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奶牛是重要的经济动物，牛奶被誉为人类最完美的食物。酮病是奶牛泌乳初期的高发性疾病，是影响牧场盈利和奶牛福利的主要原因之一。一般来说，奶牛在出现酮病临床症状之前，往往会经历一段亚临床状态，而这段时间很容易被牧场主忽视，给牧场造成损失。目前主要通过检测血液或奶中的代谢物浓度对酮病进行诊断，然而受人工和成本限制，化学检测法不适用于大规模牛群，中红外光谱(Mid Infrared Spectrometry,MIRS)分析技术因其低成本、高通量的特点已经被逐步应用到酮病监测中。本文介绍酮病的发病机理、MIRS分析技术和当前研究者对于酮病相关指标的模型建立情况，为后续相关模型的建立及优化和酮病抗性性状的遗传选择提供参考。 相似文献
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正近些年,我国奶牛养殖业的发展,奶牛育种工作的进步以及生产管理水平的提高,推动着奶牛单产水平的改善。但是,随之而来的问题就是奶牛对营养物质的需求也在不断提高。如何在保证奶牛健康的前提下使奶牛摄入更多的营养物质,产出更多的牛奶,这是问题的关键。改善粗饲料品质,能够提高奶牛产奶量,保持奶牛健康。1粗饲料品质与奶牛单产正相关我国奶业有二十年的发展历史。从90 相似文献
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《养殖与饲料．饲料世界》2016,(9)
分析了2016年西安市阎良区奶牛养殖业、奶山羊养殖业的发展情况及趋势预测,指出牛奶收购价低、养殖规模小和条件差是导致奶业严重下滑的主要原因,建议采取加大畜牧养殖科技宣传培训工作力度、加大奶牛良种推广工作、加强疾病防治工作、加大奶牛标准化改造项目扶持力度等措施。 相似文献
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陈志艳 《畜牧兽医科技信息》2019,(8)
随着生活水平的提高,牛奶及其制品已经成为人们日常生活中不可缺少的食物。然而,奶牛如果患有结核病,就会对牛奶及以及制品的质量造成影响,对人类的健康构成威胁。人们食品安全意识不断增强,奶牛养殖业要取得长足发展,就要加强对奶牛结核病的防治意识,加快奶牛结核病净化,提高牛奶及其制品的质量。本文针对奶牛结核病防控与净化技术展开研究。 相似文献
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《中国畜牧兽医文摘》2015,(7)
<正>奶牛乳腺炎是奶牛的乳腺发生炎症,使产奶量减少或停止、牛奶品质改变为主要特征的一种疾病,该病一直困扰奶牛养殖者,严重影响饲养奶牛的经济收益,被列为奶牛的四大疾病之一。该病在养殖业中发病率较高,此病不仅给养殖业造成的损失严重,而且给人类的健康也带来不小的危害。1奶牛乳腺炎的危害(1)牛奶品质改变,产奶量下降。如果奶牛患了乳腺炎,所产的牛奶含有对人体有害的成分,人饮用了这样的牛奶,很可能发生食物中毒,或感染某些疾病,所以病牛产出的牛奶只能废 相似文献
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ZHAO Shanjiang HAO Haisheng LIU Yunxiang WANG Xianjun XU Li LI Laibao HU Zhihui ZHU Huabin 《中国畜牧兽医》2007,47(11):3618-3625
Under the modern large-scale and intensive dairy farming production mode,the continuous supply of feed with high nutrition level is the material basis for maintaining the rapid growth and development of reserve cows and the high lactation performance of lactating cows.However,after the genetic quality reaches the "bottleneck period",although the milk yield of dairy cow can continue to maintain a certain high level with the continuous improvement of the nutrient concentration of feed and the increase of dry matter intake (DMI),the incidence of nutritional metabolic diseases of high-yield dairy cows also shows a rapid growth trend,especially ketosis caused by the negative energy balance in perinatal period,acidosis caused by high-precision diet and the increase of blood urea nitrogen caused by high-protein diet,negatively regulate the reproductive performance of dairy cows,resulting in inconspicuous postpartum estrus,decreased mating rate and conception rate of dairy cows,which directly affect the update speed of dairy cows production groups,the normal performance of high-quality cattle and the economic benefits of dairy farming.In this paper,the author introduced in detail the relevant research on the current situation and its mechanism influence of different nutritional metabolic diseases on the reproductive performance of dairy cows in recent years,and focused on analyzing the molecular mechanism of nutritional and metabolic diseases with high perinatal incidence such as ketosis,low blood calcium and moderate gastric acid,and put forward the prospect and thinking on the future research direction of nutritional and metabolic diseases and reproductive performance of high-yielding dairy cows,in order to provide some reference and theoretical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency of high-yielding dairy cows in large-scale pastures in China and the perinatal nutrition management level of dairy cows. 相似文献
