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1.
The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), the Mediterranean corn borer (Sesamia nonagrioides) and the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) are the main arthropod pests in European maize production. Practised pest control includes chemical control, biological control and cultural control such as ploughing and crop rotation. A pest control option that is available since 1996 is maize varieties that are genetically engineered (GE) to produce insecticidal compounds. GE maize varieties available today express one or several genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that target corn borers or corn rootworms. Incentives to growing Bt maize are simplified farm operations, high pest control efficiency, improved grain quality and ecological benefits. Limitations include the risk of resistance evolution in target pest populations, risk of secondary pest outbreaks and increased administration to comply with licence agreements. Growers willing to plant Bt maize in the European Union (EU) often face the problem that authorisation is denied. Only one Bt maize transformation event (MON810) is currently authorised for commercial cultivation, and some national authorities have banned cultivation. Spain is the only EU member state where Bt maize adoption levels are currently delivering farm income gains near full potential levels. In an integrated pest management (IPM) context, Bt maize can be regarded as a preventive (host plant resistance) or a responsive pest control measure. In any case, Bt maize is a highly specific tool that efficiently controls the main pests and allows combination with other preventive or responsive measures to solve other agricultural problems including those with secondary pests. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
2.
The story of Prostephanus truncatus in Africa is described from its original outbreak in Tanzania in the late 1970s to the present day. Information is given on the differing control methods put in place by infested countries and how co-ordination of local programmes and inputs from technical assistance agencies was approached by an agencies. The influence of changes in development thinking on the management of storage pests is considered. The current status of P. truncatus is addressed, inlcuding its impact on the international maize trade, particularly that provided for famine relief. The introduction of Teretrius nigrescens as a biological control agent is described. We also provide some milestones in efforts to manage the pest, describe the effectiveness of pest management in terms of cost benefit and suggest some new avenues that may lead to a sustainable reductioning in P. truncatus in Africa. 相似文献
3.
R.J. Hodges 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2002,7(4):223-243
Methods for detecting and for monitoring Prostephanus truncatus(Horn) are crucial components in phyto- sanitary control, research programmes and pest management against this beetle. P. truncatus is unusual in that its populations are distributed widely between natural habitats and stores holding maize grain and dried cassava roots, which necessitates a similarly wide range of sampling methodologies. This review considers successful and unsuccessful approaches to sampling the pest populations in both stores and the natural environment and concludes with a consideration of how monitoring could contribute to integrated pest management for P. truncatus. 相似文献
4.
BACKGROUND: Isothiocyanates (ITCs) extracted from Armoracia rusticana Gaertn., May & Scherb. have been shown previously to have insecticidal activity. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a major component of ITCs with high volatility, was therefore extracted using different methods and tested as a fumigant against four major pest species of stored products, maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.), lesser grain borer Rhizopertha dominica (F.), Tribolium ferrugineum (F.) and book louse Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein). RESULTS: Whereas there was no significant difference between hydrodistillation and supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction in extraction rate for AITC from A. rusticana, both methods resulted in higher extraction efficiency than water extraction. AITC fumigation showed strong toxicity to the four species of stored‐product pests. Adult mortality of 100% of all four pest species, recorded after 72 h exposure to AITC fumes at an atmospheric concentration of 3 µg mL?1, showed no significant difference from that of insects exposed to phosphine at 5 µg mL?1, the recommended dose for phosphine. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest good insecticidal efficacy of AITC against the four stored‐product pests, with non‐gaseous residuals on stored products. AITC obtained from A. rusticana may be an alternative to phosphine and methyl bromide against the four pest species. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
5.
Lepidopteran stem borers are the main pests of cereals in Ethiopia. In recent years, habitat management techniques, which
aim at increasing plant biodiversity through mixed cropping, have gained increased attention in stem borer control. In the
present study, the profitability of mixed cropping of maize with haricot beans at different ratios and the effect on infestation
of maize by stem borers, yield and borer parasitism were studied in Melkassa and Mieso, Ethiopia, in a field experiment under
natural infestation. In Melkassa, pest infestations were too low for the cropping system to affect pests, plant damage and
yields significantly, whereas in Mieso, where the pest densities were high, intercropping of maize with beans at ratios of
1:1 to 2:1 significantly decreased borer densities compared with pure maize stands. Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) and Cotesia flavipes. (Cameron) were the major stem borer and parasitoid species, respectively, recorded both at Melkassa and Mieso. Borer parasitism
was higher at Mieso than at Melkassa and tended to increase with the increase of the haricot bean ratio in the intercropping
system. Land equivalent ratios of >1 indicated higher land use efficiency in mixed compared with sole cropping, even if pest
densities were low. 相似文献
6.
