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1.
Genetic variation in nitrogen (N) use efficiency, N uptake, and N utilization was analyzed in a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from winter oilseed rape cultivars. The aim was to analyze the relative importance of uptake and utilization efficiency and to identify parameters that allow an easy selection of N efficient genotypes. Fifty-four DH lines were tested in four to seven environments at two levels of N supply: no fertilization and 240 kg N ha?1. N uptake efficiency is defined as the amount of N acquired by a genotype as the proportion of the N available in the soil. N utilization efficiency is measured as unit grain yield per unit of N taken up. Significant genotypic variation was observed for both uptake and utilization efficiency. At low N supply, variation in N efficiency was mainly the result of differences in uptake efficiency. Seed yield was correlated positively with N uptake and N utilization efficiencies at low N supply and with N uptake at high N supply. The correlation was positive between harvest index (HI) and N use efficiency at both N levels (r = 0.45**; r = 0.36**) and for HI and N utilization at low N supply (r = 0.46**), indicating that a shorter plant ideotype might be more N efficient. The interaction between genotypes and N supply for grain yield was highly significant, and the correlation between low N and high N was of only medium size (r = 0.60**), suggesting the possibility of selecting genotypes with specific adaptation to low N supply. 相似文献
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3.
In a field experiment with topless faba beans, parental inbred lines and FI hybrids of a 7 × 7-diallel were evaluated for traits related to the P, N and K efficiency. In addition, the parental inbreds were cultivated in a pot experiment at two P levels (100 vs. 700 mg P per pot). Significant heterosis for grain yield, uptake and utilization efficiency of nutrients in the field experiment highlighted the enhancement of nutrient efficiency in the hybrids. Amongst both parental inbreds and hybrids, significant genotypic variation was found for nearly all recorded traits. In the diallel analysis, the GCA effects generally proved to be highly significant and in most cases considerably higher than the SCA effects. In the pot experiment, grain yield ranking of the parental lines at the high P level (= P700) was very similar to that in the field experiment, whereas at the low P level (= P100, – P deficiency) the ranking of the lines changed considerably. Correspondingly, the P level-line interaction was highly significant. High tolerance towards P deficiency was found for those two parental inbreds derived from cultivars bred under Syrian conditions. At the high P supply, P efficiency was more favoured by a high P uptake, but at P deficiency by a high internal P utilization. 相似文献
4.
Little is known about the effect of combined phosphorus and nitrogen (P‐N) fertilization on the N requirement of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of varying levels of P and N, as well as the interaction P × N, on the N uptake, yield and N apparent utilization efficiency under field conditions. Split‐plot design experiments were conducted in the mid‐western Pampas in Argentina. Four levels of N (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg N ha?1) and three levels of P (0, 12 and 40 kg P ha?1) were applied to two Typic Hapludolls over two growing seasons (1997–98 and 1998–99). N uptake and soil N‐NO3 contents were determined at the V7, R5 and R9 growth stages. The sunflower yield ranged from 2.5 to 5.0 Mg ha?1. The total N requirement was around 45 kg N Mg?1 grain, and this result suggests that it is not necessary to use different N requirements (parameter b) for fertilized crops when a yield response is expected. To achieve a 100 % yield maximum a N supply (soil plus fertilizer) of 181 kg N ha?1 at P40 was needed. However, at P0, the highest yield was about 80 % of the maximum yield with a N supply (soil plus fertilizer) of 164 kg N ha?1. P application increased the apparent use efficiency of the supplied N. 相似文献
5.
氮效率研究是油菜营养性状遗传改良的前提,为探究不同氮效率油菜种质苗期氮吸收、转运和利用的异同,以2个氮效率差异油菜种质H6（氮高效）和L18（氮低效）为供试材料,利用水培营养液设置正常氮（CK）和低氮（LN）2个氮浓度处理,培养14d后检测植株氮含量,计算氮累积量、氮转运系数和氮利用效率。结果显示,不同氮浓度处理对油菜苗期氮的吸收、转运和利用效率影响的差异达到极显著水平（P＜0.01）。与CK相比,LN处理的油菜生物量、氮含量和氮累积量均显著降低,而氮利用效率和根冠比显著提高;氮高效油菜种质H6的生物量、氮累积量、氮转运系数和氮生理利用效率均显著大于氮低效种质L18,分别为L18的2.07、1.42、3.23和1.56倍。从氮的吸收、转运和利用3个方面探讨了低氮胁迫处理下油菜种质苗期氮效率差异的原因,对深入开展油菜氮高效机理研究及油菜品种氮效率改良具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
6.
