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1.
Based on a comprehensive search and review of the literature, 42 studies are identified for in-depth review and analysis of documented impacts of agricultural research from 1959 to 2009. This body of evidence is subjected to a systematic, quantitative scrutiny for the coverage and type of impact to derive patterns, gaps and trends in documented impacts of research in the subregion. The analysis offers compelling evidence that past investments in agricultural research in the region have been productive. In so doing, the study also reveals some persistent patterns and identifies a number of gaps between investments and documented impacts. Strikingly, the benefits are principally derived from rice improvement research, which has generated 86% of total documented benefits in the Southeast Asia region over the past five decades. In comparison with rice improvement research, evidence of impacts in other areas such as natural resource management and other commodities is minor. This suggests that there is considerably more certainty about the ability of rice research, particularly genetic improvement, to generate impact than is the case for other research foci.However, even for rice, the evidence has been patchy across time and space. There has been no comprehensive and subregion-wide attempt to inventory trends in adoption of improved rice varieties and document historical net benefits generated by this research effort. Despite the large-scale, long-term and sustained adoption of research generated rice technologies for smallholder farmers in this subregion, an impressive story on the impacts of agricultural research on long-term developmental goals still remains undocumented. The paper also reveals a declining trend in total documented net benefits from agricultural research in recent years, which is probably attributable to research lag times and changes in the intensity of impact assessment over time. 相似文献
2.
《Agricultural Systems》1998,58(3):395-415
Agricultural research impacts in sub-Saharan Africa are often location specific and arise through a lengthy process of technology generation and adoption. A framework for technology assessment is presented which clearly demarcates the spatial and temporal dimension of potential research benefits, but is also compatible with broader research planning efforts and available human resources. Application to Kenya Agricultural Research Institute brassica and snap bean research themes demonstrates that location-specific commodity production base, the potential for technology generation, and the potential for technology adoption are important determinants of research impact. Commodity market structure and rapid population growth also influence the magnitude and distribution of research benefits. 相似文献
3.
美国的保护性耕作策略 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
任何一项农业技术的推广使用都属于综合性的运作。它的抉择要受农场和农民的影响,受技术的限制,受经济的和政策的制约。对于保护性耕作来说就更容易受到一些因素的影响。例如,土地所有权的问题就会影响到保护性耕作的实施。农场主比给别人经营农场的农民在是否采用保护性耕作上 相似文献
4.
This paper provides an overview of the issues in and approaches to measuring and enhancing the value of agricultural water
in large irrigated river basins. It develops a framework and a set of indicators for valuing agricultural water by looking
into various dimensions and underlying key factors that influence the value of water at micro, meso and macro levels. The
indicators are applied to recent, primary- and secondary-level empirical data from the Indus basin Irrigation system of Pakistan.
In addition, the paper compiles recent estimates of the value of agricultural water from 40 settings in 23 countries. Finally,
the paper outlines measures for enhancing the value of agricultural water. The paper makes four main points: (1) The popular
productivity indicators based on crop output do not capture the full range of benefits and costs associated with agricultural
water use. (2) The value of agricultural water may not be as low as it is generally perceived or estimated when all major
uses and direct and indirect benefits of water at various levels are properly accounted for. (3) The value of water varies
across time and space, and the value to stakeholders at various scales (farmer, system manager, basin planner and national
policy maker) could be quite different. For example, the estimate of agricultural water value in the upper Indus basin in
Pakistan varies from US$0.04/m3 at the farm scale to US$0.22/m3 at the national scale. The farm-scale value is more relevant, e.g., for agricultural water charging policies, but for water-sector
investments and allocation decisions, the national-scale value is important. The decision-making processes related to water
sector investments, allocations, management, and charging/cost recovery schemes could be potentially misguided if key dimensions
of water value that are related to water availability and use, benefits/costs, and temporal and spatial aspects are not properly
accounted for in valuation. (4) Efforts should be directed not only at increasing the productivity of water in terms of mass
of output per unit of water, but also the overall benefits or value of water at various levels for larger growth and poverty
alleviation impacts, considering the sustainability of the systems.
