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1.
茶树根系吸收对茶叶中农药残留的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
用田间盆栽的方法研究了茶树通过根系吸收农药对茶叶中乐果、乙硫磷、三氯螨醇和三氟氯氰茶酯残留的影响。结果表明，在各农药添加浓度为10mg/kg的土壤中培养7个月后，土壤和茶叶中均未检出乐果和三氟氯氰菊酯，而乙硫磷和三氯杀螨醇在土壤中的残留量仍有3mg/kg-4mg/kg，茶叶中的乙硫磷和三氯杀螨醇残留分别为0.08mg/kg和0.15mg/kg，并且茶叶中残留浓度随土壤中残留量的增加而上升。 相似文献
2.
排草丹除草剂在水稻上残留动态研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
报道了48％排草丹水剂在水稻上的残留分析方法及稻田生态环境中残留消解动态试验研究，计算出排草丹在稻株、土壤和水中降解半衰期。每亩施用3.0 m1，兑水50 kg,在杂草2～3叶期喷施一次，距收期60天,稻谷中排草丹及其代谢产物的最终残留量低于最低检出浓度0．02 mg／kg。 相似文献
3.
苯醚甲环唑在黄瓜及土壤中的残留消解行为研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了研究苯醚甲环唑在黄瓜地使用后的生态环境安全性,指导苯醚甲环唑及其制剂的科学合理使用,通过添加回收率实验,借助GC检测技术,研究并建立了黄瓜和土壤中苯醚甲环唑残留量的分析与检测方法,并应用该方法研究了10％苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂在黄瓜地使用后,苯醚甲环唑在黄瓜及土壤中的残留消解动态.结果表明：①黄瓜和黄瓜地土壤样品中残留的苯醚甲环唑可用丙酮提取,二氯甲烷萃取,再经弗罗里硅土（Florisil）层析柱净化,最后用GC-ECD（Ni63）检测,方法的最小检出量为1.0 ×10-11 g,其在黄瓜和黄瓜地土壤样品中的最小检出浓度均为0.05 mg/kg;②当添加浓度为0.05～1.00 mg/kg时,苯醚甲环唑在黄瓜和黄瓜地土壤中的添加回收率在89.22％～99.80％之间,相对标准偏差在1.04％ ～5.41％之间,符合农药残留量分析与检测的技术要求;③10％苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂在黄瓜地使用后,苯醚甲环唑在黄瓜和黄瓜地土壤中的消解半衰期在6.46～9.94 d之间,表明苯醚甲环唑在黄瓜地中属于较易降解农药. 相似文献
4.
联苯菊酯等菊酯类农药在茶叶上使用安全性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
不规范使用农药,容易造成茶叶中农药残留,危害茶园环境,影响消费者健康。联苯菊酯是茶园中较为常用的农药。有研究表明,菊酯类农药在茶树上降解量的约45%是由生长稀释引起的。按照推荐浓度施用,7天安全间隔期后残留量可以降低至安全限量(5 mg/kg)以下。加工过程中联苯菊酯降低24%左右,主要发生在干燥工序。茶叶中的菊酯类农药在茶汤中浸出较少,绿茶和红碎茶中联苯菊酯在冲泡中分别溶出4.4%和4.6%。通过田间喷施降解剂(包括微生物制剂、氧化剂等)、辐照处理干茶等也有进一步降解联苯菊酯残留的效果。 相似文献
5.
茶叶中农药残留及其通过茶汤进入人体量的估算 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Anoop Kumar Barooah Monorama Borthakur Jatindra Nath Kalita Tabaruk Hussain Kasturi Chaudhury Rajib Nath 《茶叶科学》2011,31(5):419-426
茶是世界上最普及的饮料.茶树由于受到大量病虫危害而需要施用许多农药.鉴于公众对食品安全性关注度的日益提高,本文对红茶中7种农药的残留量及其通过泡茶进入茶汤的残留量进行了研究.红茶中的农药残留量为0.18～1.90 mg/kg,其中只有一部分能进入茶汤而被人体摄入.将茶叶冲泡因素考虑在内,通过饮茶进入人体的农药残留量只有... 相似文献
6.
茶皂素在农药工业中应用研究进展 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
总结了茶皂素在农药工业领域中的应用概况 ,提出了今后开发的可能途径。文中对茶皂素在农药工业中应用的作用机理进行了论述 ,从茶皂素的表面张力、接触角和湿润性 ,证明茶皂素是一种适合农药工业应用的天然表面活性剂。实践证明 ,茶皂素作为可湿性粉型农药的湿润剂 ,能使可湿性粉剂农药的湿润性、pH、悬浮率等各项指标都能达到或超过国家规定标准。茶皂素在乳油型农药中应用 ,可以作为增效、展着剂 ,提高农药的施用效果。茶皂素在除草剂可溶粉、水剂方面应用能够提高产品质量和施用效果 ,总体水平优于国外同类产品。本文还对茶皂素作为生物农药在水产养殖作清池剂、作物和蔬菜种植业作杀虫剂、杀菌剂、灭螺剂等方面作了介绍 相似文献
7.