水氮管理模式对不同氮效率水稻氮素利用特性及产量的影响 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
以高产氮高效品种(德香4103)和中产氮低效品种(宜香3724)为材料,通过“淹水灌溉+氮肥优化运筹(W1N1)”、“控制性交替灌溉+氮肥优化运筹(W2N1)”、“旱种+氮肥优化运筹(W3N2)” 3种水氮管理模式处理,研究其对氮素利用及产量的影响及其生理特性,并探讨氮素利用及产量与生理响应间的关系。结果表明,氮效率品种间的差异与水氮管理模式对水稻氮素利用特征、灌溉水生产效率、生理特性及产量均存在显著影响;不同氮效率品种间在氮肥利用效率方面的差异明显高于水氮管理模式的调控效应;而水氮管理模式对灌溉水生产效率、总吸氮量、氮素干物质生产效率及稻谷生产效率的调控作用显著。W2N1相对于W1N1及W3N2水氮管理模式能促进不同氮效率水稻拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期氮素的累积,提高功能叶谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、光合速率(Pn)及根系活力,进而提高稻谷产量及氮肥利用率,且对中产氮低效品种的调控效应显著高于对高产氮高效品种,为本试验最佳的水氮管理模式。高产氮高效品种的平均总颖花数、拔节至抽穗期稻株氮累积量、功能叶GS活性、Pn及根系活力均显著高于氮低效品种,尤其结实期高产氮高效品种更有利于维持叶片及根系的代谢同化能力,利于氮素转运、再分配到籽粒中提高稻谷生产效率及氮肥利用效率,是氮高效品种相对于氮低效品种高产、氮高效利用的重要原因。相关分析表明,水氮管理模式下不同氮效率水稻主要生育时期功能叶GS活性、Pn及根系活力与氮素利用及稻谷产量均存在显著或极显著的正相关;尤其以水稻抽穗期剑叶GS活性及根系活力与氮素利用及稻谷产量的正相关性最高。 相似文献
7.
不同株高夏玉米品种的氮素吸收与利用特性 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
选用鲁单981 (LD981)、郑单958 (ZD958)和登海661 (DH661) 3个不同株高玉米品种, 在大田和栽培池条件下分别设67 500株 hm-2和82 500株 hm-2 2个种植密度, 0和180 kg hm-2 2个施氮量。大田试验的氮肥以开沟方式施入, 栽培池试验氮肥分别以5、20和40 cm深度分层施入, 利用15N同位素示踪技术研究不同株高夏玉米对氮素的吸收与利用特性。结果表明, 与67 500株 hm-2种植密度比较, 82 500株 hm-2种植密度夏玉米籽粒产量及氮素偏生产力显著提高。夏玉米吸收的氮素69.3%~77.3%来自土壤, 22.7%~30.7%来自肥料, 土壤氮和肥料氮收获指数分别为54.6%和57.5%。与67 500株 hm-2种植密度比较, 82 500株 hm-2种植密度矮秆品种DH661氮素积累来自肥料的比例显著降低, 中品种ZD958和高秆品种LD981没有显著变化; 中、高秆品种肥料氮收获指数显著降低, 矮秆品种增加。5 cm土层施氮对植株肥料氮积累量贡献率最大, 40 cm土层施氮对植株肥料氮的贡献率最小, 随着株高增加, 深层(40 cm)氮对植株肥料氮积累量的贡献率逐渐增加, 浅层(5 cm)氮对植株肥料氮积累量的贡献率逐渐降低。中、高秆品种对土壤深层40 cm施氮的氮肥回收率较高, 而矮秆品种对土壤浅层20 cm施氮的氮肥回收率较高; 20 cm和40 cm 15N在20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层残留量分别达到60%, 说明矮秆品种对20~40 cm土层氮素回收率较高, 中、高秆品种对40~60 cm土层氮素回收率较高。 相似文献
8.
