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1.
Physical fractionation of soil and structural and functional complexity in organic matter turnover 总被引：37，自引：1，他引：37
B. T. Christensen 《European Journal of Soil Science》2001,52(3):345-353
Physical fractionation is used increasingly to study the turnover of organic matter in soil. This essay links the methods of fractionation to concepts of turnover by defining levels of structural and functional complexity that refer to experimentally verifiable pools of organic matter in the soil. Physical fractionation according to size and density of soil particles emphasizes the importance of interactions between organic and inorganic soil components in the turnover of organic matter. It allows the separation of free and occluded uncomplexed organic matter and of primary and secondary organomineral complexes. This methodological approach recognizes that the overall regulation of decomposer activity is through the structure of soil, which determines gas exchange, the availability of substrates and water, and the transport of solutes. Results from physical fractionations suggest three levels of structural and functional complexity in the turnover of organic matter in soil. Primary organomineral complexes isolated from fully dispersed soil account for the primary level of complexity. The clay‐, silt‐ and sand‐sized complexes are seen as the basic units in soil, surface reactions between substrates, organisms and minerals being the main regulatory mechanisms. Secondary complexes reflect the degree of aggregation of primary organomineral complexes and refer to the second level of complexity. Physical protection of uncomplexed organic matter and soil organisms and the creation of gas and moisture gradients are emergent features regulating the turnover at this level of complexity. The structurally intact soil (the soil in situ) constitutes the third level of complexity. This integrates the effects of primary and secondary complexes. Emergent structural features associated with this level are resource islands, macropores, roots, mesofauna, tillage and soil compaction, the corresponding functional features being related to the transport and exchange of solutes and gases, and the spatial distribution and comminution of litter and uncomplexed organic matter. Thus, a thorough understanding of the turnover and storage of organic matter in soil can be acquired only by considering all levels of complexity in the decomposition subsystem. 相似文献
2.
3,4-Dichloroaniline (DCA), a biodegradation intermediate of numerous herbicides, binds covalently to soil humus to form persistent complexes. Prompted by the possibility that, upon repeated treatments, xenobiotic residues may accumulate in humus, the turnover rates of intact, solvent-extracted, and hydrolyzed humic complexes of 14C-DCA were compared with that of similarly-treated soil organic matter fractions. The turnover rate of intact humic-DCA complexes was considerably faster than the average turnover of soil organic matter. Humic-DCA complexes, that had been washed in solvents to remove adsorbed DCA or hydrolyzed to break susceptible chemical bonds, had turnover rates that were equal to or slower than that of the average soil organic matter, respectively. However, the turnover rates of the solvent-washed and hydrolyzed humic-DCA complexes were similar to that of identically-treated humic acid. The evidence indicates that an extensive accumulation of DCA or similar herbicide-derived halogenated anilines in soil organic matter is unlikely. 相似文献
3.
Jianjun Yang Shaoping Hu Xincai Chen Mingge Yu Jin Liu Hang Li Chaofeng Shen Jiyan Shi Yingxu Chen 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2010,205(1-4):333-342
The rhizosphere, enriched in organic matter, is the bottleneck of metal transfer in the soil–plant system. However, the transformation of metal fractions in the rhizosphere and the mechanisms that are involved, notably the role of organic matter, are poorly known. In this study, the solid-phase fractionation of lead (Pb) in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of Elsholtzia splendens in a Pb-contaminated soil was investigated using a nine-step selective sequential extraction method in a pot experiment. Compared to the non-rhizosphere soil, there were measurable increases in Pb-fulvic complexes, Pb-humic complexes, organic Pb, and amorphous Pb but no significant changes in other forms of Pb in the rhizosphere soil. Pb-fulvic complexes and organic Pb, increasing from 397 to 438 mg kg?1 and 229 to 258 mg kg?1, respectively, showed a stronger accumulating trend than Pb-humic complexes and amorphous Pb, with an increase from 15.9 to 17.3 mg kg?1 and 6.04 to 7.80 mg kg?1 respectively, in the rhizosphere soil relative to non rhizosphere soil. These results may be mainly due to the enrichment of organic matter in the rhizosphere soil, resulting from root exudation and the enhanced turnover of microorganisms. The accumulation of Pb-fulvic complexes in the rhizosphere soil increases the potential phytoavailable pool, thus likely facilitating the phytoextraction of Pb in metal-contaminated soil. 相似文献
4.