玉米是全球播种面积最大的粮食作物,事关世界粮食安全。鳞翅目和鞘翅目害虫是影响玉米产量和品质的重要因素,长期以来多数国家采取以喷施化学农药为主的防控策略,但存在较高的使用成本和环境风险等问题。作为新一代的害虫防控技术,转基因抗虫玉米于1996年开始在美国商业化种植,并迅速推广到巴西等主要玉米生产国家,成为防控草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda和欧洲玉米螟Ostrinia nubilalis等重大害虫的核心技术。该文综述了全球转基因抗虫玉米商业化的历史和防控害虫的作用,分析了美国对欧洲玉米螟和草地贪夜蛾等靶标害虫抗性治理的成功经验以及巴西等南美国家草地贪夜蛾对多种转基因抗虫玉米产生抗性的成因与教训。基于中国转基因抗虫玉米转化事件的研发现状、玉米生产模式、玉米害虫的区域发生特点和迁飞生物学等特性,提出在南方和西南山地丘陵玉米区种植包含Vip3A的多基因叠加抗虫玉米从源头防控草地贪夜蛾,在黄淮海夏玉米区种植包含Cry2A的多基因叠加抗虫玉米从源头防控棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera,在北方春玉米区种植包含Cry1A的多基因叠加抗虫玉米从源头防控亚洲玉米螟Ostr... 相似文献
7.
联合国粮食及农业组织2018年向全球发布草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是重要的预警害虫。据报道,2019年我国已有26个省（区、市）的作物受到草地贪夜蛾为害。目前已经发现草地贪夜蛾幼虫对某些化学农药产生抗性的现象,为缓解其抗药性产生,具有主动寻找寄主害虫的昆虫病原线虫为草地贪夜蛾的生物防治提供了应用潜能。该文从昆虫病原线虫高效侵染种（品系）及其浓度、共生菌、草地贪夜蛾幼虫易感龄期、田间致死力及影响防控效果的因素等方面进行综述,以期为田间有效利用昆虫病原线虫防治草地贪夜蛾提供参考。 相似文献
8.
从三级营养关系出发,研究了不同粮食（小麦和玉米）和寄主（米象和玉米象）对雅脊金小蜂发育和寄生的影响。结果表明：4个三级营养系统中雅脊金小蜂实验种群在4种虫源寄主中均能正常发育,其卵-成虫的发育历期在4种虫源寄主中由短至长依序为：玉米粒-玉米象〈小麦粒-玉米象〈小麦粒-米象〈玉米粒-米象;4种蜂源中雅脊金小蜂对小麦中的米象或玉米象的寄生率、刺死率和总致死率均显著高于对玉米中的米象或玉米象。因此用雅脊金小蜂控制小麦中的米象或玉米象,其效果较之玉米中的米象或玉米象的效果更好。 相似文献
9.
Donald A. Nordlund 《昆虫天敌》1998,(4)
ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＳｍｉｔｈａｎｄＲｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ（１９６５）ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｐｅｓｔｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ,ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｓｙｎｏｎｙｍｏｕｓｗｉｔｈｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｐｅｓｔｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ（ＩＰＭ）ａｓ：Ａｐｅｓｔｐｏｐｕ... 相似文献
10.
Details are given of the performance of Vapona Pest Strips and of an automatic dichlorvos sprayer developed to prevent infestation of clean or fumigated stored commodities, for infestation control on stored carobs. Air concentrations after spraying a nominal dose of 10 μg/1 of total store space averaged approximately 1.0. μ g/l after 30 minutes and less than 0.3 μ g/l after 3 hours. Residues found on carobs after daily spraying of stores at 10 μ g/1 for 96 days were in the range of 0.2 - 2.0 ppm. Ephestia cautella Walk, and Lasioderma serricorne (F.) become established in carobs after harvest and are the principle pests causing damage during storage. Effective control of E. cautella was obtained by using Shell Vapona Pest Strips at two strips/100 m3 or by daily spraying of dichlorvos at 10g/1,000 m2 (10μ g/1). No effect was observed against migrating larvae of E. calidella (Guen.) or E. figulilella Greg, nor against Bracon hebetor Say., the hymenopterous parasite attacking all three Ephestia species. The automatic dichlorvos sprayer is equipped to apply a predetermined dose at time of peak flight activity, 18–20 hours each evening. On stored carobs, no spraying is needed after October because the commodity temperature falls below 200C, too low for active development of the pest species. 23 automatic sprayers are now used in Cyprus to protect the whole carob crop from storage pests. 相似文献
11.
Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a knowledge of the grain storage environment and the ecology of insect pests. Grain storage facilities and practices, geographical location, government policies, and marketing demands for grain quality are discussed as factors influencing stored-grain insect pest management decisions in the United States. Typical practices include a small number of grain samples designed to provide grain quality information for segregation, blending and marketing. This low sampling rate results in subjective evaluation and inconsistent penalties for insect-related quality factors. Information on the efficacy of insect pest management practices in the United States, mainly for farm-stored wheat, is discussed, and stored-grain integrated pest management (IPM) is compared to field-crop IPM. The transition from traditional stored-grain insect pest control to IPM will require greater emphasis on sampling to estimate insect densities, the development of sound economic thresholds and decision-making strategies, more selective use of pesticides, and greater use of nonchemical methods such as aeration. New developments in insect monitoring, predictive computer models, grain cooling by aeration, biological control, and fumigation are reviewed, their potential for improving insect pest management is discussed, and future research needs are examined. 相似文献
12.
Mary F. Purcell 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》1998,3(2):63-83
The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation. 相似文献
13.
A. D. ORLINSKII 《EPPO Bulletin》1997,27(1):61-68
The experience of introducing more than 120 species of exotic biological control agents for use against more than 40 species of pests during 70 years in the countries of the former USSR is analysed. The examples of biological protection of citrus orchards and some other programmes using biological control agents are described in more detail. The precautionary measures elaborated for these programmes consist of: (1) the prohibition of use by insufficiently qualified persons or non-State organizations; (2) phytosanitary procedures preventing the spread of quarantine pests; (3) elimination from the biological control material of any hyperparasites, diseases or other accidentally introduced organisms under adequate quarantine conditions; (4) investigations at the place of release of the biological control agent into the environment. 相似文献
14.
Small-scale on-farm storage of maize in Africa is changing, in part due to shifts in the threat from insect pests. A questionnaire survey of 242 households in four closely situated districts in the Volta Region of Ghana, where Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) arrived ten years ago, was used to show how maize storage practices have changed over the last five years. The survey included asking farmers about changing use of contact insecticides in maize storage in order to guide research and future recommendations. We found high uptake of recommendations developed by a project for reducing Larger Grain Borer damage. Farmers are being pro-active in preventing extensive damage from this pest by replacing the wood of their storage structures, increasing inspection of maize in their stores, and increasing their use of grain protectants. There were differences in post-harvest practices according to district, ethnic group and gender. Grain protectants (traditional methods or commercially available products) were used by 45% of farmers. Cost was the most often cited constraint to the use of recommended commercial products. Farmers reported that their three most important sources of information on maize storage were the agricultural extension services, radio programmes and local networks of friends, family and fellow farmers. 相似文献
15.
BACKGROUND: Gaseous ozone (O3) has potential for control of insects in stored grain. Previous studies have focused on freely exposed insects. Immatures of internal pests (e.g. Sitophilus spp. and most stages of Rhyzopertha dominica F.) are protected within kernels and probably require higher doses and/or longer treatment times for full control. A laboratory study determined the doses of ozone necessary for full control of freely exposed and internal stages of eleven stored‐product pest species. Test insects were three species of Sitophilus, R. dominica, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, T. castaneum Herbst, Plodia interpunctella Hübner, Sitotroga cerealella Olivier, Oryzaephilus surinamensis L., Ephestia kuehniella Zeller and Stegobium paniceum L. Insects were exposed to continuous flows of ozone in doses of 10–135 ppm and exposure times of 5–8 days. Dose‐mortality bioassays were conducted on three species of Sitophilus and P. interpunctella. RESULTS: Freely exposed stages (with a few exceptions) were controlled with 35 ppm of ozone for 6 days. Full mortality of internal stages within kernels required exposure to 135 ppm for 8 days. CONCLUSION: This study confirms that higher doses and/or longer treatment times are necessary for control of internal stages of stored‐product pests. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
16.