Jacques Le Gouis Denis B ghin Emmanuel Heumez Pierre Pluchard 《European Journal of Agronomy》2000,12(3-4):163-173
Due to economic and ecological factors, European agricultural practices are likely to go towards extensive systems with lower inputs of nitrogen (N) fertilisers. The objective of this study was to assess varietal differences for N use at two nitrogen levels. A set of 20 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes was studied over 2 years in northern France on a deep loam soil without (N0) and with 170 kg ha−1 N fertiliser (N+) as ammonium nitrate. Results were consistent on both years as the genotype×year or genotype×year×N level interactions were not significant. The genotype×N level interaction was highly significant except for total N utilisation efficiency (total above-ground dry weight/total above-ground N) and grain N concentration. The genotype×N level interaction for grain yield was mainly due to three contrasting genotypes: Cappelle, a cultivar from the 1940s, had the same yield at N0 and N+; Arche had a high yield at both N levels; and Récital had a high yield with added N and a very low one without N. The number of kernels/ear explained most of the variations of grain yield at N0 (48%) and N+ (80%), and of the interaction (67%). N uptake efficiency (total above-ground N/soil N supply) accounted for 64% of the variation in N use efficiency (grain yield/soil N supply), while at N0 and at N+ it accounted for only 30%. N utilisation efficiency (grain yield/total above-ground N) was then more important at N+ than at N0. Grain N explained most of total plant N variation at both N levels. The interaction for N use efficiency was best explained by the interaction of N uptake (63%). The applications of these results to a breeding programme to create varieties adapted to low-input management systems are discussed. 相似文献
9.
乙烯利和氮肥对夏玉米氮素吸收与利用及产量的调控效应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以玉米品种"郑单958"为材料,在大田条件下,研究了乙烯利(0和180 g hm–2)和氮肥水平(0、75、150和225kg N hm–2)对夏玉米产量、氮素吸收和利用以及SPAD值的影响。结果表明,乙烯利处理显著降低了氮吸收量和吸收效率,但显著提高氮利用效率,其中乙烯利处理氮农学效率比对照提高了32.7%~34.6%,而且乙烯利处理对玉米产量及其产量构成因素没有显著影响;随着施氮量增加,夏玉米产量、产量构成因素和氮吸收量显著增加,而氮吸收效率、氮利用效率、氮偏生产力和氮农学效率随之降低,其中225 kg N hm–2处理氮吸收量比0 kg N hm–2处理提高了68.4%~91.8%,但225 kg N hm–2和150 kg N hm–2处理之间的氮吸收量差异不显著。乙烯利和氮肥对氮吸收量、氮吸收效率和氮农学效率具有互作效应。喷施乙烯利和增施氮肥均能提高灌浆期穗位叶SPAD值,但两者之间没有互作效应。通过相关性分析表明,夏玉米产量与吐丝期氮吸收量、收获期氮吸收量、灌浆期穗位叶SPAD值显著正相关。 相似文献
10.
Ch. Noulas P. Stamp A. Soldati M. Liedgens 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2004,190(2):111-118
Lysimeters and neighbouring fields were used from 1998 to 2000 to assess parameters of N use efficiency of three Swiss spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. An old (Albis), a new (Toronit) and an experimental genotype (L94491) were compared with no and ample (250 kg N ha?1) N fertilizer supply. N fertilization increased biomass, grain yield and grain N concentration of all genotypes in all years and in both testing systems (field, lysimeters) but only a few genotype × N interactions were observed. Generally, Toronit was superior in producing biomass and grain yield and L94491 in accumulating N in the grain resulting in identical N biomass yields. Albis showed the lowest and Toronit the highest fertilizer recovery, irrespective of the method of calculation (15N or difference method). The medium yielding L94491 recovered similar amounts of fertilizer N as Toronit, mainly due to the high N concentration in the biomass. The ranking of the genotypes for the investigated traits was similar in both testing systems and results comparable with those reported in the literature, indicating that the lysimeter facility is suitable for investigations of agronomic traits on soil–plant relationships, where a constant recording of the soil properties is required. 相似文献
11.
