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植物产生超过20万种代谢物(分子量小于1 000的有机化合物),这些代谢物在植物的生活史中发挥着重要的生理功能。因此,植物代谢组学在现代植物生物学研究及其生物技术应用中发挥着非常重要的作用。通过代谢组学和转录组学数据(或其他组学数据)的关联分析,人们可以更加快速地解析参与代谢网络的基因功能。最近,植物代谢组学在一些新兴的研究领域(如代谢流组学,辅酶因子组学等)也扮演着越来越重要的角色。对作为植物功能基因组学和系统生物学研究工具的代谢组学研究现状与展望做一个概述,以期为了解并研究相关领域提供参考。 相似文献
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营养代谢组学属于系统生物学范畴,主要用于研究营养素摄取在细胞与分子水平上对健康与疾病的影响,其已被广泛地应用于分子病理学、毒理学、功能基因组学、临床医学和环境科学等领域。文章就营养代谢组学在动物机体营养代谢研究中的应用进行了探讨。 相似文献
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通过对绵羊奶与牛奶乳成分及泌乳期奶绵羊和奶牛血清代谢组进行分析，旨在探究两个物种乳成分差异及潜在调控机制。在分娩后第90天分别采集6只奶绵羊与奶牛奶样与血液样本，通过乳成分分析仪对两个物种进行乳常规成分分析，并通过非靶向代谢组学对血清代谢物进行比较分析。结果发现，绵羊奶中乳脂、蛋白质、酪蛋白、固形物和非乳脂固形物均显著高于牛奶（P＜0.05），乳糖无明显差异（P＞0.05）。对血清进行代谢谱分析，共检测到1 615种代谢物，对其中486种进行了注释，根据条件筛选鉴定出412种差异代谢物。对差异代谢物进行通路（Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes，KEGG）富集分析，共富集到28条功能通路，正离子模式下18条，负离子模式下10条。在奶绵羊血清中存在许多代谢物与抗微生物、抗病毒或抗癌有关，例如芬那酸、瑞德南特和水杨酸。研究结果为揭示乳畜产奶性状和乳成分差异调控机制提供了一定的理论依据，为改良乳畜泌乳性能提供了参考。 相似文献
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对谷实类日粮的不同加工处理,可改变反刍动物瘤胃内淀粉的降解程度,影响瘤胃微生物的作用。研究证实,谷物的不同加工方法可不同程度地提高动物的生产性能,改善营养物质的消化及代谢利用。文章阐述了谷物不同加工方法对反刍动物的生产性能及养分消化代谢的影响,为谷实类日粮加工提供参考。 相似文献
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代谢组学是系统生物学重要的分支,通过对小分子代谢物的研究来揭示生命体的生理状态,进而探索生命活动的规律。对代谢组学进行了简单概述,介绍了代谢组学常用的分析平台,综述了代谢组学在水稻响应非生物和生物胁迫、基因功能、辅助育种及转基因安全研究中的应用现状,并就存在的挑战和机遇进行了分析,以期为代谢组学应用于水稻研究提供参考。 相似文献
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为探讨麦秸作为粗饲料的可行性,以苜蓿作为对照,通过对湖羊的饲喂试验分析麦秸对瘤胃发酵代谢及肠道组织形态的影响,测定湖羊的消化道内容物pH及重量、血液及瘤胃液脂多糖含量、瘤胃液酶活力、挥发性脂肪酸含量及脏器指数,并观察肠道组织形态。结果表明:1)与苜蓿干草组相比,麦秸组瘤胃pH显著降低(P0.05),网胃、瓣胃、皱胃及肠道pH无显著差异;2)与苜蓿干草组相比,麦秸组瘤胃内容物重及占宰前活重比例极显著升高(P0.01);3)两组湖羊瘤胃内容物和血液中脂多糖浓度均无显著性差异;4)麦秸组瘤胃内容物中木聚糖酶活力显著高于苜蓿干草组(P0.01);5)两组湖羊瘤胃中挥发性脂肪酸含量无显著差异;6)两组湖羊脏器指数无显著差异;7)两组湖羊十二指肠、空肠和盲肠组织形态无病理性变化。综上,与苜蓿相比,饲喂麦秸在一定程度上减缓了湖羊瘤胃排空速率,显著提高瘤胃木聚糖酶活力,促进纤维水解;饲喂苜蓿或麦秸均不会改变湖羊瘤胃发酵类型,不会影响瘤胃代谢及肠道组织形态,为麦秸在反刍动物上的合理利用提供了基础数据。 相似文献
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Mona M Y Elghandour Abdelfattah Z M Salem Jose S Martínez Castaneda Luis M Camacho Ahmed E Kholif Juan C Vázquez Chagoyán 《农业科学学报》2015,14(3):526-533
For many years, ruminant nutritionists and microbiologists have been interested in manipulating the microbial ecosystem of the rumen to improve production efficiency of different ruminant species. Removal and restriction of antibiotics subtherapeutic uses from ruminant diets has amplified interest in improving nutrient utilization and animal performance and search for more safe alternatives. Some bacterial and fungal microorganisms as a direct-fed microbial(DFM) can be the most suitable solutions. Microorganisms that are commonly used in DFM for ruminants may be classified mainly as lactic acid producing bacteria(LAB), lactic acid utilizing bacteria(LUB), or other microorganism's species like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Propionibacterium, Megasphaera elsdenii and Prevotellabryantii, in addition to some fungal species of yeast such as Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. A definitive mode of action for bacterial or fungal DFM has not been established; although a variety of mechanisms have been suggested. Bacterial DFM potentially moderate rumen conditions, and improve weight gain and feed efficiency. Fungal DFM may reduce harmful oxygen from