素的表达水平,从而调节能量的摄入和消耗,维持机体能量代谢的稳态,能量的摄入离不开采食,而通过能量代谢的途径来控制采食量,尤其对于控制繁殖母猪体质量显的尤为重要. 相似文献
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S H Min V C Farr J Lee C G Prosser G J Cooper S R Davis 《Journal of animal science》1999,77(5):1241-1248
The objective of this study was to investigate the role of amylin (a pancreatic hormone) in regulating metabolism in support of lactation. Rat amylin was infused (320 pmol.kg LW(-1).h(-1)) for 6 h via an external pudic (mammary) artery into six lactating goats. This dose of amylin led to a sixfold increase in plasma concentrations of amylin relative to baseline. Amylin infusion increased plasma concentrations (jugular) of glucose and NEFA up to 16 and 168%, respectively, relative to saline infusion. In contrast, plasma concentrations of Ca and PO4 during amylin infusion were reduced by 18 and 30%, respectively, relative to saline infusion. Plasma concentrations of IGF-I, insulin, and Mg were not different between the two treatments, although IGF-I concentrations in the amylin-infused group, 1 and 6 h postinfusion, were significantly higher than those in the saline-infused group. Similarly, amylin infusion failed to affect milk yield and major constituents of milk except protein; milk protein content decreased progressively until the end of amylin infusion and remained low thereafter. Amylin also had no effect on minerals in milk (Ca, PO4, Mg, Fe, Sr, S, K, or Na) except Zn, which was significantly decreased from 56.8+/-5.8 micromol/L at 0 h to 44.5+/-2.4 micromol/L at 6 h postinfusion. Mammary blood flow (measured with a transit-time blood flow probe) increased up to 26% during amylin infusion, although this effect lasted only for the first 3 h. In conclusion, amylin increased plasma concentrations of glucose and NEFA, and mammary blood flow, while decreasing plasma concentrations of Ca and PO4. Despite these metabolic changes, amylin infusion did not increase milk yield of lactating goats. 相似文献
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实验用3～4月龄、1.5～2.5kg健康青紫蓝家兔16只,麻醉后固定于脑立体定位仪上.对其中11只刺激下丘脑外侧区;5只损毁疑核后,再刺激下丘脑外侧区.在刺激前和刺激后不同时间采血,检测外周血中T细胞百分率和PHA诱导的淋巴细胞转化率.结果:刺激下丘脑外侧区,能迅速提高外周血中的T细胞百分率,过一段时间,T细胞转化率也显著升高.而损毁疑核后再刺激下丘脑外侧区,外周血中T细胞百分率和淋巴细胞转化率均无显著变化.由此认为,下丘脑外侧区具有增强机体细胞免疫功能的作用,疑核是下丘脑外侧区调节机体免疫反应的中继核. 相似文献
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In order to clarify the location of feeding centers in the ruminant brain, this study used a single-unit activity (SUA) recording electrode to investigate the existence of appetite-regulating neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in goats. Seven male Japanese Saanen goats were used in the experiment. The animals were fed twice daily, once in the morning (1000 to 1200) with 1.5 kg of roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes, and once in the afternoon (1600 to 1800) with 200 g of commercial ground concentrate feed. The animals were allowed free access to drinking water. In this study, the animals were surgically operated on to position the recording electrode in the LHA. Recordings of SUA were carried out continuously over a 2.25-h period beginning 15 min prior to the commencement of morning feeding. The eating rates of crushed alfalfa hay cubes were highest 10 min after feeding commencement, but decreased sharply by the time 40 min had elapsed. The cumulative feed intake after the completion of the 2-h feeding period was 1164 +/- 38 g. The cumulative water intake upon the conclusion of the 2-h feeding period was 2422 +/- 107 mL. This study recorded 31 units, of which five showed a response to feeding and altered their firing rates. In response to a sharp increase in eating rates, all five units increased their firing rates to a level higher than that of prefeeding (P < 0.05). As the animals reached a level of satiety (eating rates declined to very low levels), firing of units I and II stopped completely, while the firing rates of units III, IV, and V decreased. Examination of a serial histological section confirmed that the five units in which changes in firing rates with feeding were observed were all located in the dorsolateral hypothalamic area close to the fornix. The LHA neurons recorded in this experiment characteristically showed neuronal activity increases at high levels of feeding, but decreases at low levels. The results suggest that there are cells located in the LHA of goats that are active in the physiological regulation of hay (dry forage) intake. 相似文献