相似文献
| Intizar HussainEmail: |
5.
加入WTO以来,我国在允许外资进入金融市场等方面进一步加大了对外开放的速度和力度.文章在描述外银行在华的现状的基础上,分析外资银行带来的影响,最后给出中国银行业应对外资银行竞争的策略. 相似文献
6.
Vinícius Pereira Guimares Luis Orlindo Tedeschi Marcelo Teixeira Rodrigues 《Agricultural Systems》2009,101(3):186-196
The reduction in goat milk production and the competitiveness of more profitable activities have increased the adoption of measures to enhance goat milk and meat around the world. A simulation model was built to evaluate the dynamics of a dairy goat herd under different scenarios of production. A System Dynamics approach was used to identify management policies that could affect the behaviour of the herd over 10 years of simulation using data from a dairy goat herd in Brazil. The impact of reproductive and mortality rates, one or two annual reproductive cycles on production, and economic health of dairy goats on changes in the herd dynamics were evaluated. Simulations indicated that small changes in reproduction and mortality rates and milk price can considerably affect the dynamics of the herd as well as the financial health of the production system. The interferences created to visualize the effects were not immediately realized because of intrinsic delays in the system. The comparison of models with one or two breeding seasons indicated that the latter was considerably more profitable and had a faster turnover. It was also found that the two breeding season had a greater capacity to support reduction in milk price that could generate financial instability in the production system. It was concluded that mathematical models can be used to predict impacts in management policies on herd dynamics and sensitivity to support the dairy goat activity showing its viability as an agricultural activity that can contribute to the production and incomes in small farms. 相似文献
7.
Shahbaz Khan Tariq Rana Munir A. Hanjra John Zirilli 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(3):493-503
Agricultural water markets can facilitate adjustments to water scarcity and competition and enhance economic efficiency, but markets cannot automatically balance efficiency, equity and environmental sustainability goals. The consequences of water trading on soil salinity in irrigation areas are not yet fully understood, but recognized as an issue that needs to be analysed. This paper explores the nexus between water trading and groundwater-induced soil salinity in a selected irrigated area in the Murray-Darling Basin. Results show that minimum irrigation intensities must be met to flush salts out of the root zone especially in shallow water table/high salinity impact areas. Such minimum irrigation intensities are helpful but not necessarily in deep water table/low salinity impact areas. Should water markets lead to permanent water transfers out of mature irrigation areas, minimum irrigation intensity needs might not be met in high salinity impact areas, causing substantial negative impacts on resource quality and agricultural productivity. Water trading that adds to salinity cannot be economically viable in the long run. The tradeoffs between water trading and environmental and equity goals need to be determined. This work contributes to the wider debate on Australian water policy aimed at achieving water security through water trading in the Murray-Darling Basin. 相似文献
8.
《Agricultural Systems》1999,59(2):193-214
Past explanations of why rural people respond as they do to external development interventions have emphasized the role of key limiting factors or critical characteristics (wealth, education, land tenure, etc.) which are thought to influence peoples' behavior in predictable ways. Efforts to promote tree planting and soil conservation in eight neighboring villages in the Philippines revealed that variation in participation did not reflect clear patterns based on existing household or village characteristics. Instead, specific responses to interventions reflected a complex, but interpretable interaction between existing socio-economic factors and historic trends or events. Characteristics like the degree of local knowledge, security of land tenure and community cohesion affected peoples' participation, in general, but their specific influence was neither predictable nor consistent between, and even within, individual villages. An appreciation of the specific historic context was often sufficient to explain these variations. The following historic trends and events were found to have important consequences for peoples' participation: migration and settlement history; family and group lineages; history of socio-political organization and conflict; history of physical isolation; labor history; economic–ecological history; environmental history; and past exposure to development agents. The paper concludes with a preliminary checklist of questions intended to assist researchers and development agents to discover relevant and interesting historical information about rural villages. 相似文献
9.
10.
