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1.
To investigate the household-level economic importance of income from forests under different tenure arrangements, data were collected from 304 stratified randomly sampled households within 10 villages with community forest user groups in Tanahun District, Western Nepal. We observed that forest income contributed 5.8% to total household income, ranging from 3.8% in the top income quartile to 17.4% in the lowest quartile. Analyses of poverty indices and Gini decomposition showed that incorporating forest incomes in total household income reduces measured rural poverty and income inequality. Community forestry income constituted 49.7% of forest income, followed by 27.5% from government-managed forest, and 22.8% from private forests/trees. Community forestry income, however, contributed more than other sources of forest income to income inequality, indicating elite capture. We argue that a full realisation of community forestry's poverty reduction and income equalizing potential requires modifications of rules that govern forest extraction and pricing at community forest user group level. 相似文献
2.
尼泊尔社区林业发展历史和现状探析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
尼泊尔社区森林管理属于世界领先水平。文中介绍尼泊尔社区林业的起源和发展经历的4个阶段; 阐述尼泊尔社区林业的运行体系, 重点是林业部门、森林使用者联合会、森林使用者小组的角色; 分析尼泊尔社区林业在提高森林质量和产出、帮助社区群众增收、促进REDD+机制和PSE机制发展、提高妇女等弱势群体参与性等方面取得的成效; 探讨森林使用小组在内部治理、利益分配和运行成本等方面存在的问题以及面临的挑战; 总结尼泊尔社区林业的特点, 并提出对于林业发展模式选择的启示。 相似文献
3.
Kasumi Ito Yumi Oura Hiroyuki Takeya Shigeaki Hattori Katsuhiro Kitagawa Dinesh Paudel Govindra Paudel 《Journal of Forest Research》2005,10(6):453-463
Despite high expectations of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) as project partners in bilateral-aid community forestry
(CF) projects in Nepal, it remains unclear whether the NGO involvement favored by donors is efficient. This study examined
the influence of NGOs on local people's perceptions of CF management by using a quantitative analysis based on a questionnaire
survey. Three different forest user groups (FUGs) supported by the Nepal Swiss Community Forestry Project were selected from
the Dolakha and Ramecchap districts: an FUG supported by another FUG acting as an NGO, an FUG supported by an NGO specializing
in CF, and an FUG without NGO support. A structured survey examined the perception of CF management based on satisfaction,
involvement, and self-reliance in 244 selected households belonging to the three FUGs. Knowledge of CF and personal information
was also surveyed and analyzed. The results showed that NGO involvement influences factors such as self-reliance and knowledge
of CF. FUG members who were supported by an NGO or an FUG had a significantly higher perception with respect to self-reliance
and knowledge than did members without such support. This indicates that experienced FUGs can serve as adequate service providers
for the CF formation procedure, in a manner similar to that of NGOs. On the other hand, the limited support from NGOs or FUGs
during the formation process seemed insufficient to fulfill the expectations of aid agencies with respect to the enhancement
of satisfaction and active participation on the part of FUG members. If aid agencies expect NGOs and FUGs to enhance the satisfaction
and participation of members, these intermediary organizations should be assigned to support more CF activities than just
the formation procedure. Aid agencies should take responsibility for strengthening the capabilities of NGOs and FUGs, as needed. 相似文献
4.
安徽省农民林业专业合作社建设现状分析及发展对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
集体林权制度改革以来,安徽省农民林业专业合作社建设与发展取得了显著成效,已成为林农进入市场的重要载体,有力地促进了林业增效、农民增收,加快了新农村建设。本文通过对具有代表性的部分市县林业合作社的调查,总结了集体林权制度改革催生的农民林业专业合作组织建设发展的主要特点及成效,剖析了存在的主要问题,并就如何促进林业合作社发展提出了对策建议。 相似文献
5.
The study examines the relationships between local pricing system of forest products and its effects on equitable benefit sharing and livelihood improvement of user households who are living in and around the forests. The community forest user groups of lowland in Nepal have practiced low pricing strategy for high value forest products considering the access of socio-economically poor households. However, the study suggests that even though the low pricing strategy was designed considering poor households, rich households greatly benefited from the forest benefits. The study further enlightens that the low price for high value forest products particularly timber is counterproductive for equitable benefit sharing among the user households in the areas of heterogeneous socio-economic conditions. In addition, the strategy is defective for collecting adequate community fund and carrying out enough livelihood improvement activities at the local level. 相似文献
6.
