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1.
Stem decay and root rot of Amaranthus hybridus, caused by Fusarium oxysporum is a serious threat to the commercial production of this crop in South Africa. Five Amaranthus hybridus varieties were examined in vitro for sensitivity to a culture filtrate of Fusarium oxysporum. The phytotoxicity of the culture filtrate was assessed for its inhibitory effect on callus and seeding root growth, as well
as on the viability of callus cells. The five varieties exhibited a significant amount of variation in response to the culture
filtrate of the pathogen. Variety 17 was the most sensitive variety in each bioassay, whereas variety 20 displayed least sensitivity
to the culture filtrate. Callus of variety 20 grew well in the presence of concentrations of culture filtrate that were toxic
to another four varieties and the percentage mortality of callus cells after exposure to the filtrate was also the lowest
of the five varieties. Root growth of variety 20 was also least affected by exposure to the culture filtrate for up to 6 days.
To our knowledge, the presence of resistance in germplasm of A. hybridus to culture filtrates of F. oxysporum has not been demonstrated before. The present study is therefore of significant value to breeding programs aimed at speedily
finding amaranth cultivars that are resistant to this important pathogen.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Pineapple, Ananas comosus L. Merr., cultivars differing in resistance to fusariose were examined for the phytotoxic effect of culture nitrate (CF), and fusaric acid (FA) isolated from Fusarium subglutinans (Wollew & Reinking) Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas. The possibility of using these substances on F1 hybrids as selection agents for resistance was also evaluated. The phytotoxic effect of these substances was assessed in pineapple plantlets from tissue culture by placing them on wounded leaf segments. The resistance level of the F1 hybrids and cultivars under natural conditions was measured in greenhouse field tests. The susceptible cultivars proved to be the most sensitive in each test, whereas resistant cultivars showed resistance to CF. FA affected all the cultivars independently of the degree of resistance of the cultivars The presence of other metabolites in CF was responsible for the screening effect between the varieties. Using CF as selection criteria allowed the selection of resistant plants with behaviour quite similar to plants where the fungus itself was used as the selection agent. 相似文献
3.
H. L. Ko P. R. Campbell M. P. Jobin-Décor K. L. Eccleston M. W. Graham M. K. Smith 《Euphytica》2006,150(3):387-395
Summary A transformation technique for the introduction of transgenes to control blackheart by particle bombardment has been developed for pineapple cv. Smooth Cayenne. Leaf callus cultures capable of high frequency organogenesis with a short regeneration time were used as explant material. Gus and gfp reporter genes were used to observe and determine transient and stable expression. The ppo gene, isolated from pineapple, was introduced to control blackheart. Co-transformation occurred with constructs containing the nptII gene conferring geneticin resistance. We have recovered 15 independent transgenic gus and gfp lines each from 8 separate experiments and 22 ppo lines from 11 experiments. Gus, gfp, ppo and nptII positive plants have been regenerated, which have been shown by Southern blot analysis to be stable transgenics containing multiple copies of the introduced genes. These results show that biolistic gene delivery in pineapple can be successfully achieved at an acceptable efficiency of 0.21–1.5% for genetic improvement of ’Smooth Cayenne’, the industry standard throughout the world. 相似文献
4.
广东江门菠萝的寒害调查和品种特性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在经历了2013年冬季低温胁迫之后,根据寒害等级比较品种抗寒性差异,对4个菠萝品种‘金菠萝’（MD-2）、‘黄金菠萝’、‘巴厘’、‘卡因’进行了寒害调查。结果表明,这4个品种均受到不同程度的寒害,其中‘金菠萝’和‘卡因’的寒害等级较低,‘巴厘’和‘黄金菠萝’的抗寒性相对较弱,抗寒能力依次为‘金菠萝’＞‘卡因’＞‘黄金菠萝’＞‘巴厘’。叶绿素的荧光特性决定作物的光合产量,为此,比较了不同菠萝品种的叶绿素荧光参数。‘金菠萝’的Fo和Fm均显著高于‘巴厘’,但是4个品种的Fv/Fm却没有显著差异。‘金菠萝’和‘黄金菠萝’均适合在江门进行推广种植,寒害等级和叶绿素荧光参数可以为抗寒品种筛选提供参考。 相似文献
5.
