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向日葵芽苗期离子对复合盐胁迫的响应 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
研究向日葵耐盐的离子响应机制,可为快速筛选耐盐向日葵品种提供科学依据。本试验以油用向日葵盐敏感品种‘YK18’、中度耐盐品种‘YK06’和耐盐品种‘GF01’为试验材料,研究0 mmol·L~(–1)、50 mmol·L~(–1)、100 mmol·L~(–1)、150 mmol·L~(–1)、200 mmol·L~(–1)和250 mmol·L~(–1)复合盐(NaCl和Na_2SO_4按9∶1摩尔比混合)浓度下的种子萌发和离子在萌发幼苗中积累分布情况,并利用离子流检测技术,动态监测了复合盐胁迫24 h后植株根系的K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)等离子的流速流向。结果表明,复合盐胁迫抑制向日葵种子萌发,导致发芽率下降,平均发芽时间延长。盐胁迫后向日葵根系K~+大量外排,流速为‘YK18’‘YK06’‘GF01’;随着盐胁迫浓度升高,根系Na~+流速由内吸转为外排,内吸时‘YK18’速度最大,‘YK06’次之,‘GF01’最小,外排时‘GF01’流速最大,其"排盐"现象明显。复合盐胁迫后,整株的Na~+积累量增加,K~+减少,K~+/Na~+随着盐浓度升高而下降;低盐浓度(150 mmol·L~(–1))下‘GF01’和‘YK06’茎秆中K~+/Na~+低于‘YK18’;高盐胁迫(≥150 mmol·L~(–1))下,‘GF01’整株Na~+积累最少,叶片K~+/Na~+最高。另外,盐胁迫下向日葵幼苗根系Ca~(2+)的吸收速率加快,‘GF01’是‘YK18’的2倍。由此可见,不同耐盐性的油用向日葵植株在盐胁迫下可通过调节Na~+、K~+和Ca~(2+)的吸收与外排来适应盐胁迫环境,耐盐性强的品种具有更强的保K~+能力,并通过区域化Na~+(低盐胁迫)和拒盐机制(高盐胁迫)来提高其对盐胁迫的耐受性,维持植株叶片中合理的K~+/Na~+值。本研究结果可为盐碱地耐盐品种筛选和栽培提供理论依据。 相似文献
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纳米氧化锌对玉米种子萌发及根系碳代谢的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《土壤与作物》2020,(1)
作为一种纳米金属氧化物,纳米氧化锌(ZnO nanoparticles,ZnO NPs)因其独特的物理性质和较大的比表面积,逐渐在农业领域得到应用。为了探究纳米氧化锌对玉米生长的影响,设置了7个不同浓度的纳米氧化锌悬浮液(10 mg·L~(-1)、20 mg·L~(-1)、50 mg·L~(-1)、100 mg·L~(-1)、200 mg·L~(-1)、500 mg·L~(-1)和1 000 mg·L~(-1)),采用震荡浸种的方法,研究了纳米氧化锌对种子萌发及玉米碳代谢的影响。结果表明,低浓度(20 mg·L~(-1)、50 mg·L~(-1)和100 mg·L~(-1))纳米氧化锌缩短了种子发芽的时间,提高了种子的平均发芽速度,其中,浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)时,平均发芽速度最快。玉米种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数及活力指数均随着纳米氧化锌浓度的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,并在50 mg·L~(-1)时达到最高;低浓度(50 mg·L~(-1)和100 mg·L~(-1))的纳米氧化锌显著增加了根系及胚芽的生长和伸长,这有利于生物量的积累。此外,纳米氧化锌(50 mg·L~(-1))显著增加了根系己糖激酶和脲苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性,降低了醛缩酶活性,为种子萌发生长提供代谢产物和能量。50 mg·L~(-1)纳米氧化锌震荡浸种促进了糖酵解代谢和细胞壁的生物合成过程,有利于促进种子萌发,提高幼苗活力。 相似文献
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马铃薯对瓜列当种子萌发的化感作用研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
瓜列当给瓜类等经济作物造成较大危害。本研究采用盆栽4个推广马铃薯品种"夏波蒂"、"青薯168"、"冀张薯5号"和"克新1号",以不同生长时期(幼苗期、开花期和结薯期)马铃薯根际土、根系和地上部的浸提液(甲醇和水)刺激瓜列当种子萌发,根据发芽率来判定其对瓜列当化感作用的强弱,同时筛选刺激瓜列当发芽率高的品种用于列当杂草的防除。结果表明,马铃薯能刺激瓜列当种子萌发;不同马铃薯品种对瓜列当的化感作用各有差异,随着马铃薯的生长,根际土中化感物质积累不断升高,根系化感作用逐渐减弱,而地上部化感作用逐渐增强。甲醇浸提液刺激瓜列当种子发芽率高于水浸提液,即甲醇浸提化感作用效果较好。"夏波蒂"根系甲醇浸提液刺激瓜列当种子的发芽率在幼苗期最高,为48.5%;而地上部甲醇浸提液处理的发芽率在结薯期最高,为51.2%。可以在瓜列当危害的农田轮作"夏波蒂"5~8年,同时采用马铃薯秸秆还田来减少土壤中瓜列当种子库,达到防除瓜列当危害的目的。 相似文献
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根寄生杂草瓜列当（Orobanche aegyptiaca）严重危害番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）等多种经济作物的产量和品质。如何有效防除仍是当今瓜列当研究重点之一。真菌是列当的生防因子之一,但目前对农作物无致病性的列当生防真菌的研究尚少。本研究通过培养皿试验研究1株灰黄青霉（Penicillium griseofulvum,CF3）的无细胞发酵滤液对瓜列当种子萌发和发芽管生长的影响,通过盆栽试验研究CF3粉状制剂对瓜列当的防除效果及对寄主番茄生长和根区土壤微生物的影响。结果表明：1）培养皿试验中,CF3发酵液抑制了瓜列当种子萌发和发芽管生长。其中,在放有瓜列当种子与番茄幼苗的培养皿中,加入CF3发酵液后培养6 d,瓜列当种子的萌发均被完全抑制;添加CF3发酵液与霍格兰德营养液体积比为1∶2、1∶4、1∶6和1∶8的混合液培养8 d后,瓜列当种子的萌发率与对照相比分别减少80.26%、70.26%、68.10%和47.51%。CF3发酵液原液、10倍稀释液和100倍稀释液处理后使瓜列当发芽管长度与对照相比分别缩短100.00%、68.84%和19.24%。2）盆栽试验中,CF3菌剂抑制了瓜列当的出土和单株瓜列当的生长,并使番茄增产。施加1.0 g·kg-1 CF3菌剂130 d后,瓜列当的出土数量、出土率和单株瓜列当干重分别降低76.19%、85.30%和28.48%,番茄果实鲜重增加51.57%。此外,灰黄青霉菌剂还调整了番茄根区土壤的微生物区系结构,使施加菌剂130 d后番茄根区土壤中除接入CF3外真菌数量与对照相比降低75.60%,细菌与真菌的数量之比增加117.57%。平均来看,CF3使番茄根区土壤中除CF3外真菌数量降低42.81%,放线菌总数增加84.15%。本研究表明,灰黄青霉CF3具有防除番茄上寄生瓜列当的能力,适宜作为瓜列当的生防真菌。 相似文献