通过对辽宁省11县329户林农684块林地的调研, 从经营主体、林种、林地获取途径等方面对新一轮集体林权制度改革路径进行总结与归纳。以家庭经营与联户经营的改革路径为例, 建立Heckman二阶段决策模型, 实证分析林权制度改革路径对林农生产投资决策的影响。结果表明, 家庭经营对林农生产投资决策有显著的正向影响, 即家庭经营比联户经营更能提高林农林业生产投资的积极性, 并激励林农扩大林业投资规模。但是, 家庭经营也有受到资金、林地规模、生产技术的局限, 政府应进行林区金融产品创新, 鼓励林地流转, 引导林农参加林业合作经济组织。 相似文献
7.
介绍澜沧县茶叶、松香、橡胶、咖啡、竹笋、草果、森林药材、野生食用菌、森林蔬菜等非木质林产品的分布、数量及采集情况,分析其产值大、种类多、主要集中在山区、以农村群众自己利用为主等特点.认为目前存在着不规范的采集方式导致资源的破坏,缺乏加工企业和技术,基础设施不完善导致运输困难等问题.藉此提出了加强资源监测,制定可行的政策和规划;引进技术,人工引种培育非木质林产品,成立专业合作社,争取国家项目资金扶持等建议. 相似文献
8.
China’s central government has carried out a series of collectivization and de-collectivization attempts of forest tenure over time, which have led to multiple forest tenure arrangements within provinces. This paper investigates the motivation of farmers to maintain forestry under various forest tenure regimes. First, the paper provides a qualitative analysis of the different forest tenure regimes using the New Property Rights Theory. Second, an econometric analysis based on data from camellia projects in Jiangxi province is carried out. Camellia projects are long-term projects for the production of non-timber forest products which are important for rural income generation. Qualitative results of the research show that a multitude of different tenure regimes exist across forestry projects. Community-based or collective forest management regimes are the most important tenure regimes in forest management in Jiangxi province. Village communities and farmers are the main actors in forest resource management and investment in camellia projects in Jiangxi province. The results of the econometric analysis show that higher degrees of tenure security and residual claimancy for farm households lead to a higher use of household labor and capital within camellia forestry projects. Uncertainty about the future forestland distribution is an obstacle for household investments in forestry. 相似文献
9.
Community based forestry is seen as a promising instrument for sustainable forest management (SFM) through the purposeful involvement of local communities. Globally, forest area managed by local communities is on the rise. However, transferring management responsibilities to forest users alone cannot guarantee the sustainability of forest management. A monitoring tool, that allows the local communities to track the progress of forest management towards the goal of sustainability, is essential. A case study, including six forest user groups (FUGs), two from each three community based forestry models—community forestry (CF), buffer zone community forestry (BZCF), and collaborative forest management (CFM) representing three different physiographic regions, was conducted in Nepal. The study explores which community based forest management model (CF, BZCF or CFM) is doing well in terms of sustainable forest management. The study assesses the overall performance of the three models towards SFM using locally developed criteria (four), indicators (26) and verifiers (60). This paper attempts to quantify the sustainability of the models using sustainability index for individual criteria (SIIC), and overall sustainability index (OSI). In addition, rating to the criteria and scoring of the verifiers by the FUGs were done. Among the four criteria, the FUGs ascribed the highest weightage to institutional framework and governance criterion; followed by economic and social benefits, forest management practices, and extent of forest resources. Similarly, the SIIC was found to be the highest for the institutional framework and governance criterion. The average values of OSI for CFM, CF, and BZCF were 0.48, 0.51 and 0.60 respectively; suggesting that buffer zone community forestry is the more sustainable model among the three. The study also suggested that the SIIC and OSI help local communities to quantify the overall progress of their forestry practices towards sustainability. The indices provided a clear picture of forest management practices to indicate the direction where they are heading in terms of sustainability; and informed the users on issues to pay attention to enhance sustainability of their forests. 相似文献
10.