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现代规模化、集约化奶牛养殖生产模式下,不断供给高营养水平日粮是维持后备牛快速生长发育和泌乳母牛高泌乳性能的物质基础。然而,在遗传品质到达"瓶颈期"后,尽管随着日粮营养浓度的不断提高和干物质采食量（DMI）的增加,奶牛单产水平可以继续维持在一定的高水平状态,但是高产奶牛的营养代谢性疾病的发病率也呈现快速增长趋势,特别是围产期能量负平衡（negative energy balance,NEB）引起的酮病,高精日粮引发的酸中毒、高蛋白质日粮引起的血液中尿素氮升高等营养代谢性疾病,负调控奶牛繁殖性能,造成奶牛产后发情不明显,配种率和受胎率下降等,直接影响奶牛生产群的更新速度、优质牛群泌乳性能正常发挥以及奶牛养殖的经济效益。作者详细介绍了近年来国内外不同营养代谢性疾病对奶牛繁殖性能影响的相关研究资料,重点分析了酮病、低血钙、瘤胃酸中毒等围产期高发的营养代谢性疾病影响奶牛繁殖性能的分子机制,并对营养代谢性疾病与高产奶牛繁殖性能今后研究的方向提出了展望和思考,以期为提高中国规模化牧场高产奶牛群繁殖效率和母牛围产期营养管理水平提供一定的借鉴和理论依据。 相似文献
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中红外光谱分析技术(MIRS)作为一种快速且经济的检测手段广泛应用于生产,中红外(MIR)光谱在本质上可以反映牛奶特征。MIR光谱整体上是一条具有低中高遗传力的曲线,但并非所有MIR区域都具有遗传意义,应深入挖掘光谱数据具有的高遗传变异,提取可用于遗传育种的有效区域,得到筛选光谱信息区域的最佳方法。在标准预测模型基础上,获得的牛奶组分预测值具有遗传变异性,总体上呈中高遗传力,可进行遗传选择或对相关性状进行间接选择;借助MIRS挖掘一些新型经济性状。本文对牛奶MIR光谱相关指标遗传规律进行综述,以期为选种选育提供理论基础。 相似文献
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Recent advances in on-farm technology now provide us with multiple time-series of reliably measured indicators of animal performance and status at the level of the individual. This paper presents a smoothing approach for extracting biologically meaningful features from such time series using bovine milk yield data as an example. The main goal of this study was to illustrate how the method can be used to detect production deviations, extract quantifiable features of the deviation profiles, and thus provide means to examine hypotheses concerning the nature of the deviations. The effectiveness of the method was assessed with complete lactation curves from 47 Holstein cows. Within their lactations, the cows were each subjected to 1 nutritional challenge for a period of 4 d (their standard diet: a maize silage-based total mixed ration was diluted with 60% wheat straw), which provoked a decline in the milk yield in all cows. The challenge was imposed between the same calendar days for all cows. Thus, the cows were at different stages of lactation: early (n = 14), mid (n = 15), and late (n = 18). Each milk-yield curve was decomposed into components that capture the short-term deviations of the cow such as the response to the nutritional challenge and describe the phenotypic potential yield function of that cow throughout its lactation. The difference between the 2 components gives a measure of the milk loss. In all, 480 deviations were detected from the complete lactations of 47 cows. The milk loss provoked by the feeding challenge (n = 47) was significantly related to the milk yield immediately before the challenge (r = 0.86, P < 0.01). The correlation between the rate of recovery and milk loss was (r = 0.94, P < 0.01). Further, there was no significant slope (P > 0.1) to the relationship between the ratio (rate of recovery/milk loss) and days from calving, indicating that the force of recovery was unaffected by stage of lactation. These results suggest that differential smoothing can be a useful tool for quantifying biological disturbances in animal performance and for extracting features that relate to the potential and robustness of an animal. 相似文献