离子界面行为在土壤有机无机复合体形成中的作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
土壤有机物质与土壤矿物质表面之间的相互作用普遍存在,有关土壤有机无机复合体形成理论的研究倍受关注,土壤有机质与矿物质结合的紧密程度直接关系到土壤碳库的稳定性,在环境科学与农业资源利用领域有重要意义。但关于土壤有机无机复合体形成机制还不完善,土壤宏观、介观及微观各尺度间的作用机制未能衔接。本文综述了土壤有机无机复合胶体的形成(形成学说、作用机制与影响因子)及此过程中离子的界面行为;系统地梳理了离子在土壤有机无机复合体形成中的作用机制;回顾了土壤有机无机组分相互作用的研究方法;最后强调了离子特异性效应在土壤有机无机复合体形成中的作用,特别是化合价相同的不同离子对土壤系统的性质与过程具有不同的影响。即离子电子层数和外层电子排布的微小差异在土壤表面附近的强电场中被放大,通过极化作用提高离子的有效电荷,增强离子所受的库仑作用力。离子的有效电荷数可以定量表征该土壤胶体复合过程中界面上离子作用的强弱程度。结论不断完善土壤有机无机复合体形成理论,为土壤培肥和污染土壤修复提供理论依据,对促进土壤有机无机复合体环境化学和微粒污染物迁移动力学的研究具有重要的科学意义与实践意义。 相似文献
5.
稻作制度对红壤性水稻土有机质特征的影响 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
采用长期定位试验,比较3种稻作制度对红壤性水稻土有机质总量、有机无机复合状况、腐殖质结合形态、腐殖质组成、胡敏酸光学性质和总酸度等的影响。结果表明:冬泡制度比水旱轮作有助于增加土壤有机质总量、重组有机质含量、胡敏酸含量和胡敏酸/富啡酸,而水旱轮作比冬泡制度有利于提高土壤松结合态腐殖质、松结合态腐殖质/紧结合态腐殖质、胡敏酸E4值和总酸度。由此说明,冬泡制度有利于土壤有机质总量和胡敏酸的累积,但不利于胡敏酸分子的增长,腐殖质品质较差。而水旱轮作条件下土壤有机质活性增加,胡敏酸分子结构趋于复杂,其氧化度和芳香度增加。因此,通过周期性的水旱轮作换茬,可使土壤有机质的腐殖化和矿质化过程比例协调,从而提高土壤有机质的质量。 相似文献
6.
Surface chemical properties of soil colloids are the important factor affecting soil fertility and genesis.To provide scientific basis for soil genetic classification,promotion of soil fertility and reasonable fertilizqation,the specific surface area and electric charge of soil colloids in relation to clay minerals and organic matter are further discussed on the basis of the results obtained from the studies on surface chemical properties of soil colloids in five main soils of China.Results from the studies show that the effect of clay minerals and organic matter on the surface chemical properties of soil colloids is very complicated because the siloxane surface,hydrated oxide surface and organic matter surface do not exist separately,but they are always mixed together and influenced each other.The understanding of the relationship among clay minerals,organic matter and surface chemical properties of soil colloids depends upon further study of the relevant disciplines of soil science,especially the study on the mechanisms of organo-mineral complexes. 相似文献
7.
紫色土丘陵地区农田土壤养分空间分布预测 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：15
为深入研究紫色土丘陵区农田土壤养分空间分布规律,在GIS技术的支持下,利用研究区450个土壤实测数据,结合地形因子和土地利用类型,运用多重线性回归构建了土壤养分预测模型,对养分的空间分布进行预测。结果表明,土壤有机质和碱解氮含量与地形因子之间的相关性较强,有效磷和速效钾含量与地形因子之间的相关性较弱。土壤水田和旱地中有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量均值间的差异显著(P<0.01),速效钾之间不显著(P=0.34)。基于地形因子的土壤养分预测模型与基于地形因子和土地利用方式组合的土壤养分预测模型预测结果精度对比表明,在预测变量中增加土地利用类型对提高预测模型的拟合度和预测精度作用非常微小,且仅用地形因子预测土壤养分的空间分布更方便,因此选用该模型对验证集数据进行预测。以验证集数据进行预测结果与实测值进行比较,结果显示预测值与实测值之间的差异甚小,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的相对偏差分别为0.09、0.19、0.08和0.12,均方根误差分别为1.38、3.42、1.03和1.57,说明基于地形因子的土壤养分预测模型的精度较高,可以很好地预测土壤养分分布规律。该研究结果可为丘陵地区农田合理施肥提供理论依据。 相似文献
8.
黄土高原区137Cs与土壤颗粒及有机质的关系研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
研究了黄土高原地区土壤颗粒及有机质对137Cs分布的影响以及137Cs与有机质的关系.结果表明,137Cs与土壤颗粒的剖面分布趋势并不一致,而只是与某一粒级在某一深度上表现出一致性.137Cs与有机质的剖面分布则因不同的利用方式而有所差异.对于非耕作土壤,137Cs与有机质主要分布在土壤剖面的表层;而对于耕作土壤,由于人为的耕作作用,137Cs与有机质都均匀分布在耕作层中.土壤中的137Cs含量与有机碳含量的相关分析表明,两者之间呈显著相关,相关系数为0.791. 相似文献
9.