the rumen, prevent excess lactate production, increase feed digestibility, and alter rumen fermentation patterns. DFM may also compete with and inhibit the growth of pathogens, immune system modulation, and modulate microbial balance in the gastrointestinal tract. Improved dry matter intake, milk yield, fat corrected milk yield and milk fat content were obtained with DFM administration. However, the response to DFM is not constant; depending on dosages, feeding times and frequencies, and strains of DFM. Nonetheless, recent studies have supported the positive effects of DFM on ruminant performance. 相似文献
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反刍动物蛋白质营养的实质和核心是氨基酸营养,由于瘤胃微生物的作用,奶牛日粮中直接添加氨基酸,会在瘤胃中部分或完全降解,最终到达小肠的氨基酸不能满足需求。赖氨酸(Lys)和蛋氨酸(Met)是泌乳奶牛饲喂玉米为基础日粮合成蛋白质时的第一或第二限制性氨基酸,是反刍动物增重、产奶或产毛的主要限制性氨基酸,因此过瘤胃氨基酸的研究主要集中在这2种氨基酸上。使用少量的瘤胃保护氨基酸(RPAA),不但可以代替数量可观的瘤胃非降解蛋白(UIP),还能提高奶牛的产奶量和乳脂率。因此,开发和利用过瘤胃氨基酸具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
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代谢组学是一门新兴的学科,与基因组学、蛋白质组学等共同构成系统生物学。近年来,代谢组学发展迅速,并在疾病诊断、生物医药研发、食品营养与科学、药理毒理学、环境科学、植物科学以及动物育种等众多领域均有应用。系统介绍了动物育种中小分子代谢物在遗传参数估计、品种（系）鉴定、重要经济性状鉴定、多组学关联分析以及动物疾病模型制备中的应用及最新研究进展,分析代谢组学研究中存在的问题。随着其研究方法的不断完善和优化,越来越多代谢物被人们所了解认识,在农用动物育种中代谢组学技术的研究逐渐增多,代谢组学必将成为动物育种的一种有力手段。 相似文献
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本文介绍了作者在中国农业大学反刍动物营养实验室工作期间建立的绵羊营养外科模型。试羊安装瘤胃、真胃瘘管和颈动脉、颈静脉、肠系膜静脉和门静脉插管。试羊不喂料,由瘤胃灌注混合挥发性脂肪酸（ＶＦＡ）、矿物质溶液,真胃灌注酪蛋白溶液、维生素混合液提供营养,以保证营养物质的消化道吸收处于稳定状态。该模型被用于乙酸利用效率的同位素示踪研究,在营养物质门脉吸收、营养物质中间代谢研究中亦有广泛用途。 相似文献
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赵云焕 《信阳农业高等专科学校学报》2000,10(3):12-14
反刍家畜瘤胃微生物利用尿素合成的微生物蛋白质 ,能被家畜自身消化、吸收、利用。因此给反刍家畜饲喂尿素可以节省蛋白质饲料、降低饲料成本 ,能提高家畜的生产性能。但如果尿素饲喂不当 ,会降低其利用率。本文论述了影响尿素利用率的因素、尿素的饲喂方法及应注意的问题 相似文献
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Anil K Puniya Abdelfattah Z M Salem Sanjay Kumar Sumit S Dagar Gareth W Griffith Monica Puniya Sreenivas R Ravella Nikhil Kumar Tejpal Dhewa Ravinder Kumar 《农业科学学报》2015,14(3):550-560
To keep the concept of a safe food supply to the consumers, animal feed industries world over are showing an increasing interest in the direct-fed microbials(DFM) for improved animal performance in terms of growth or productivity. This becomes all the more essential in a situation, where a number of the residues of antibiotics and/or other growth stimulants reach in milk and meat with a number of associated potential risks for the consumers. Hence, in the absence of growth stimulants, a positive manipulation of the rumen microbial ecosystem to enhance the feedstuff utilization for improved production efficiency by ruminants has become of much interest to the researchers and entrepreneurs. A few genera of live microbes(i.e., bacteria, fungi and yeasts in different types of formulations from paste to powder) are infrequently used as DFM for the domestic ruminants. These DFM products are live microbial feed supplements containing naturally occurring microbes in the rumen. Among different DFM possibilities, anaerobic rumen fungi(ARF) based additives have been found to improve ruminant productivity consistently during feeding trials. Administration of ARF during the few trials conducted, led to the increased weight gain, milk production, and total tract digestibility of feed components in ruminants. Anaerobic