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Immunohistochemical techniques were employed to investigate the distribution of amylin‐like immunoreactive cells in the pancreas of gecko Homopholis fasciata. Four types of endocrine cells were distinguished: insulin immunoreactive (B cells), pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactive (PP cells), glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactive (A/PP cells) and somatostatin immunoreactive cells (D cells). Pancreatic islets contained B, A/PP and D cells, whereas extrainsular regions contained B, D and PP cells. In the pancreatic islets, amylin‐like immunoreactive cells corresponded to B cells, but not to A/PP or D cells. In the extrainsular regions, amylin‐like immunoreactive cells corresponded to either B or PP cells. Amylin secreted from intrainsular B cells may regulate pancreatic hormone secretion in an autocrine and/or a paracrine fashion. On the other hand, amylin secreted from extrainsular PP and B cells, and/or intrainsular B cells may participate in the modulation of calcium homoeostasis in an endocrine fashion. 相似文献
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Estrogen inhibits food intake in cycling females in a variety of species. To determine how the development of the anorexic system by estrogen is regulated, rat pups at four developmental stages, postnatal day 11 (P11)-13, P20-22, P25-27 and P29-31, and adult ovariectomized (OVX) rats received a daily subcutaneous injection of 20 μg/kg of estradiol benzoate (EB) or vehicle for three days. Food intake, body weight gain and immunohistochemical c-Fos expression in the brain were measured after each injection. EB treatment decreased both food intake and body weight gain from P27 onwards and significantly increased c-Fos expression in the parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (pPVN), which is coincident with its anorexic effect in developing rats. The pattern of EB-induced c-Fos activation in other feeding-related nuclei did not coincide with its anorexic effect in developing pups. However, in adult OVX rats, EB treatment increased c-Fos expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), and, to a lesser degree, the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH). These results suggested that the pPVN is an essential site in the brain for controlling the anorexic effect of estrogen and that the feeding system of rat begins to respond to estrogen before the onset of puberty (P25-28). 相似文献
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Moriyama R Reyes BA Tsukamura H Maeda K 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2003,49(2):151-157
Glucoprivation induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) suppresses pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in female rats. The suppression is enhanced in the presence of estrogen. In the present study, 2DG-induced Fos expression was examined in the solitary tract nucleus (NTS), hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), raphe obscurus nucleus (ROb) and raphe pallidus nucleus (RPa), which have been previously suggested to be involved in glucoprivation-induced suppression of LH secretion in female rats. Ovariectomized (OVX) or estrogen-primed ovariectomized (OVX+E(2)) rats were injected intravenously with 2DG (400 mg/kg BW). The brain was removed 1 h after the injection. The number of Fos-like-immunoreactive (Fos-li) cells in the PVN and NTS was significantly increased in OVX+E(2) rats compared with control groups, but did not show a significant increase in the OVX group. Few Fos-li cells were observed in the ROb and RPa in all groups. All of the Fos-li cells in the PVN and NTS were neurons because they had immunoreactivities to microtubule-associated protein 2. Some Fos-li cells (8.3%) had tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivities in the NTS in 2DG-treated OVX+E(2) rats. These results suggest that neurons in the PVN and NTS are involved in the estrogen-dependent neural cascade mediating glucoprivic suppression of LH secretion in female rats. 相似文献
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Glutamate acts as the excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is mediated largely by the vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). The objective of the study was to determine the distribution of VGLUT2 mRNA in the turtle brain by in situ hybridization. Intense expression was observed in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, nucleus dorsomedialis thalami, nucleus dorsolateralis thalami, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, nucleus reuniens and nucleus periventricularis hypothalami. Moderate expression was noticed in the nucleus rotundus, area lateralis hypothalami, reticular nucleus, cerebellar nucleus and nucleus cochlearis. In conclusion, this study reveals many glutamatergic neurons in the turtle brain. 相似文献