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以海南红毛丹"保研7号"为试验材料,分别置于10μmol·L~(-1)、100μmol·L~(-1)、200μmol·L~(-1)的SNP溶液中,对褐变指数、果实硬度等生理指标进行测定,以筛选最适保鲜浓度。结果表明,与对照相比,3种浓度SNP对红毛丹生理指标变化均有明显影响,以浓度200μmol·L~(-1)的SNP处理的保鲜效果最佳。浓度200μmol·L~(-1)的SNP处理可有效延缓果实褐变指数上升,有效延缓果实变软过程,有效延缓果实中丙二醛(MDA)含量增加及可溶性蛋白质蛋白含量下降。其中,贮藏至第7 d时,200μmol·L~(-1)处理的红毛丹可溶性蛋白含量为0.25 mg·g~(-1),较对照高47.2%,而MDA含量活性值为2.18μmol·g~(-1),仅为对照的82.3%。实验表明:浓度200μmol·L~(-1)的SNP溶液处理能较好保持采后红毛丹的各项生理指标,可为红毛丹采后保鲜技术提供理论科学依据和实践指导。 相似文献
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低铁胁迫对玉米苗期根系生长和铁素吸收利用的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了揭示不同耐低铁玉米品种苗期根系生长和铁素吸收利用的差异,为玉米耐低铁能力的遗传改良提供依据,以耐低铁玉米品种‘正红2号’和不耐低铁玉米品种‘川单418’为材料,采用重度[10μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]、中度[30μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]和轻度[50μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]3种低铁胁迫及对照[100μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]的铁营养液处理3叶1心玉米幼苗,分析低铁胁迫对不同耐低铁玉米品种苗期根系生长和铁素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,随着营养液铁浓度降低,两个玉米品种幼苗的根长、根体积、根系活力、干物质、铁含量、铁积累量、相对吸铁能力均显著降低,但根系麦根酸分泌量增多,铁素向地上部转移分配能力增强,铁素的生理效率提高,这是玉米适应低铁胁迫的重要生理机制之一。玉米幼苗的铁素积累量与根长、根体积、根干重、根系活力等根系性状均呈极显著或显著正相关。耐低铁玉米品种在中度和重度低铁胁迫下根长、根体积、根干重、根系活力均较不耐低铁玉米品种高,是其铁素吸收积累量高的重要原因。根系麦根酸分泌量与铁素茎叶分配率呈正相关,铁素茎叶分配率与铁素生理效率呈极显著正相关,增加根系麦根酸的分泌量可在一定程度上提高玉米铁素的茎叶分配率,从而提高铁素生理效率;耐低铁玉米品种在中度和重度低铁胁迫下麦根酸分泌量增幅高于不耐低铁玉米品种,是其铁素生理效率高的主要原因。 相似文献
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为探讨甘草种子是否存在化感自毒作用,以甘草种子为试验材料,采用常规萌发试验和实时荧光定量PCR方法,研究10g·L~(-1)浓度的甘草种子水浸液对其种子萌发率、Gu SQS1基因和Gub AS基因表达的影响。结果表明:甘草种子具有较强的化感自毒作用。10g·L~(-1)甘草种子水浸液处理下甘草种子的萌发率为62%,极显著低于对照处理(76%);该处理极显著抑制了Gub AS基因的表达,但对Gu SQS1基因的表达却具有显著促进作用。该研究结果可为人工调控栽培甘草质量提供一定参考。 相似文献
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采用几种保鲜剂搭配组合处理余庆桃,包括30 mg·L~(-1)亚硫酸钠-0.5 g·L~(-1)赤霉素混合溶液,30mg·L~(-1)亚硫酸钠-0.3 g·L~(-1)水杨酸混合溶液,2 g·L~(-1)抗坏血酸-2 g·L~(-1)柠檬酸混合溶液。室温下贮藏5 d,每隔一天测定好果率、失重率、硬度、还原糖含量等指标。初步结果:3个处理组均能降低失重率;30 mg·L~(-1)亚硫酸钠-0.3 g·L~(-1)水杨酸组能够保持较好的硬度;30 mg·L~(-1)亚硫酸钠-0.5 g·L~(-1)赤霉素混合溶液对抑制还原糖含量增加的效果最佳。综合来看,30 mg·L~(-1)亚硫酸钠-0.3 g·L~(-1)水杨酸混合溶液处理组的保鲜效果较好。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11):1257-1269
Abstract This study was conducted at two sites in Mississippi to determine whether petiole and leaf NO‐ 3 monitoring could be used as a management tool in making fertilizer N recommendations for sunflower (Hellanthus annuus L.). Petiole and leaf samples were taken at the four leaf stage at both sites, and later at two week intervals at Brooksville. Petiole and leaf NO‐ 3 at the four leaf stage was significantly influenced by rate of N application