陕西省不同年代玉米品种产量和氮效率性状的变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
明确陕西省不同年代玉米产量和氮效率性状响应氮肥的变化趋势,对西北旱区玉米高产氮高效品种选育具有重要的实践意义。本文以1981—2010年间陕西省12个玉米主栽品种为材料,于2011年和2012年在典型旱区陕西长武进行3个氮水平(0、120和240 kg hm–2)的田间试验,分析了不同年代玉米品种农艺和氮效率性状变化趋势。结果显示,不同年代玉米品种籽粒产量随氮水平增加而提高,在施氮0、120和240 kg hm–2处理下籽粒产量增益分别为每年46、65和83 kg hm–2。所有氮水平下2000—2010年间品种产量和生物量显著高于1980—1989年间品种,而秸秆产量变化不明显;现代玉米品种(2000—2010年)产量的增加归因于穗粒数、千粒重和生物量的提高。不同年代玉米品种消光系数随氮水平增加而降低,说明现代玉米品种(2000—2010年)较老品种(1980—1989年)叶片直立,截获更多的光能,致使产量和生物量高。随着年代的递进,玉米品种氮肥农学利用率呈递增趋势,在低氮水平下现代品种氮肥利用效率最高,且显著高于老品种。氮肥农学利用率与氮吸收效率(NUpE)和花后氮素积累量呈显著相关(r=0.75;r=0.72),而与氮生理效率(NUtE)和花前氮素积累量相关性不显著(r=0.42;r=0.39)。说明现代玉米品种氮肥农学利用率提高主要来自氮肥吸收效率和花后氮素积累量的增加。上述结果表明,陕西玉米育种应注重穗粒数、千粒重、氮吸收效率性状和株型结构改良,低氮环境压力选择将有助于旱区玉米高产氮高效新品种培育。 相似文献
12.
种植密度对夏玉米碳氮代谢和氮利用率的影响 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10
研究了低、中、高3个种植密度对夏播玉米CF008、郑单958和金海5号碳氮积累、运转及氮肥利用的影响, 以期通过密度调控碳氮代谢, 实现产量与氮肥效率协同提高。结果表明, 吐丝期茎叶总糖和全氮积累量和茎叶总糖和全氮的运转率均以中或高密度下较高, 而籽粒产量、氮素吸收效率、氮素利用效率和氮肥利用率均以中或低密度显著高于高密度。吐丝前地上部氮素积累量以中高密度下较高, 但成熟期地上部总氮量及籽粒氮量均以中低密度较高, 表明吐丝期后植株氮素积累量对玉米籽粒氮贡献较大。在中低密度下, 3个品种夏玉米产量达10 262~11 461 kg hm-2, 氮肥利用率达23.00%~34.11%。 相似文献
13.
茄子氮效率基因型差异的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了解茄子的氮素吸收利用特性和筛选氮高效基因型,采用田间小区试验和测试分析方法,通过测定茄子产量、氮利用效率、氮响应度和氮素吸收总量等指标,对10个茄子基因型进行了氮效率方面的研究。结果表明,不同基因型茄子的产量、氮利用效率、氮响应度和氮素吸收总量均存在显著差异。根据供试材料在施氮和不施氮处理下氮效率的不同将供试10个基因型划分为5种类型:高氮高效-低氮高效型(HH-LH)包括06-991;高氮高效-低氮中效型(HH-LM)包括06-917;高氮高效-低氮低效型(HH-LL)包括06-961和06-867;高氮中效-低氮低效型(HM-LL)包括06-972,06-947,06-854,06-830和06-909;高氮低效-低氮低效型(HL-LL)包括06-910。对氮效率构成因素通径分析表明,氮素吸收总量对氮效率的直接作用大于氮利用效率的直接作用,氮素吸收总量是决定氮效率的主要因素。 相似文献
14.