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B H Breier 《Domestic animal endocrinology》1999,17(2-3):209-218
The somatotropic axis plays a key role in the co-ordination of protein and energy metabolism during postnatal growth. This review discusses the complexity of the regulation of protein and energy metabolism by the somatotropic axis using three main examples: reduced nutrition, growth hormone (GH) treatment and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) treatment. Decreased nutrition leads to elevated GH secretion, but it reduces hepatic GH receptor (GHR) number and plasma levels of IGF-1; it also changes the relative concentrations of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) in plasma. GH treatment improves the partitioning of nutrients by increasing protein synthesis and decreasing protein degradation and by modifying carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. However, these well-established metabolic responses to GH can change markedly in conditions of reduced nutritional supply or metabolic stress. Short-term infusion of IGF-1 in lambs reduces protein breakdown and increases protein synthesis. However, long-term IGF-1 administration in yearling sheep does not alter body weight gain or carcass composition. The lack of effect of IGF-1 treatment can be explained by activation of feedback mechanisms within the somatotropic axis, which lead to a reduction in GH secretion and hepatic GHR levels. The somatotropic axis has multiple levels of hormone action, with complex feedback and control mechanisms, from gene expression to regulation of mature peptide action. Given that GH has a much wider range of biologic functions than previously recognized, advances in research of the somatotropic axis will improve our understanding of the normal growth process and metabolic disorders. 相似文献
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Tomoyuki SUZUKI Naosumi TAKUSARI Koji HIGUCHI Mitsunori KURIHARA Fuminori TERADA 《Animal Science Journal》2008,79(5):590-596
In order to investigate the energy expended in chewing during eating and rumination in sheep fed timothy or sudangrass hay at the same intake level, the energy expenditure of the head was measured using the arterial-venous difference technique and that of the whole body was measured using an open-circuit, indirect respiration calorimeter. There was no difference in the per-chew energy expenditure between timothy hay and sudangrass hay during eating and rumination, but for both types of hay there was a difference in energy expenditure between eating (0.25 J per chew per kilogram body weight) and rumination (0.18 J per chew per kilogram body weight). There was no effect of time period after feeding on the energy expended in one chew during eating and rumination. On average, for a given type of hay, the energy expended in chewing during eating + rumination accounted for 4.9% of the daily energy expenditure of the whole body. 相似文献
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Hyo Young Jung Woosuk Kim Dae Young Yoo Sung Min Nam Jong Whi Kim Jung Hoon Choi Yeo Sung Yoon Hye Young Kim In Koo Hwang 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2014,15(4):459-464
Natural toxic substances have a bitter taste and their ingestion sends signals to the brain leading to aversive oral sensations. In the present study, we investigated chronological changes in c-Fos immunoreactivity in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) to study the bitter taste reaction time of neurons in the NTS. Equal volumes (0.5 mL) of denatonium benzoate (DB), a bitter tastant, or its vehicle (distilled water) were administered to rats intragastrically. The rats were sacrificed at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 h after treatment. In the vehicle-treated group, the number of c-Fos-positive nuclei started to increase 0.5 h after treatment and peaked 2 h after gavage. In contrast, the number of c-Fos-positive nuclei in the DB-treated group significantly increased 1 h after gavage. Thereafter, the number of c-Fos immunoreactive nuclei decreased over time. The number of c-Fos immunoreactive nuclei in the NTS was also increased in a dose-dependent manner 1 h after gavage. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy significantly decreased DB-induced neuronal activation in the NTS. These results suggest that intragastric DB increases neuronal c-Fos expression in the NTS 1 h after gavage and this effect is mediated by vagal afferent fibers. 相似文献