fungi in the rumen display very strong cell-wall degrading cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities through rhizoid development, resulting in the physical disruption of feed structure paving the way for bacterial action. Significant improvements in the fiber digestibility were found to coincide with increases in ARF in the rumen indicating their role. Most of the researches based on DFM have indicated a positive response in nutrient digestion and methane reducing potential during in vivo and/or in vitro supplementation of ARF as DFM. Therefore, DFM especially ARF will gain popularity but it is necessary that all the strains are thoroughly studied for their beneficial properties to have a confirmed ‘generally regarded as safe' status for ruminants. 相似文献
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A. Nikkhah 《Russian Agricultural Sciences》2012,38(1):14-21
Maintaining optimal rumen conditions faces many challenges when feeding ruminants barley grain (BG). This is because >90%
of BG endosperm can be rapidly degraded to acids, peptides, and ammonia, whereas corn grain is degraded more slowly and only
by 35–50%. Excessive processing may reduce and maintain rumen pH under 5.8, causing prolonged subacute rumen acidosis (SARA)
and suppressed immunity. Steam-rolling and grinding are two main global processing methods for BG. It is criticized how inaccurately
inherited focus on processing rather than accurate dietary inclusion rate of BG has compromised rumen and ruminant health.
Overemphasis on processing methods and quality control have kept producers far from granting deserving thoughts into safe
BG inclusion rates under different feeding programs. A major philosophy for steam processing of hard grains (e.g., corn and
sorghum) is to increase rumen starch and protein fermentation extent, whereas in softer grains (e.g., BG) a primary goal is
totally different, being instead to control and decelerate fermentation shortly post-feeding. These aims must be profoundly
appreciated to maximize microbial mass yield and overall VFA production with minimized risks from SARA and immune dysfunction.
Optimum dietary inclusion rates and physical form of BG in relation to physiological stage and lactation performance are discussed.
In practice, challenges usually arise from too-complex outlooks. Main challenges faced by ruminant industries will not be
to alleviate or attenuate disorders such as SARA and pro-inflammatory reactions, but instead to prevent and minimize their
occurrence. A perturbing trend in modern ruminant industries has been creating health problems by improper feeding strategies
and investing time and other resources to overcome such problems. Optimum processing techniques and feeding strategies of
BG should aim to minimize metabolic complexities, and improve economics by more effective prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment.
Effectual ruminant management is in controlled microbial cereal starch utilization in the rumen. Rumen is a foremost target
to improve starch and BG assimilation in postmodern ruminants. 相似文献
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果桑资源的研究开发与综合利用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对我国果桑资源状况、果桑资源研究进展、培育应用的果桑新品种、桑果资源的开发利用等相关内容进行了综述,以期为果桑资源的开发与利用提供参考。 相似文献