Pathways to breaking the poverty trap in Ethiopia: Investments in agricultural water, education, and markets 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Munir A. Hanjra Tadele Ferede Debel Gemechu Gutta 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(11):1596-1604
Investments in agricultural water management should complement or strengthen the livelihood and coping systems of the rural poor, and should thus be instrumental for breaking the poverty trap in Ethiopia. Underdeveloped water resources constrain progress towards poverty reduction. We examine linkages and complementarities between agricultural water, education, markets and rural poverty through an empirical study using household level data from selected villages in southern Ethiopia. We show that investments in irrigation can contribute to poverty reduction, but the poverty reducing impacts of irrigation water are greater when human capital and rural markets are well developed. The size of landholding, access to irrigation water, on-farm land and water conservation practices, literacy of the household head, and years of education of adults are all significant determinants of household welfare, and thus potential pathways for reducing poverty. Expansion of cultivated land, particularly irrigated land, universal literacy, and an extra school year for adults all reduce poverty, but reductions in poverty are greater when irrigation is combined with universal literacy. These findings call for simultaneous investments in agricultural water, education, markets and related policy support measures for reducing poverty in smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia. 相似文献
11.
This study evaluated the effects of various cash refund policies on the financial position of co-operatives and co-operative members in Mississippi. Questionnaires were mailed to 25% of the farm supply co-operatives having over one million dollars of annual sales and to 25% of those having less than one million dollars of annual sales. In addition, financial data and parameters for three firms typical of co-operatives in the state were secured. These data were used to develop a hypothetical co-operative for analysis in a cash flow simulation model.The after-tax present values of the patron's investments were calculated and then the option of varying the cash refund percentage was analysed in order to evaluate its impact on the firm's financial position.It was found that members derive benefit from their co-operatives, as shown by the after-tax present value of yearly benefits to patrons. Also, increasing the cash patronage refund resulted in lower patron benefits and had an adverse effect on the financial structure of the co-operative. Therefore, increasing the percentage of cash refund to members will probably weaken the co-operative's ability to serve its members in the future. 相似文献
12.
Ruth Meinzen-Dick 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1997,11(2):103-118
This article examines trends in the understandingof and policies toward farmer participation in irrigationmanagement over the past 20 years, with special attention toexperiences with induced participation and management transferprograms in the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Senegal,Columbia Basin USA, and Mexico. Key lessons relate to the valueof social organizers as catalysts; the role of the irrigationagency as partner; and the enabling conditions for participation.As levels of income and infrastructure rise, we can expect moreformal organizations that enable farmers to deal with bankaccounts, service contracts, water rights, water markets, andadvanced technology in irrigation systems. The impact ofparticipation on irrigation performance needs to be evaluated notjust in terms of reductions in government costs, but by whetherimprovement in physical structures and farmers control overwater are great enough to offset the farmers costs ofparticipating. 相似文献
13.
This study analyzes the impacts of climate change on maize yields using an econometric model that incorporates climate, economic, and technology variables. The major finding is climate change will not universally cause negative impacts of maize yields in the United States and China. The results of a simulation of climate change on maize yields over the period 2008-2030 show that a combination of changes in temperature and precipitation can either bring positive or negative effects on maize yields. Furthermore, variation in regional climatic and economic conditions makes the impacts of climatic change on maize yields substantially different in different regions. In this research, the impacts of climate change on maize yields are not simply examined by climate factors. Economic and technology adaptation effects on maize yields are also incorporated. Thus, even with significant changes in climate conditions that alter the maize crop’s growing environment and affect crop yields, a decrease in maize supply due to a decrease in maize yields would lead to an increase in the maize price, which in turn would induce farmers to add more investments in production inputs to raise yields. Thus, the decrease in actual yields may not be as dramatic as predicted in only climate factor considered cases. In this research, findings gained from the study can be used for early-staged policymaking decisions and advanced problem prevention programs. To ensure the continuous increase in maize yields in the future, further studies and research, as well as efficient environmental policies and actions are required. 相似文献
14.