Pascaline Coulibaly-Lingani Mulualem Tigabu Patrice Savadogo Per-Christer Oden Jean-Marie Ouadba 《Forest Policy and Economics》2009,11(7):516-524
There is an increasing understanding that forests and the forestry sector are key elements in poverty reduction strategies in Africa. However, issues of equity between various forest users are becoming a major challenge to environmental development, forest management and poverty reduction. This paper presents an analysis of household representatives' socio-economic determinants and other constraints on accessing forest products, based on data collected through a questionnaire survey of 1865 respondents in seven districts of the Sissili province, southern Burkina Faso. Three logistic regression models were developed to examine determinants of access to the forest for collecting fuelwood, grazing livestock and collecting non-timber forest products (NTFPs). The results showed that access to forest products is associated with individual characteristics. Age, ethnicity, occupation and sources of income were significant determinants of access to all types of forest products. Access to the forest for grazing livestock was further influenced by gender and household size, while access to NTFPs was influenced by gender, household size and education level of the respondents. The formal forest law that precludes grazing in the forest, and customary rules and regulations pertaining to land tenure, were reported to be serious constraints to forest access for women and migrant people. Understanding the factors influencing access to products from commonly-owned forest resources could form the basis for developing, modifying and targeting policy instruments that promote equitable access. Policies should particularly encourage the direct involvement of vulnerable and marginalized groups (women and migrants) in forest management activities. 相似文献
11.
亚洲部分国家林权制度改革实践与启示 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
我国集体林权制度改革对农村经济发展和社会公平正义影响巨大。文中回顾了自上世纪末出现的世界林权制度改革浪潮, 并对其驱动力进行了分析, 介绍了印度、印度尼西亚、尼泊尔、菲律宾和越南5个亚洲国家的林权制度改革实践与特点, 揭示了亚洲国家林权制度改革对我国集体林权制度改革的启示。 相似文献
12.
The current state of cooperation in private forestry in Lithuania is examined, with a focus on the analysis of objectives,
organisational structure and the ways forest owners’ cooperatives operate. A postal survey has been used as a main research
instrument, the questionnaire consisting of a series of multiplechoice close-ended questions. This paper provides insights
into the state forest enterprises and other private companies operating in the private forestry sector, and places forest
owners’ cooperatives in a broader context of the private forestry sector. A typical forest owner’s cooperative in Lithuania
has up to 10 members and about 20 clients to whom services are provided. The leaders of cooperatives indicate that the optimal
number of clients using their services should not exceed 40. The main stated objectives of cooperatives are the provision
of services to their members under the most attractive conditions, uniting members, and earning a profit for the members.
These activities of cooperatives revolve around timber harvesting and trade. It is concluded that the process of cooperation
of private forest owners in Lithuania is rather slow, although positive development can be observed. 相似文献
13.
Nepal's forests have been transferred to community management with the twin objectives of supplying forest products and addressing local environmental problems. Community forests provide a range of benefits, from direct forest products such as timber and non-provisioning ecosystem services such as soil protection. There is a need to understand the extent to which environmental and community benefits are joint products or substitutes. Stochastic frontier production analysis (SFPA) was used to study the production relationship between environmental and community benefits and production efficiency analysis to study the extent to which communities were able to achieve maximum benefits. SFPA indicated that the magnitude of direct forest product benefits was influenced by various socioeconomic and forest related factors such as distance to the government office, community forest size, and group heterogeneity negatively affect community forest products benefits. On the other hand, links to the market, forest products dependency, and the number of households in the community augment benefits from community forests. In addition, forest product benefits and environmental benefits were complementary to each other. Production efficiency analysis showed that communities were not producing forest products efficiently. Factors such as social capital contributed positively to production efficiency, whereas caste heterogeneity in the executive committees of community forest user groups was negatively associated with efficiency. These findings can contribute to better implementation of community forestry programmes in Nepal, improving the welfare of communities by increasing direct forest product benefits without environmental harm. 相似文献
14.
15.
Augusta Molnar Denyse Gomes Romier Sousa Natalia Vidal Rene Forster Hojer Luis Alfonso Arguelles 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(1-2):87-121
ABSTRACT A significant shift has taken place in global forest tenure, with a doubling of the forest area under community ownership (or administration over the past 15 years). There is every indication that communal tenure will double again over the next 15 years. Recognition of traditional and indigenous peoples' collective rights over forest lands has important implications for forest-rich countries—both developed and developing. Combined with dramatic changes in the structure of the forest industry and globalizing markets, this shift creates new opportunities and challenges for low-income forest producers and community enterprises to leave poverty and diversify livelihoods. The challenge for policy makers and governments is to reform outdated regulatory and incentive frameworks to support these enterprises. This article presents findings on three types of responses from communities to the new opportunities created by the tenure shift and looks specifically at community timber enterprise cases from Mexico and Brazil; recommending actions by communities, policy makers, and private sector. Changes in international and domestic forest product demand, consolidation of commodity wood sectors, new corporate responsibility commitments, and the emergence of ecosystem service markets all affect community markets. One response has been the emergence of socially-integrated, timber and non-timber based enterprises. Another has been the expansion of self-financed community conservation. A third response has been new models of collaboration between companies and communities. 相似文献
16.