S. Sripaoraya N. W. Blackhall R. Marchant J. B. Power K. C. Lowe M. R. Davey 《Plant Breeding》2001,120(3):265-267
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was applied to eight commercial cultivars of pineapple, two intergroup hybrids and two wild species. Morphologically, pineapple is divided into the Cayenne, Queen, Spanish, Maipure and Abacaxi groups. Members of the first three groups have been analysed in this study. The cultivars ‘Tradsithong’, ‘Phuket’, ‘Sawee’ and ‘Tainan’, with spiny leaves, form the Queen group. In ‘Pattavia’, ‘Nanglae’ and ‘Petburi no. 2’ (Cayenne group), spines are confined to the leaf tips. ‘Intrachitdang’ is normally placed in the Spanish group, which is morphologically similar to the Queen group, but with inferior quality fruit. DNA amplification products were compared from 16 arbitrary 10‐mer primers from which a dendrogram was constructed. The results confirmed morphological classifications for seven of the eight commercial cultivars, with the Queen and Cayenne groups as separate clusters. However, the cv. ‘Intrachitdang’ was more closely related to the Cayenne group. Two hybrids from reciprocal Cayenne × Queen group crosses, were more closely allied to the Queen group. The two wild species were outside the groups. RAPD analysis can be exploited to investigate relationships within pineapple germplasm. 相似文献
6.
Summary Calli of resistant, intermediary and susceptible wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties were selected using culture filtrates of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum and the regenerants were evaluated for resistance up to R3. Czapek-Dox broth medium was inoculated with mycelia of Fusarium isolates and incubated for 2–6 weeks. Filtrates were added to MS callus growing medium, then 5 weeks-old calli were transferred onto this medium (MST) for 4–5 weeks. MST containing 30% filtrate was found to be suitable for selection. Resistant calli were transferred again to fresh MST for further two selection cycles. The surviving calli produced less fertile regenerated lines (R0) than the non-selected ones. Among 18 R1 lines tested for Fusarium-resistance in the seedling stage by artificial inoculation in the greenhouse, two (11.1%) were significantly more resistant, one (5.6%) was more susceptible than the original cultivar and the rest (83.3%) behaved similarly to the donor plants. Among unselected R3 lines of three varieties, practically the same number of resistant plants were found as among the related selected ones. When the R3 selfed generations obtained through double-layer and culture filtrate selection techniques were tested for Fusarium-resistance, 35.7% of the lines were found to be more resistant than the original cultivars, none was more susceptible and 64.3% had a reaction similar to that of the source materials. Thus, inheritance of the disease reaction was not stable in all cases. Success of in vitro selection for Fusarium-resistance depended also on the genotype, and toxin analysis showed that although being effective, the selective media contained deoxynivalenol only exceptionally. In selecting wheat for Fusarium-resistance in vitro, the culture filtrate technique proved better than the double-layer procedure. 相似文献
7.
菠萝果实生长发育过程中营养品质的变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以‘巴厘（Ananas comosusr cv. Yellow Mauritius）’、‘卡因（Ananas comosusr cv. Cayenne）’和‘台农11号（Ananas comosusr cv. Tainung 11）’3个菠萝品种的果实为试材, 进行果实发育过程中糖、酸以及维生素C含量的分析。结果表明：蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖是菠萝果实的主要糖类;在果实发育早期,各糖分含量较低,随着果实生长速度减慢,糖含量迅速增加,在果实成熟期达到最大值;在成熟果实中,不同品种间糖份的比例有较大差异,其中,‘巴厘’为3.71:1.11:1,‘卡因’为2.67:0.74:1。菠萝果实中所含有机酸有柠檬酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、乙酸、草酸和马来酸;随着果实的发育,不同品种间有机酸的含量、比例以及变化规律有一定的差异;在成熟果实中有机酸含量由高到低依次,‘巴厘’为柠檬酸（约占65.7%）、苹果酸（约占24.9%）、乙酸、草酸和马来酸,酒石酸没有检测到,‘卡因’为柠檬酸（约占62.2%）、苹果酸（约占14.4%）、酒石酸、乙酸、草酸和马来酸。菠萝果实中也有较丰富的维生素C,不同品种维生素C含量差异较大,‘巴厘’最高（0.49mg/g）,‘卡因’次之（0.19mg/g）,‘台农11号’最低（0.11mg/g）。 相似文献
8.
9.