Heterosis in yield, endotoxin expression and some physiological parameters in Bt transgenic cotton 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Although heterosis in cotton has been studied for many decades, very little is known about the performance of hybrids derived from Bt transgenic cotton parents. In order to known better the heterosis performance, yield and endotoxin expression in 20 hybrids (F1) and their Bt transgenic parents were examined from 2002 to 2003 (Experiment 1), and the dynamics of source, sink and their ratios in a well‐performing hybrid H01 were investigated in 2004 and 2005 (Experiment 2). Results in Experiment 1 showed an average mid‐parent heterosis of 21.3% and an over check heterosis of 7.6% in lint yield. Considerable heterosis was also detected in boll numbers, boll size and Bt protein content. Of the 20 hybrids, H01 (K0215 × K643) exhibited the greatest heterosis in yield and Bt protein content in 2002 and 2003, while lint yields of H01 were increased 12.6% and 9.1% in 2004, and 11.7% and 8.9% in 2005, compared with K0215 and K643 in Experiment 2, respectively. Significant heterosis for dry matter accumulation and dry matter allocation to reproductive organs and ratio of fruiting forms/total plant (w/w) were also detected in H01. Sources (leaf area, leaf area index, leaf dry weight per plant and diurnal performance of photosynthesis), sinks (number of fruiting nodes, fruiting forms and dry weight of fruiting forms per plant) and the flow from source to sink were significantly enhanced in H01 relative to its parents. Both total N and Bt protein in H01 were higher than those in its parents. Significant correlation was also found between total N and Bt protein in the main‐stem leaves (R2 = 0.877**). It is concluded that there existed considerable heterosis in yield, yield components and endotoxin expression in some Bt transgenic hybrids. Yield advantage of hybrid cotton (F1) over parents can be attributed to improved source, sink and flow, while the enforced expression of Bt genes in hybrid cotton appeared to be due to the enhanced nitrogen level in plants. 相似文献
15.
Wheat–cotton rotations largely increase crop yield and improve resources use efficiency, such as the radiation use efficiency. However, little information is available on the nitrogen (N) utilization and requirement of cotton under wheat–cotton rotations. This study was to determine the N uptake and use efficiency by evaluating the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) N use and the soil N balances, which will help to improve N resource management in wheat–cotton rotations. Field experiments were conducted during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 growing seasons in the Yangtze River region in China. Two cotton cultivars (Siza 3, mid-late maturity with 130 days growth duration; CCRI 50, early maturity with 110 days growth duration) were planted under four cropping systems including monoculture cotton (MC), wheat/intercropped cotton (W/IC), wheat/transplanted cotton (W/TC) and wheat/direct-seeded cotton (W/DC). The N uptake and use efficiency of cotton were quantified under different cropping systems. The results showed that wheat–cotton rotations decreased the cotton N uptake through reducing the N accumulation rate and shortening the duration of fast N accumulation phase as compared to the monoculture cotton. Compared with MC, the N uptake of IC, TC and DC were decreased by 12.0%, 20.5% and 23.4% for Siza 3, respectively, and 7.3%, 10.7% and 17.6% for CCRI 50, respectively. Wheat–cotton rotations had a lower N harvest index as a consequence of the weaker sink capacity in the cotton plant caused by the delayed fruiting and boll formation. Wheat–cotton rotations used N inefficiently relative to the monoculture cotton, showing consistently lower level of the N agronomic use efficiency (NAE), N apparent recovery efficiency (NRE), N physiological efficiency (NPE) and N partial factor productivity (NPFP), particularly for DC. Relative to the mid–late maturity cultivar of Siza 3, the early maturity cultivar of CCRI 50 had higher N use efficiency in wheat–cotton rotations. An analysis of the crop N balance suggested that the high N excess in preceding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in wheat–cotton rotations led to significantly higher N surpluses than the monoculture cotton. The N management for the cotton in wheat–cotton rotations should be improved by means of reducing the base fertilizer input and increasing the bloom application. 相似文献
16.