对比了香蕉果穗不套袋、断蕾后套袋、全程套袋三种不同套袋方式下戊唑醇在香蕉全果和果肉中的残留情况。按推荐施药剂量和推荐施药剂量1.5倍施用3次和4次250 g/L戊唑醇水乳剂,末次试药距收获期42 d时,不套袋处理的最终残留量均高于戊唑醇在香蕉上的最大残留限量0.05 mg/kg,断蕾后套袋的最终残留量均低于0.05 mg/kg,全程套袋的最终残留量均低于最低检测浓度0.025 mg/kg。香蕉套袋可以有效阻挡农药在蕉果上的附着,从而降低戊唑醇在香蕉上的残留量。 相似文献
8.
建立了热带水果中环境激素壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及其降解产物壬基酚的超高效液相色谱测定方法。以乙酸乙酯为提取溶剂,高速匀浆后,滤液以炭黑石墨氨基柱净化浓缩,以 C18 色谱柱进行分离,经液相色谱荧光法测定,结果表明：样品中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及壬基酚在0.2～50 μg/mL 范围内线性良好,其方法检出限分别为2、1.6 μg/kg, 回收率NP 在 91％～104％之间,NPEO在75％～83％之间。该方法快速灵敏,准确度高,符合残留检测要求。 相似文献
9.
新型生物助剂对不同剂型除草剂的增效作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究新型生物助剂对我国大豆、玉米田除草剂常用剂型(水剂、乳油、悬浮剂)的作用效果,以非离子表面活性剂、甲酯化植物油、有机硅助剂为对照,通过田间试验的方法,调查评价不同剂型除草剂添加新型生物助剂对大豆、玉米田禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草防除效果的影响。结果表明:新型生物助剂能够使除草剂水剂对杂草的株防效提高22.82%～31.62%,鲜质量防效提高21.97%～32.30%;除草剂乳油株防效提高19.31%～31.27%,鲜质量防效提高20.71%～32.13%;除草剂悬浮剂株防效提高21.14%～36.11%,鲜质量防效提高21.58%～38.17%。新型生物助剂对悬浮剂的增效作用最明显,其次是水剂和乳油。新型生物助剂能够显著提高除草剂水剂、乳油、悬浮剂的生物活性,增效作用优于甲酯化植物油、有机硅助剂和非离子表面活性剂,并对作物安全。 相似文献
10.
丁硫克百威原药和制剂对蚯蚓的毒性及其降解产物克百威的动态变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解蚯蚓急性毒性试验过程中丁硫克百威降解产物克百威的动态变化。采用固相萃取高效液相色谱柱后衍生荧光检测法检测土壤中克百威的动态变化，比较不同浓度的90％丁硫克百威原药和20％丁硫克百威乳油制剂在土壤主要代谢产物克百威中的动态变化及其对蚯蚓的毒性。结果表明：当90％丁硫克百威原药的浓度为42.74、85.47、170.94、341.88、512.82 mg/kg时，试验第7天，土壤中克百威的浓度分别为12.941、25.272、56.652、104.984、143.870 mg/kg；而当20％丁硫克百威制剂的浓度为42.74、85.47、170.94、341.88、512.82 mg/kg时，试验第7天，克百威的浓度分别18.445、41.793、67.709、119.515、144.538 mg/kg。第7天时丁硫克百威原药和制剂在土壤中对蚯蚓的LC50分别为170.514、113.757 mg/kg，实际测得的丁硫克百威对土壤中蚯蚓的毒性已演变成丁硫克百威及其降解产物的联合毒性。土壤中克百威的浓度，与添加丁硫克百威的浓度、时间呈正相关，20％丁硫克百威乳油制剂在土壤中的代谢能力及其对土壤中蚯蚓的毒性均高于原药。 相似文献
11.
12.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
13.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
15.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
16.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
17.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
18.
Rita Favas Janaína Morone Rosrio Martins Vitor Vasconcelos Graciliana Lopes 《Marine drugs》2022,20(3)
The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O2•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O2•− scavenging, (IC50 = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC25 = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC50 = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC50 = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O2•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms. 相似文献
19.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献
20.
Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase). 相似文献