自十九大提出实施乡村振兴战略以来,晋城市出台和践行了一系列政策,并在促进农业经济增长方面取得一定成就。但在此过程中,又出现了农业经济未能实现持续稳定增长和增长动力不足等问题。为解决上述问题,促进晋城市农业增产增收,利用《2010—2019年阳城县统计年鉴》中记录的农业增加值、有效灌溉面积、化肥施用量、农用薄膜使用量和农药使用量这五个指标数据,采用多元线性回归分析法对晋城市农业经济增长的影响因素进行实证分析。研究结果表明：有效灌溉面积、农用薄膜使用量和农药使用量均可促进晋城市农业经济的增长,其中,农用薄膜使用量影响最大,农药使用量和有效灌溉面积次之。基于上述的研究结论,认为重视农业科技的推广与应用、大力培养专业的农业科技研发人员、增加财政支农支出和坚持农业绿色发展对于促进晋城市农业经济增长是十分重要的。 相似文献
15.
《Agricultural Systems》2007,94(1-3):90-114
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of agriculture and water policy scenarios on the sustainability of selected irrigated farming systems in Italy, in the context of the forthcoming implementation of the directive EC 60/2000. Directive EC 60/2000 (Water Framework Directive) is intended to represent the reference norm regulating water use throughout Europe. Five main scenarios were developed reflecting aspects of agricultural policy, markets and technologies: Agenda 2000, world market, global sustainability, provincial agriculture and local community. These were combined with two water price levels, representing stylised scenarios for water policy. The effects of the scenarios on irrigated systems were simulated using multi-attribute linear programming models representing the reactions of the farms to external variables defined by each scenario. The output of the models consists of economic, social and environmental indicators aimed at quantifying the impact of the scenarios on different aspects of sustainability relevant for irrigated farming systems. Five Italian irrigated farming systems were considered: cereal, rice, fruit, vegetables and citrus. The results show the diversity of irrigated systems and the different effects that water pricing policy may produce depending on the agricultural policy, market and technological scenarios. They also highlight a clear trade-off between socio-economic sustainability and environmental (water, nitrogen, pesticide) sustainability. Water pricing will have, in most cases, less impact than agricultural markets and policy scenarios, though it appears to be an effective instrument for water regulation in the least intensive irrigated systems considered. This emphasises the need for a differentiated application of the Water Framework Directive at the local level as well as a more careful balance of water conservation, agricultural policy and rural development objectives. 相似文献
16.
现代信息技术在农业农村的普及促进了“互联网+农机服务”的融合,是提升农业机械化水平的重要路径,因而探究互联网使用对农机服务采纳的影响具有重要意义。以2014年、2016年和2018年的三期中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据为基础,利用面板Probit模型分析互联网使用是否会影响农户对农机服务的采纳及其异质性。互联网使用对农机服务采纳具有显著的正向影响,农户家庭互联网使用率每提高1个百分点,农机服务采纳概率增加0.068个百分点,运用工具变量法解决内生性问题后,依然得到稳健性结论;互联网使用对男性、中青年、较高教育程度农户农机服务采纳的影响更大,说明个体的学习与劳动能力会影响互联网使用的效果;互联网使用对无家用农机户农机服务采纳的影响系数为0.332远大于对有家用农机户的0.175,说明互联网使用是促进传统小农户农机服务采纳的重要手段;互联网使用对非平原地区农户的农机服务采纳显著为正,边际效应为0.114,比基准模型高出了0.046个百分点,说明互联网信息技术对非平原地区农业机械化发展具有突出贡献。因此,建立“互联网+”的农机服务信息平台,加大对农村地区互联网基础设施的建设,加强对农户的互联网信息技术培训,是支持农机服务业发展和推进农业机械化进程的重要政策手段。 相似文献
17.