at both sites. The level of petiole and leaf NO‐ 3 was highly correlated with rate of N application as well as with seed yield. The concentration of NO‐ 3 in petioles and leaves was greatest at the four leaf stage and showed quadratic declines as the season progressed. Petiole and leaf NO‐ 3 showed the highest correlations with rate of N application and seed yield at the four leaf stage than at any other sampling time at Brooksville, indicating that this was the “best” period for taking petiole and leaf samples. However, analysis of petioles and leaves at the four leaf growth stage for NO‐ 3 may have limited potential of becoming a useful tool in making N fertilizer recommendations for sunflower. This is due to the sensitivity of both petiole and leaf NO‐ 3 to time of sampling and locational differences, as well as lack of information on response of sunflower to N applied after this stage of growth. 相似文献
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László Simon 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(2):341-352
Cadmium (Cd) accumulation and distribution was studied in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., public line HA‐89) plant. From an uncontaminated sandy loam brown forest soil with 162 μg kg‐1 HNO3/H2O2 extractable Cd the HA‐89 sunflower public line accumulated 114 ug kg‐1 Cd in its kernels under open field conditions. This value is rather low as compared to data found by others. Sandy loam brown forest soil was treated with 0, 1 or 10 mg kg‐1 of Cd to study the interaction of this heavy metal with young sunflower plants in a greenhouse pot experiment. The fresh weight and dry matter accumulation of sunflower plant organs (roots, shoots, leaves or heads) was unaffected by cadmium treatment of soil. The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), or zinc (Zn) uptake of sunflower plant organs was not influenced by lower or higher Cd‐doses, except sunflower heads where 10 mg kg‐1 of Cd treatment of soil significantly reduced the uptake of Ca, Fe, and Mn. Although Cd reduced the Zn uptake of roots, its rate was statistically not significant. Cadmium was accumulated prevalently in roots (1.21 mg kg‐1,4.97 mg kg‐1, or 13.69 mg kg‐1 depending on Cd‐dose), and its concentration increased also in shoots or leaves. In spite of the short interaction time, elevated concentrations of cadmium (0.78 mg kg‐1, 1.34 mg kg‐1, or 3.02 mg kg‐1 depending on Cd‐dose) were detected in just emerged generative organs (heads) of young sunflower plants. 相似文献
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Yelena V. Lyubun Paul V. Kosterin Elena A. Zakharova Alexander A. Shcherbakov Evgenii E. Fedorov 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2002,2(3):143-147
Background, Aim and Scope Environmental pollution caused by arsenic (As) is a major ecological problem. There has been intense worldwide effort to find