Grisela L. Botta María P. Dimarco Alicia L. Melegari Marcelo A. Huarte Carlos A. Barassi 《Euphytica》1994,80(1-2):63-69
Summary
Fusarium solani f.sp. eumartii Carp. Snyder and Hansen (Fusarium eumartii) is a soil inhabitant that induces the so-called Potato Wilt and Stem End Rot disease. Prior to wilting, the pathogen induces peculiar small bronze spots on the leaflets. Failure to isolate F. eumartii from infected leaflets suggests the involvement of a toxin in the disease. The fungus was grown in liquid Richard's medium and thereafter a filtrate was obtained dialyzing (MW cutoff 12,000–14,000) and sterilizing the culture by filtration (0.22 m). Potato leaves treated with both the pathogen or the filtrate showed symptoms of bronze spots and significantly higher electrolyte leakage when compared to controls. Tomato leaves showed neither bronze spots nor electrolyte leakage after plant inoculation with the pathogen or with the filtrate treatment. Both, the absence of visible symptoms and the lack of electrolyte leakage in tomato could be associated to a certain degree of host specificity of the F. eumartii filtrate towards potato. The filtrate also induced symptoms similar to infections by F. eumartii in adult plants and in vitro plantlets of cultivars Huinkul MAG and Kennebec. Callus responses to the filtrate were related to responses of the cultivars to the pathogen in greenhouse. These results show the potential of the culture filtrate of F. eumartii for use in screening for wilting resistance. 相似文献
10.
11.
Barbarita Companioni Mayda Arzola Yania Rodríguez Marais Mosqueda María Cristina Pérez Orlando Borrás José Carlos Lorenzo Ramón Santos 《Euphytica》2003,130(3):341-347
Banana and plantain are among the most important food crops in developing countries but production is threatened by increasing
virulent forms of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Chemical control is not economically effective and,therefore, breeding programs are necessary. Traditional field studies
of new genotype resistance to this disease are time-consuming and destructive. Therefore,we developed a rapid and non-destructive
procedure to differentiate field-grown banana resistant from susceptible clones. This procedure implicates application of
culture filtrates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 onto banana leaves. The relationship between duration of the fungal in vitro incubation, and the fungal culture fresh mass, the culture filtrate absorbency, and the Gross Michel (susceptible cultivar)leaf
lesion area (after application of the culture filtrate) were similar and at 24day-incubation the highest values of the recorded
indicators were observed. A comparison between Gross Michel and FHIA-01(resistant) was also performed. The most relevant differences
between cultivars were observed at 48 hours after application of the culture filtrate, and in the middle-aged leaves. The
position of the culture filtrate application in the leaf limb (distal, middle, proximal) was not determinant. A wider comparison
among banana cultivars confirmed previous results informed by other researchers using different systems to study this plant-fungus
interaction. Such a confirmation validates the effectiveness of the procedure described here to select rapid and non-destructively
banana resistance to this disease at field level.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
Summary Callus culture of immature wheat-rye hybrid embryos was compared with embryo culture in two experiments. Embryos were rescued from field grown mother plants at two day intervals 13–21 days after pollination and plated for 1) callus culture on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 2 mg/12,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid followed by plant regeneration on hormone free MS medium with half strength mineral salts, 2) embryo culture on Taira and Larter medium (TL). Observations were made on embryo size and condition at time of rescue (Experiment 1) and embryo development directly into plants (embryo culture) or through embryogenesis (callus culture). Fewer 19 and 21 day old embryos developed into plants from callus culture than from embryo culture in Experiment 1. Callus culture was more efficient than embryo culture in promoting plant recovery from 17 day old embryos in Experiment 2. The number of plants per embryo was significantly higher from callus culture than from embryo culture. In both experiments callus culture promoted embryogenesis in more embryos than developed in embryo culture. Embryo rescue 15–17 days after pollination was optimal in both experiments. 相似文献
13.