Jean-Marc Blazy Philippe Tixier Harry Ozier-Lafontaine Jacques Wery 《Agricultural Systems》2010,103(4):221-232
The ex ante assessment of innovative agro-ecological innovations is a key step in the development of more sustainable crop management systems. To this end, models are useful tools because they make it possible to rapidly assess numerous innovations in different contexts. Whereas many farm optimisation models focusing on the farmer’s strategic decision to adopt new crop management systems have been published, little attention has been given to the ex ante modelling of the dynamic operational impacts of innovation adoption at the farm level. BANAD, a mechanistic model for such applications, is proposed. It allows the ex ante assessment of innovative management systems including new agro-ecological techniques, while taking into account different farming contexts and policy and market conditions. It includes three components: (i) a crop management system model, (ii) a crop model (SIMBA) and (iii) a farming system model. Our results applied to the ex ante assessment of six innovative banana management systems for three contrasted farm types in Guadeloupe showed that the impacts of agro-ecological innovations, which include rotations, improved fallow, intercropping, pest-resistant cultivar, and an integrated organic system, can vary considerably according to (i) the farm type in which the innovation is integrated, (ii) the nature of the agro-ecological innovations, and (iii) the criteria considered and the temporal horizon of the assessment. Innovative intercropping systems that were effective at the field level in terms of the yield improvement and decreased pesticide use could be problematic at the farm level because they increased the workload and decreased income. The adoption of rotations or improved fallow seemed to be relevant for smallholders but could induce a critical period of 1.5-2.5 years during which income decreased drastically. Under certain conditions of markets and subsidies, very environmentally friendly innovations that are less productive can however be economically effective. 相似文献
18.
Public-private partnerships have been implemented throughout the world since the 1970s with mixed results. This is mainly due to the lack of long run commitments from governments and other parties involved, lack of scientific understanding regarding clear short-term and long-term potential biophysical and socio-economic, policy and legal consequences, and lack of trust between the partners. We present a Regional Irrigation Business Partnership (RIBP) model, which is capable of efficiently utilising research output and government policies for sustainable public-private irrigation planning and investment. Unlike other public-private partnership models, the RIBP is based on robust assessment of biophysical, hydrologic, socio-economic, political and legal aspects of water management. The RIBP model provides a crucial link between research and infrastructure investments while minimising short-term and long-term risks. The business investment framework involves iterative feedback from research and policy for identifying markets, defining products and establishing a legislatively and institutionally acceptable route to market as part of the feasibility assessment process. The RIBP model is based on the principle that sharing risks, rewards, and responsibilities coupled with sufficient investment incentives will motivate actors in water management to invest in irrigation infrastructure that saves water and generates better outcomes for the environment. We describe application of the RIBP model in the Coleambally Irrigation Area in New South Wales, Australia. 相似文献
19.
为解决目前水稻机插水平低,不适应水稻生产发展的问题,在分析水稻机收和机插技术传播的社会背景、技术特征和传播策略的基础上,以浙江省水稻机收和机插技术的推广实践为例,利用传播学理论比较分析了两种技术的传播特点和趋势,并探讨了技术推广优势、传播媒介,以及技术采用率临界数量达到方式等因素对技术传播效果的影响。结果表明:水稻育秧技术成本不适应农民经济水平,农民自主选择行为对技术采用率增长影响程度较低,是导致水稻机插技术在其采用率达到技术传播S型曲线中临界数量后无法实现快速自续传播的两个关键原因。加强水稻机插相关技术研究、降低育秧成本、提高机插技术推广优势,以及加大财政扶持力度是当前促进水稻机插技术快速传播应采取的主要措施。 相似文献
20.
为了研究管理者特性对土地股份合作社经济效益的影响,在德州齐河、武城、夏津、平原、临邑、庆云和乐陵共7个地区开展了163家土地股份合作社调研,从管理者特性入手,运用Logit模型分析了土地股份合作社经济效益。结果显示:管理者的政策解读能力和工作经历对土地股份合作经济效益影响显著,管理者创新精神、文化程度、市场把控能力对土地股份合作社经济效益影响不显著;土地股份合作社管理者基本特征同质化严重。提高土地股份合作社经济效益需要引入高层次人才、专业型人才,提升管理者的政策把控能力。 相似文献