Strategies to Improve the Use Efficiency of Mineral Fertilizer Nitrogen Applied to Winter Wheat 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Recovery of fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied to winter wheat crops at tillering in spring is lower than that of N applied at later growth stages because of higher losses and immobilization of N. Two strategies to reduce early N losses and N immobilization and to increase N availability for winter wheat, which should result in an improved N use efficiency (= higher N uptake and/or increased yield per unit fertilizer N), were evaluated. First, 16 winter wheat trials (eight sites in each of 1996 and 1997) were conducted to investigate the effects of reduced and increased N application rates at tillering and stem elongation, respectively, on yield and N uptake of grain. In treatment 90‐70‐60 (90 kg N ha?1 at tillering, 70 kg N ha?1 at stem elongation and 60 kg N ha?1 at ear emergence), the average values for grain yield and grain N removal were up to 3.1 and 5.0 % higher than in treatment 120‐40‐60, reflecting conventional fertilizer practice. Higher grain N removal for the treatment with reduced N rates at tillering, 90‐70‐60, was attributed to lower N immobilization (and N losses), which increased fertilizer N availability. Secondly, as microorganisms prefer NH4+ to NO3? for N immobilization, higher net N immobilization would be expected after application of the ammonium‐N form. In a pot experiment, net N immobilization was higher and dry matter yields and crop N contents at harvest were lower with ammonium (ammonium sulphate + nitrification inhibitor Dicyandiamide) than with nitrate (calcium nitrate) nutrition. Five field trials were then conducted to compare calcium nitrate (CN) and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) nutrition at tillering, followed by two CAN applications for both treatments. At harvest, crop N and grain yield were higher in the CN than in the CAN treatment at each N supply level. In conclusion, fertilizer N use efficiency in winter wheat can be improved if N availability to the crops is increased as a result of reduced N immobilization (and N losses) early in the growth period. N application systems could be modified towards strategies with lower N applications at tillering compensated by higher N dressing applications later. An additional advantage is expected to result from use of nitrate‐N fertilizers at tillering. 相似文献
17.
B. Ehdaie D. J. Merhaut S. Ahmadian A. C. Hoops T. Khuong A. P. Layne J. G. Waines 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2010,196(6):455-466
Environmental and economic considerations require the effective use of water and nutrients to elevate grain production in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with concomitant reduction in nitrate leaching to minimize contamination of underground water. We determined the effect of the root system on leaching fraction, leachate N concentration, and N, P and K uptake using bread wheat ‘Pavon 76’ and its three near‐isogenic translocation lines: Pavon 1RS.1AL, Pavon 1RS.1BL and Pavon 1RS.1DL. These genotypes were grown in sand‐tube experiments under optimum and low level of nutrients for 2 years. Root, stem and leaves, and grain N, P, and K content, and agronomic characters were measured. Leaching fraction and leachate nitrate concentration were measured at early tillering, booting and early grain filling. Significant main effects for year, nutrient level and genotype were found for the characters. Genotype × N interaction was significant only for root P content. Genotype × year interaction was significant only for plant N content, root P content and plant P content. Genotype × year × N interaction was significant only for root N uptake efficiency. Thus, genotypic means averaged across years and nutrient levels are reported. Low levels of nutrients (1330, 235 and 793 mg vs. 1915, 375 and 1268 mg N, P and K, respectively) reduced mean root biomass, plant biomass and grain yield by 27 %, 25 %, and 19 %, respectively. The translocation lines produced 31–46 % more root biomass, 11–14 % heavier grains and 6–8 % greater grain yield than Pavon 76. Leaching fraction was higher under low level of nutrient at booting and grain filling. Leaching fraction at tillering, booting, and grain filling was 67%, 42% and 25%, respectively. Leaching fraction at early tillering was lower for Pavon 1RS.1AL (39 %) and Pavon 1RS.1DL (40.5 %) than for Pavon 76 (45.3 %). Leachate nitrate concentration was lower for two translocation lines at all three stages of plant growth compared to Pavon 76. The correlation coefficient between plant N content and root biomass, between plant N content and plant biomass, and between grain yield and root biomass was positive and significant. Significant positive correlation was found between root biomass and P and K uptake. Multiple small applications of N fertilizer during early plant growth with adequate irrigation water are recommended. Wheat genotypes with superior root characteristics for efficient nutrient uptake, especially during tillering and booting, should be developed in breeding programmes to increase grain yield and to minimize the nitrate leaching. 相似文献
18.