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高产量奶牛的高效选育一直是困扰奶业及奶牛养殖业高效发展的难题,产奶量不足,生产效率不稳定等问题也严重制约了行业的发展。但传统筛选高产奶牛方法耗时耗力,不利于高产奶牛快速培育,且优良性状的遗传稳定性较差,也无法长期保留。目前,越来越多研究发现产奶量与奶牛的表观性状有关,如体重、体尺、乳房形态及肛殖距等。不仅如此,产奶量及奶品质还与催乳素及其受体基因、生长激素及其受体基因、二酰甘油酰基转移酶基因和及其他产奶基因具有密切关系。因此,本文对影响奶牛产奶量的相关因素进行了综合概述,阐述了不同因素对高产奶牛筛选应用的潜在价值,有望促进高产奶牛的快速筛选,助力奶牛养殖业的快速发展。 相似文献
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不同品种牛乳营养成分含量及脂肪酸含量和组成测定比较研究 《畜牧与饲料科学》2022,43(5):93-97
[目的] 比较中国荷斯坦奶牛、荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛乳中常规营养成分含量、矿物质元素含量及脂肪酸含量和组成的差异。[方法] 选取中国荷斯坦奶牛、荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛各6头,每头奶牛收集200 mL生鲜乳样品,利用乳成分分析仪测定乳中常规营养成分含量,通过原子吸收分光光度计测定乳中矿物质元素含量,应用气相色谱仪测定乳中脂肪酸含量和组成。采用统计学方法对不同品种牛乳中的营养成分含量及脂肪酸含量和组成进行比较。[结果] 中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中乳脂含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛,乳蛋白含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛;中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中乳钙含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛,乳锌含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛。中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中豆蔻酸含量显著（P<0.05）低于荷斯坦奶牛,油酸和亚油酸含量显著（P<0.05）高于西门塔尔牛;中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中饱和脂肪酸含量显著（P<0.05）低于西门塔尔牛,不饱和脂肪酸含量显著（P<0.05）高于西门塔尔牛。[结论] 中国荷斯坦奶牛乳中部分营养成分和矿物质元素含量接近或优于荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛,脂肪酸含量和组成与荷斯坦奶牛相近,脂肪酸组成优于西门塔尔牛。 相似文献
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Sources of variation and prospects for improvement of productive efficiency in the dairy cow: a review 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
D E Bauman S N McCutcheon W D Steinhour P J Eppard S J Sechen 《Journal of animal science》1985,60(2):583-592
In this review, "productive efficiency" in dairy cows is defined as the yield of milk obtained in ratio to the nutritional costs associated with maintenance, milk synthesis and loss of body condition during lactation. Improvements in efficiency could occur as a result of changes in digestion and nutrient absorption, maintenance requirement, utilization of metabolizable energy for production or nutrient partitioning. Digestibility can be greatly enhanced by appropriate dietary manipulation. Likewise, it may be possible to reduce maintenance requirements and improve the efficiency with which metabolizable energy is used for milk synthesis by manipulation of the pattern of nutrients presented to tissues. However, these factors apparently do not respond to selection for increased milk yield, and little variation is observed among cows. In contrast, individual cows differ substantially in feed intake and in the partitioning of nutrients among body tissues. Techniques associated with genetic engineering and the early prediction of genetic merit have the potential to improve productive efficiency by manipulation of these processes. However, changes in nutrient partitioning and feed intake during lactation are coordinated by a complex network of controls that accommodate the nutrient requirements of each tissue while maintaining homeostatic balance. Future improvements in productive efficiency will therefore depend on our ability to understand the manner in which these controls operate. 相似文献