Factors in the Success and Failure of Microbial Agents for Control of Migratory Pests 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
C.J. Lomer 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》1999,4(4):307-312
Microbial control agents generally kill insects more slowly than chemical pesticides, and fast-moving migratory pests may not at first sight appear to offer the most promising targets for microbial control. Operators responsible for control may need to have recourse to chemical control agents. Nevertheless, there are many occasions when pests breed and feed outside the crop and a microbial control agent can be used. Similarly, immature stages may cause little damage and early treatment in the crop can avoid damage. Microbial control agents are particularly likely to be favoured if the pest breeds in a conservation area, and if a publicly-accountable agency is responsible for control.Other key points of importance are the IPM context, in particular detection, planning and forecasting of outbreaks and the role of natural enemies.With these points in mind, we identify several locust and grasshopper systems where microbial control is becoming established; additionally, Sunn pest of wheat and Armyworm are identified as promising situations forbreak microbials. 相似文献
17.
BACKGROUND: Psocids are emerging pests in stored products, particularly in amylaceous commodities such as grains. Currently, their control is based on the use of fumigants and contact insecticides; however, newer data indicate that psocids are tolerant to insecticides used to control other stored‐grain species. This study evaluated the insecticides registered in the USA for use on stored maize, rice and wheat for control of the psocid species Lepinotus reticulatus, Liposcelis entomophila, L. bostrychophila and L. paeta. Mortality of exposed adult females was recorded after 7 and 14 days of exposure, while progeny production was assessed after 30 days of exposure. RESULTS: On wheat and rice, chlorpyriphos‐methyl + deltamethrin was generally more effective against exposed parental adults than spinosad or pyrethrin, while pirimiphos‐methyl was more effective on maize than spinosad or pyrethrin. In most cases, progeny production was suppressed in the treated grains. Progeny production was consistently lowest on wheat and rice treated with chlorpyriphos‐methyl + deltamethrin and maize treated with pirimiphos‐methyl. CONCLUSIONS: Chlorpyriphos‐methyl + deltamethrin and pirimiphos‐methyl were the most effective insecticides for all species and commodities. Conversely, efficacy of spinosad or pyrethrum was highly dependent on the psocid species and commodity. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
Moses T.K. Kairo Gene V. Pollard Dorothy D. Peterkin Vyjayanthi F. Lopez 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2000,5(4):241-254
The hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green, was first reported in the Caribbean in 1994 in Grenada. This was the first record of the insect as a major pest in the New World. By the beginning of 2001, the pest had spread to over 25 territories from Guyana and Venezuela in the South to Bahamas in the North. The pest has also extended its distribution to Central America (Belize) and North America (California, USA). Early attempts to control the pest using pesticides resulted in failure and a classical biological control approach was adopted. Several exotic natural enemies were introduced but control was attributed to Anagyrus kamali Moursi and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant. In all countries where biological control was implemented, this resulted in success. This paper reviews the remarkable success story. Information is provided on the distribution and factors leading to rapid spread of the pest, its pest status and resultant economic losses, and implementation of the biological control effort. 相似文献
19.
黄淮海夏玉米主产区穗腐病病原菌的分离鉴定 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为明确我国黄淮海夏玉米主产区玉米穗腐病的病原菌种类、优势种群及虫害、年度、省份对病原菌的影响,以形态学为基础,结合分子生物学方法对2013、2015年随机采自河南、河北、山东3省的155份玉米穗腐病样品进行分离鉴定。结果表明,引起黄淮海夏玉米主产区玉米穗腐病的主要致病菌为镰孢菌Fusarium spp.,包括拟轮枝镰孢F.verticillioides、禾谷镰孢F.graminearum、层出镰孢F.proliferatum、木贼镰孢F.equiseti及藤仓镰孢F.fujikuroi,分离频率分别为49.7%、28.4%、12.3%、3.9%和1.3%;其次为木霉菌Trichoderma spp.,包括哈茨木霉T.harzianum、绿色木霉T.viride和棘孢木霉T.asperellum,分离频率分别为8.4%、3.2%和5.2%;青霉菌Penicillium spp.分离频率较低,为14.2%;曲霉菌Aspergillus spp.包括黑曲霉A.niger和黄曲霉A.flavus,分离频率分别为2.6%和1.9%。研究表明,黄淮海主产区玉米穗腐病优势病原菌为拟轮枝镰孢、禾谷镰孢和木霉菌,不同省份不同年度间病原菌种类及优势病原菌存在差异,虫害能加重玉米穗腐病的发生。 相似文献