M. Antonietta H. A. Acciaresi J. J. Guiamet 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2016,202(3):231-242
Breeding has developed better yielding maize hybrids for low N environments, which also have delayed leaf senescence (‘stay green’ trait, SG). Here, we studied whether the SG trait can further improve yield of modern hybrids under N‐limiting conditions. In two field experiments, four maize hybrids with different senescence behaviour were grown under three N fertilization levels, from 0 to 200 kg N ha?1 (N0, N100 and N200). After silking, hybrids differed for senescence depending on the canopy layer (P < 0.05): the SG AX878 only delayed senescence at the mid and upper canopy layers while the SG NK880 delayed senescence of all layers. Across N doses, higher yields were achieved by both SG hybrids, AX878 and NK880 (P < 0.05) but yield was not only determined by senescence behaviour. Kernel weight (KW) response to N availability was larger for SGs than for their non‐‘stay green’ counterparts. Delayed senescence in SG hybrids was not related to higher post‐silking N uptake but to higher (P < 0.05) %N in leaves and lower (P < 0.05) %N in kernels at harvest (below the critical 1.1 % under N deficiency). Across N levels, KW positively related to N content per kernel, with a steeper slope (P < 0.05) for the SG hybrids. Taken together, our results suggest that a condition where N limits kernel growth, in a scenario of saturating C availability, may be common to stay green genotypes of maize. 相似文献
19.
不同水氮供应对水稻产量、吸氮量及水氮利用效率的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过两年在宁夏引黄灌区田间小区试验,以宁粳28号为材料,研究了3个不同灌水量与4个施氮水平对水稻产量、吸氮量及水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,在相同灌水量条件下,两年水稻的籽粒和秸秆产量均随着施氮量的增加呈增加的趋势。不同灌水量对水稻产量影响不大,但施氮量却显著地影响着其产量和地上部吸氮量。灌水量或施氮量对水稻的株高、穗长、穗数和千粒重均无显著影响。05年和06年水稻氮肥利用率分别在5.1%~37.6%和14.1%~25.0%之间。相同施氮水平下,05年水稻氮肥生理利用率随着灌水量的增加而增加,06年水稻表现出相反的趋势。两年水稻的氮肥农学利用率在8.3~19.3 kg/kg之间。氮肥偏生产力在同一灌水水平下,都随着施氮量的增加而降低,在同一施氮水平下,灌水量处理间差异并不大。相同施氮水平下,水稻的灌水生产率随着灌水量的增加而降低。从产量、吸氮量及水氮利用效率等因素考虑,本试验水氮合理配比是灌水量控制在1.2×104 m3/hm2左右,施氮量240 kg N/hm2左右。 相似文献
20.
综合农艺管理对夏玉米氮效率和土壤硝态氮的影响 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
通过对播种方式、播种时间、施肥时期及用量和收获时间等农艺措施的优化组合,设置综合农艺管理和施氮量试验,研究了对夏玉米氮效率和土壤硝态氮积累的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,氮肥偏生产力显著提高,氮肥农学利用效率显著下降,氮素利用效率和氮收获指数先增加后降低,施氮184.5 kg hm-2时达到最高;施氮显著提高了花前氮素积累量和0~30 cm土层硝态氮累积量;0~30 cm土层硝态氮累积量随施氮量的增加逐渐提高,即单一氮肥运筹下,氮效率不能持续提高,且土壤硝态氮积累量却因增施氮肥而逐渐升高。综合农艺管理的再高产高效处理(Opt-2)的氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用效率、氮素利用效率和氮收获指数均最高;花前氮素积累量较低,收获后植株氮素积累总量高于农民习惯处理且低于超高产处理;玉米收获后,0~30 cm、30~60 cm和60~90 cm土层硝态氮累积量均低于农民习惯处理,即通过优化的综合农艺管理,夏玉米氮效率显著提高,生育期内氮素积累趋势合理,玉米收获后土壤硝态氮积累量较低。 相似文献