As-hyperaccumulating plants that can be used in phytoremediation—the green-plant-assisted removal of chemical pollutants from
soils. For phytoremediation, it is natural to prefer cultivated rather than wild plants, because their agriculture is well
known. This study was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of common sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.) and sugar sorghum(Sorghum saccharatum Pers.) for soil-As contents of 10–100 mg As kg-1 soil, with sodium arsenite as a model contaminant.
Methods Plants were grown in a growth chamber for 30 days. Microfield experiments were conducted on experimental plots. To study the
phytoremediation effect of the auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), we treated 1-
and 3-day-old plant seedlings with water solutions of the auxins (concentrations 10-5, 10-7, and 10-9 g l-1). The soil and plant-biomass samples were analyzed for total As by using the color reaction of ammonium molybdate with As.
Results and Discussion Phytotoxicity studies showed that 100 mg As kg-1 soil poisoned sunflower and sorghum growth by 50%. There was a linear correlation between soil-As content and As accumulation
in the plants. Laboratory experiments showed that the soil-As content was reduced two- to threefold after sunflower had been
grown with 10–100 mg As kg-1 soil for 30 days. Treatment of sunflower and sorghum seedlings with IAA and 2,4-D at a concentration of 10-5 g l-1 in microfield experiments enhanced the phytoremediation two- to fivefold as compared with untreated control plants. The best
results were obtained with 3-day-old seedlings.
Conclusion, Recommendation and Outlook (a) Sunflower and sorghum are good candidates to remediate As-polluted soils. (b) Phytoremediation can be improved with IAA or 2,4-D. (c) Mixed cropping of sorghum and sunflower may be another way of improving phytoremediation. 相似文献
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Synchrotron radiation infrared microspectroscopy (SR-IMS) permits the direct analysis of plant cell-wall architecture at the cellular level in situ, combining spatially localized information and chemical information from IR absorbances to produce a chemical map that can be linked to a particular morphology or functional group. This study demonstrated the use of SR-IMS to probe biopolymers, such as cellulose, lignin, and proteins, in the root tissue of hydroponically grown sunflower and maize plants. Principal components analysis (PCA) was employed to reveal the major spectral variance between maize and sunflower plant tissues. The use of PCA showed distinct separation of maize and sunflower samples using the IR spectra of the epidermis and xylem. The infrared band at 1635 cm(-1), representing hydrocinnamic acid in (H type) lignin, provided a conclusive means of distinguishing between maize and sunflower plant tissues. 相似文献
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向日葵和马铃薯间作条件下氮素的吸收和利用 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