用“对话”试验探索植物组织培养机制并建立适用性广的小麦组织培养方法 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
以小麦为试材，以揭示培养因素与培养结果之间的对应关系为目标，通过用类似“对话”试验的方法探索了基因型、外植体类型、培养基、培养条件等在植物组织培养中的作用和影响。结果表明，基因型不影响愈伤组织的形成，只影响和决定愈伤组织的质量。外植体既影响愈伤组织的形成，又影响愈伤组织的质量。由外植体类型造成的愈伤组织质量差异并不亚于由基因型所造成的差异，但其作用主要表现在离体培养的早期阶段。培养基除了向培养物提供营养外，不同培养基之间的差别更主要地表现为对愈伤组织质量的不同调控效应。一般情况下，2,4-D和NH4+对细胞分裂、愈伤组织生长表现为促进作用；细胞分裂素、NO3-对细胞分裂、愈伤组织生长表现为抑制作用。光照具有类似细胞分裂素的效应。温度变化对愈伤组织质量也具有调控作用。各培养因素的作用实际上均转化为生理生化效应。借助这种认识，所有培养因素的作用均可在生理生化水平得到解释。据此，植物组织培养的可预见性和可控性得到大幅度增强。通过本研究，为小麦组织培养建立了有较广泛适用意义的方法。 相似文献
14.
Tan spot of wheat is caused by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis. On susceptible hosts, P. tritici‐repentis induces two phenotypically distinct symptoms, tan necrosis and chlorosis. This fungus produces several toxins that induce tan necrosis and chlorosis symptoms in susceptible cultivars. The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance of insensitivity to necrosis‐inducing culture filtrate of P. tritici‐repentis, race 2, and to establish the relationship between the host reaction to culture filtrate and spore inoculation with respect to the necrosis component. The F1, F2, and BC1F1 plants and F2:8 lines of five crosses involving resistant wheat genotypes ‘Erik’, ‘Red Chief’, and line 86ISMN 2137 with susceptible cultivars ‘Glenlea’ and ‘Kenyon’ were studied. Plants were spore‐inoculated at the two‐leaf stage. Four days later, the newly emerged uninoculated third leaf was infiltrated with a culture filtrate of isolate Ptr 92–164 (race 2). Reactions to the spore inoculation and the culture filtrate were recorded 8 days after spore inoculation. The segregation observed in the F2 and BC1F1 generations and the F2:8 lines of all crosses indicated that a single recessive gene controlled insensitivity to necrosis caused by culture filtrate. This gene also controlled resistance to necrosis induced by spore inoculation. 相似文献
15.
Summary Callus tissues were initiated from seed, radicle and anther cultures of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in order to study the effect of streptomycin on callus growth. Our results showed that the addition of 250 g/ml or more streptomycin to the culture medium caused a significant inhibition of callus proliferation. The degree of inhibition depended upon the genotype, the drug concentration and the tissue source of callus. Selection of resistant cell lines began with seed and immature embryo cultures grown on various levels of streptomycin. The fastest growing sectors of callus were subcultured for additional selection. In this way, a total of 11 comparatively vigorous callus clones were isolated after 7 or 12 subcultures. Some of these clones exhibited a significant increase of resistance index when compared with unselected starting material. After 5 or 6 selection cycles, 79 plantlets were regenerated from resistant callus, but none grew to maturity because all were white (albino). 相似文献
16.
燕麦愈伤组织诱导和分化再生影响因素的研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
以燕麦3个品种(系)幼胚、幼穗为材料,通过组织培养方法,研究了基因型、培养基、外植体对愈伤组织诱导、继代和分化再生的影响。结果表明,对愈伤组织的诱导,基因型和培养基起重要作用,对幼胚作用极显著,对幼穗作用显著;外植体不同也影响愈伤组织形成,随培养基成分改变而变化,且幼穗较幼胚更易培养;2,4-D浓度影响愈伤组织生长和胚性愈伤组织形成,3 mg/L 2,4-D有利于愈伤生长,促进胚性愈伤形成;草莜一号幼穗愈伤组织有很强的继代能力,继代培养330 d仍具有46.58%的分化率,该材料在组织培养和基因工程研究中具有很大潜力。 相似文献
17.
Akhilesh Sharma Rajeev Rathour P. Plaha Viveka Katoch G. S. Khalsa Vandana Patial Yudhvir Singh N. K. Pathania 《Euphytica》2010,173(3):345-356
Wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi is a serious production constraint for peas worldwide. An attempt was made to isolate wilt-resistant mutants in two susceptible
pea genotypes, Arkel and Azad P-1, employing induced mutagenesis and in vitro selection techniques. Two thousand seeds of
each genotype were mutagenized either with ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS, 0.2% and 0.3%) or gamma rays (5-22.5 kR) in 60Co gamma cell for three consecutive years. Screening of different mutagenized populations under wilt-sick plots resulted in
the isolation of 25 mutants exhibiting complete or enhanced wilt resistance compared to parental genotypes. Five of these
wilt-resistant mutants also outperformed the susceptible background genotypes in terms of yield and other horticultural traits.