以陕西省长武县为研究区域,根据大规模采样数据,结合1983年和2008年土地利用空间数据,运用定位对比监测方法,分析了25年来不同土地利用变化的幅度、空间分布特征和方向,并对这种变化影响下的土壤有机质含量演化特征进行了研究。结果表明:该区土地利用方式在这一时期变化显著,旱地、草地、非农用地面积大幅减少,林地、果园面积大幅增加。土地利用方式的转变已经成为土壤有机质含量变化的驱动因素,其中,旱地转变为林地和果园,土壤有机质含量变化明显,分别增加了6.6 g/kg和5.11 g/kg,而林地转变为旱地和草地则无明显增量。土壤有机质含量的变化不仅改变了土壤结构,有效地控制了水土流失的发生,而且为该区域的土地利用方式朝着健康的方向发展,提供了参考价值。 相似文献
10.
试验测定了不同有机质含量的沙地土壤饱和导水率、水分特征曲线及一些水分常数,研究分析了沙地土壤有机质含量与水动力学参数的关系以及有机质影响沙地土壤水分运动的机理。结果表明沙地土壤有机质含量与几个水分常数均呈极显著线性相关,土壤水吸力相同时有机质含量越高,土壤含水量也越大;土壤有机质含量和<0.01mm物理性粘粒与土壤饱和导水率呈极显著线性负相关,沙地土壤有机质是影响水分动力学参数最重要的因子之一。 相似文献
11.
毛乌素沙地是典型的生态脆弱区,近年来针对其在榆林境内的沙地整治利用取得显著成效,也对土壤环境产生了深刻影响。为了探究沙地不同整治利用方式对土壤有机质的影响,该研究选取榆林市显性沙地,利用多光谱遥感影像及相关光谱指数,结合沙地土地利用变化特征,通过XGBoost机器学习方法,反演1990—2020年土壤有机质含量;分析不同土地类型下土壤有机质含量变化,通过半变异函数揭示了其空间变异性,厘清人为因素和自然环境的影响程度。结果表明,30 a间榆林5 460 km2沙地中超过半数得到整治和利用,沙地-草地是最主要的地类转变方式,建设用地面积增长最迅速;沙区土壤有机质含量上升,但整体呈现先增加后降低的趋势,有机质均值由0.34%增长至0.79%,近10年降低至0.51%;榆林沙区土壤有机质具有较强的空间自相关性。起初,人为利用对其有积极作用,但随着沙地的利用强度增大,对土壤有机质产生负向作用,进而致使其含量下降,面临土地退化危机。建议加强退化林草的修复改良,放缓建设用地开发力度,研究以期为沙地整治提供理论和实践借鉴意义,保护榆林沙地土壤环境安全。 相似文献
12.
Interactions with dissolved organic matter (DOM) are generally believed to play a crucial role in the translocation of Al and Fe in acid sandy soils. Binding of Al and Fe to DOM affects their mobility in soils by altering sorption equilibria of charged sites on solid soil material, inducing precipitation of organo‐metallic complexes and preventing the formation of inorganic Al and Fe phases. The relative importance of the different processes, especially with respect to the translocation of Al, Fe and organic matter in podzols, remains unresolved. We determined the effect of the presence of solid soil material from the eluvial (AhE and AE, respectively) horizons of a Fimic Anthrosol and a Haplic Podzol on the metal‐to‐organic carbon (M/C) ratio in solution and the formation of dissolved organic Al and Fe complexes. Furthermore, we assessed the resulting influence on the mobilization of Al, Fe and DOM. Even under considerable metal loading, the M/C ratios and ‘free’ metal fractions in solution remained low and relatively constant, due to an apparent buffering by the solid phase and the formation of organo‐metal complexes in solution. The M/C ratios remained so low that significant precipitation of organo‐metal complexes due to saturation with metals was not found. The apparent buffering by the solid phase can be explained by a strong release of organic matter from solid soil material and adsorption of non‐complexed Al and Fe on solid organic matter upon metal addition. Adsorption of organo‐metal complexes most likely played only a minor role. The observations confirm the expected mobilization of Al, Fe and DOM in eluvial horizons and seem to indicate that even under fluctuating input of Al, Fe and DOM the soil solution will have a constant composition with respect to M/C ratios and percentage of Al and Fe present in dissolved organo‐metal complexes. 相似文献
13.