Community forestry is an emerging success model of state–community partnership for forest management and poverty reduction. Bhutan's initial experience of forest management by user group is promising, but merits further study on how community forests have experienced with harvesting and income generation consistent with national forest policy. This study quantifies whether community forestry contribute to household income with equitable products and income distribution and gender inclusive participation; and community forests are managed applying the principles of sustainable harvest without compromising regeneration and productivity. We applied a combination of social and ecological methods using household interview and forest sampling plots. Our findings revealed that community forestry contributes to household income through harvesting and marketing of large trees, and non-wood forest products where markets are accessible. Household income, however, vary widely between rich and poor households with former capitalizing on commercial and latter on subsistence products. Timber harvesting is consistent with the principles of sustainable harvest without altering species composition, regeneration and productivity. To narrow income inequality, pro-poor approach to community forestry needs to target poor households with income diversification activities and market accessibility. The promising results are context-driven and warrant consolidation from other community forests experiencing harvest in Bhutan. 相似文献
17.
18.
集体林是我国众多林权农户的重要生计来源。为了实现农户增收和森林资源增长,我国从2008年开始全面启动了新一轮集体林权制度改革。集体林改政策可以分为主体改革和配套改革2类。主体改革通过下放林权和分权到户,为新一轮集体林改奠定了基石,并于2013年我国基本完成林权主体改革任务;其后,各地逐步进行配套改革,主要解决主体改革后在集体林地流转、社会化服务、林权抵押贷款、集体林采伐管理等方面仍存在的问题。集体林改政策效应研究可为集体林权制度深化改革提供理论依据与决策参考,但已有相关文献尚缺乏对新一轮集体林改整体上的经济社会以及生态效应的研究。文中在简要回顾集体林改研究进程的基础上,系统梳理集体林改的经济、社会、生态绩效政策效应相关文献,分析已有研究的贡献和不足,以期为后续研究提供参考。 相似文献
19.
Most Nepalese rural households adopt diversified strategies of income generation and use products directly collected from forests. To analyse the influence of livelihood strategy on forest product utilisation, a survey of 336 rural households in lowland Nepal was conducted. Four livelihood strategies were identified by means of a Principal Component Analysis based on income variables, followed by hierarchical cluster analysis. Two livelihood strategies are assigned to on-farm activities and two to off-farm activities. The off-farm based strategies were found to result in higher household incomes. To test for differences across the livelihood strategies, additional socio-demographic variables, physical assets and location information have been analysed using ANOVA. The forest product utilisation behaviour of the households differs significantly between livelihood strategies. The households adopting a subsistence-based strategy collect the most forest products while achieving the lowest total income. However, a general influence of the total household income on the forest utilisation intensity is not confirmed. Households receiving remittances from abroad achieve the highest incomes but still collect forest products. The group of most forest-dependent households is mainly characterised by living near the forest and far from city centres with commodity and labour markets, and by having low education and a young head of household. The households relying mainly on private business income have the lowest forest product utilisation and are characterised by the highest education, proximity to markets and greatest area of agricultural land. 相似文献
20.
C. M. Caron 《Agroforestry Systems》1995,32(2):99-117
Reliance on nontimber forest products from homegardens and forests in a Sri Lankan village is presented. Land and tree tenure in this village adjacent to the Sinharaja Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Reserve have shifted dramatically because of changing priorities in forest management recently shifting from utilization toward complete forest protection. Local residents must adapt to a new set of social circumstances. Household demographics, access to land, and income from nontimber forest products (NTFPs) and external employment are examined as pertinent to household food acquisition. Linear correlations show significant associations between income generated from the sale of agricultural produce and nontimber forest products and the amount of money allocated to food purchases. Fifty-five edible plant species were found in homegardens. Four forest tree species provide food regularly. Case studies are essential in increasing the natural resource manager's awareness about the role of agroforestry in protected areas management and his or her understnading of promoting protection without compromising subsistence needs. 相似文献