Efforts were also made to isolate wilt-resistant regenerants from callus cultures exhibiting insensitivity to culture filtrate
(CF) of F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi. A total of 250 regenerants (R
0) were obtained from CF-insensitive calli selected from medium supplemented with 20% culture filtrate. When evaluated in artificially
inoculated sick plots, only five R
2 lines obtained from the regenerants exhibited enhanced wilt resistance compared to parental cultivars. However, the selected
lines did not exhibit resistance levels equivalent to those shown by wilt-resistant lines isolated through in vivo mutagenesis.
To conclude, induced mutagenesis through irradiation and EMS treatments exhibited superiority over in vitro selection for
inducing wilt resistance in peas. 相似文献
18.
The effect of phenylacetic acid (PAA) on rice (Oryza saliva L.) anther culture was investigated with six genotypes, using 2,4-D as control. In the two-step culture protocol, replacing 2, 4-D with PAA in the induction medium did not influence callus induction but significantly improved the shoot differentiation from callus, particularly in the indica cultivar Teqing. The anther-derived calli of all genotypes regenerated shoots directly on the callus induction medium containing PAA. Most of the directly-regenerated plantlets had well-developed root systems and were therefore readily transplanted into soil. The improved shoot differentiation potential and the frequency of direct regeneration depended on genotype, basal medium and PAA concentration. The one-step green shoot regeneration frequencies obtained were 1.98% with the indica cultivar ‘129’, 1.5% with the indica × japonica hybrid ‘Teqing/02428’ (F1), and 1.98% with the indica × indica hybrid ‘Waiyin 2/C.B.’ (F1). The PAA-based one-step method was most effective on the anther culture of indica genotypes. Three DH populations have been constructed from hybrids (F1) via one-step culture. PAA also enhanced the one-step plantlet formation in rice somatic tissue culture. 相似文献
19.
Seven sunflower genotypes comprising of populations and hybrids showing differential sporophytic reaction to Alternaria leaf
and stem blight were studied for their gametophytic reaction to pathogen culture filtrate. The sunflower pollen grains germinate
well in the liquid medium and give good pollen tube growth in the absence of the culture filtrate. The addition of increasing
concentrations of culture filtrate to medium significantly reduced the pollen germination and tube growth in all the genotypes.
The reduction in pollen germination and tube growth in vitro due to culture filtrate was more in highly susceptible genotypes
L-101 and Morden than the moderately resistant genotypes Acc. nos. 1229, 180 and ISFH-306. Pretreating the stigma and style
with the culture filtrate before pollination reduced the number of pollen grains germinating compared to untreated control
suggesting toxin stress can be created on the stigmatic surface before pollination. There was correspondence between pollen
germination on stressed stigma (in vitro) and sporophytic reaction of the genotype suggesting pollen grain having resistance
would germinate on the stressed stigma and fertilise the ovule achieving selective fertilisation. The correlation analysis
indicated that there is a negative relation between sporophytic per cent disease index value and gametophytic parameters such
as in vitro and in vivo pollen germination, culture filtrate required to inhibit 50% pollen germination and pollen tube growth.
The association between pollen and the sporophytic reaction to the disease indicate the possibility of rapid screening of
a large number of genotypes by means of pollen assay as an alternate technique with regard to sporophytic disease index in
sunflower. The study also indicate the possibility of pollen selection before fertilisation to achieve rapid improvement in
disease resistance.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
Summary Plant tissue culture is recognized as an important tool to generate useful genetic variability for crop improvement. Regenerated plants from callus induced from stem explants of Solanum tuberosum cv Désirée were assessed by in vitro selection, for resistance to Verticillium dahliae. This fungus is the causal agent of Verticillium wilt, a serious vascular wilt disease both in crops and wild species.The rate of in vitro multiplication by single node cuttings was used as a parameter of screening in two selection cycles with different concentrations of V. dahliae filtrate. One resistant clone was selected and then evaluated by inoculation in the growth chamber. Induced damage, and morphological traits (dry weight, leaf area and tuber production) were estimated. The selected clone was comparable to the resistant control, cv Kondor.The results suggest that genetic variation induced in tissue culture cound be utilized to generate disease resistance. 相似文献