间套作不但能提高作物产量和资源利用效率,也是有效降低土壤风蚀的重要措施。明确间套作体系中氮素竞争与互补机理,提高氮素利用效率对区域农业可持续发展有着重要意义。该研究于2010年和2011年在内蒙古武川进行了大田试验,利用半微量凯氏定氮方法测定植株各器官氮素含量和氮吸收量,探讨间作中作物对氮素吸收和利用的特征。结果表明,从系统角度出发,向日葵和马铃薯间作系统的氮吸收当量比(NER)为0.95～1.02,差异不显著,这种间作模式对作物氮的吸收效率没有影响。从作物角度出发,间作没有显著提高向日葵的氮素吸收和利用效率,却降低了系统中马铃薯的氮素吸收和利用效率。间作中,向日葵氮偏吸收当量比为0.53～0.74,大于其种植比例(50%),说明间作向日葵具有显著的氮素竞争和吸收优势;而马铃薯氮偏吸收当量比为0.28～0.42,低于其在间作中所占的比例(50%),处于显著劣势。间作马铃薯产量(鲜薯质量,80%含水率)的氮素生理利用效率(NPE)为249.2g/g,略低于单作(269.8g/g),其中4行马铃薯:4行向日葵(4P:4S)间作马铃薯的NPE为238.2g/g,显著低于单作。4P:4S间作向日葵产量(籽粒质量,12%含水率)的NPE为30.1g/g,高于单作(25.9g/g)和2行马铃薯:2行向日葵(2P:2S)间作的NPE(22.8g/g)。在4P:4S间作模式中,向日葵的NPE有所提高,作为代价,降低了马铃薯的NPE。间作中马铃薯的收获指数HI(0.83)低于单作(0.87),间作向日葵的HI(0.40)高于单作的HI(0.33)。间作作物NPE的变化主要受作物收获指数HI的影响。 相似文献
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Aajoud A Raveton M Aouadi H Tissut M Ravanel P 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(14):5055-5060
The phenylpyrazole insecticide, fipronil, is used in seed coating against Agriotes larvae, which infest mainly corn and sunflower. Coating the seeds of the cultivated plants with fipronil has proven its effectiveness against Agriotes populations. In the case of sunflower or even corn, the possible root uptake of this insecticide may lead to a toxic effect against pollinators such as honeybees. In the present report, the uptake and transport of fipronil inside the sunflower seedling was studied in the laboratory. In a first study, sunflower was cultivated on an aqueous medium containing fipronil. An intense root uptake of fipronil occurred, leading to a transport into leaves depending upon transpiration. In a second study, plants were cultivated on a soil in which fipronil was uniformly distributed. Under our soil conditions (20% organic carbon), the partition coefficient between soil and water (K(d)) was found to be equal to 386 +/- 30. The average rate of fipronil transfer from soil water to seedlings was from 2 to 2.6 times lower than water transfer. During the 3 week experiment, 55% of recovered labeled compounds was in the parent form and 35% had been converted to lipophilic metabolites, with either a 4-CF(3)-SO(2) or 4-CF(3)-S substituant, which are also very potent lipophilic insecticides. This paper suggests that the possible uptake of fipronil by sunflower seedlings under agronomic conditions is mainly controlled by the physicochemical characteristics of the seed-coating mixture. 相似文献
20.
利用2006～2016年内蒙古向日葵"3414"田间试验数据,评估食用向日葵和油用向日葵在不同生态区之间的氮肥响应及其差异,并分析土壤基础供氮能力对向日葵氮肥效应的影响。结果显示:推荐施氮条件下,食用向日葵在河套灌区、阴山北麓区和燕山丘陵区的施氮增产幅度分别为35.1%、47.6%和35.5%,偏生产力分别为24.1、22.8和22.7 kg/kg,农学利用率分别为5.6、6.6和5.7 kg/kg;油用向日葵在河套灌区、大兴安岭南麓区和燕山丘陵区的施氮增产幅度分别为32.8%、39.3%和18.9%,偏生产力分别为26.2、39.7和37.7 kg/kg,农学利用率分别为5.6、10.8和6.0 kg/kg。食葵和油葵的100 kg籽粒吸氮量均值分别为4.6和4.7 kg,吸收利用率分别为30.1%和38.9%,生理利用率分别为20.3和20.8 kg/kg。上述结果表明,内蒙古食葵施氮的增产效果优于油葵,食葵产量对外源氮肥的依赖程度也高于油葵,因而食葵相较于油葵更应重视氮肥的管理和调控;不同生态区自然环境和土壤地力的差异也显著影响了向日葵的氮肥增产效应,河套灌区应积极进行土壤培肥,燕山丘陵区和大兴安岭南麓区可适当增加施氮量,阴山北麓区则应以维持向日葵需求为标准适当减少施氮量。 相似文献