土壤团聚体中有机质研究进展 总被引：68，自引：2，他引：68
团聚体和有机质是保持土壤结构和肥力的基础,二者相互作用,不可分割,前者是后者存在的场所,后者是前者存在的胶结物质。在现有资料中,分别以团聚体和有机质为主要研究对象的报道较多,而团聚体中有机质性质的研究较少。本文从土壤有机质物理分组与化学分组相结合的角度,介绍国内外有关土壤团聚体中有机质的数量和特性及其对农业措施的响应方面的研究进展,内容包括团聚体分组、数量和稳定性,团聚体中的有机质的数量、未分组有机质的性质和腐殖物质组分的性质,颗粒分组中的有机质数量和性质,团聚体-密度联合分组中的有机质的数量和性质,不同土地利用方式和长期耕作施肥对团聚体中的有机质的影响等。以期推动不同粒级团聚体和不同HS组分相互作用及其对土壤固碳和肥力贡献研究工作的开展,为探索土壤有机质物理保护与化学保护之间的关系,揭示土壤固碳和培肥机理提供依据。 相似文献
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15.
为探究贵州表层土壤有机质的空间变异特征及其主要影响因素,使用贵州省第二次土壤普查资料中193个土壤剖面数据,结合贵州省气象资料、土地利用类型图及土壤类型图等资料,运用地统计学和多元回归分析各因素对表层土壤有机质空间变异的解释能力。结果表明：(1)贵州省表层土壤有机质含量范围为0.05%～36.68%,平均含量为5.23%±4.96%,变异系数为94.90%;(2)表层土壤有机质在空间分布上表现出东北部高,西南部较低的格局;(3)半变异函数分析表明,贵州省土壤有机质主要受自然因素影响,海拔、CEC、耕作方式和土壤质地对表层土壤有机质含量变异的综合解释能力为35.9%,海拔作为最重要的影响因素能独立解释其变异的25.6%,CEC和耕作方式分别能解释11.3%,7.4%。贵州表层土壤有机质与年均气温呈负相关关系,与海拔呈正相关关系。研究区表层土壤有机质的分布与碳酸盐岩分布面积比例存在相关关系,整体上,随着喀斯特分布面积比例增大而受自然因素影响增大。喀斯特分布面积比例为0～10%区域主要受农业耕作施肥等人类活动的影响,11%～30%区域主要受海拔影响,31%～50%区域受年均温和CEC影响,5... 相似文献
16.
土壤施用有机物料后重组有机质变化规律的探讨Ⅰ.对有机无机复合及腐殖质结合形态的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过在粉壤质黑钙土和粘壤质轻度盐化草甸土上进行田间、盆栽及培养试验,研究了施用各种有机物料后两年来重组有机质的变化状况.施用有机物料可以提高土壤有机质和重组有机质的含量,可以提高有机无机复合量,降低原土复合度.各种有机物料的效果并不一样,追加复合量和追加复合度均随玉米秸秆施用量的增加而提高,但复合系数却因用量的增加而降低.施用有机物料后重组有机质中各种结合形态的腐殖质在绝对含量上都明显提高,但以松结合态的增加较多,松/稳、松/紧比值提高.这种作用主要表现在施用的第一年. 相似文献
17.
渭河干流沿岸土壤有机质空间分布特征及其影响因素 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
通过野外实地调查,系统采集了渭河干流区域土壤表层及深层样品,利用方差分析、缓冲区分析等分析方法,研究了土地利用类型、海拔、坡度、坡向以及距离河岸的距离因素对土壤有机质空间分布的影响。结果表明,渭河流域沿岸区域土壤有机质含量总体偏低,分布不均,变异性较大,随着土层深度增加有机质含量逐渐降低。土地利用类型、海拔、坡度、坡向以及距离河流的距离因素只在20 cm以上土层具有显著影响。不同用地类型有机质含量的顺序是:农田> 林地> 果园> 荒滩草地。随着海拔升高,有机质含量逐渐增加。阴坡和半阴坡的有机质含量明显高于阳坡。离河岸越远有机质含量越高,随深度增加这种趋势逐渐减弱。 相似文献
18.
Aggregation and carbon storage in silty soil using physical fractionation techniques 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Soil texture and degree of aggregation affect the stabilization of organic matter. We studied their influences in silty soils using samples from two field experiments with contrasting long‐term use (cropped versus bare fallow). The cropped soil had a larger organic C content than the bare fallow, and allowed us to compare a soil with pools of organic C differing in turnover time with a soil dominated by the passive organic C pool. Increasingly dispersive treatments applied to the soils yielded aggregates of various sizes, stabilities, and organic matter contents. We found an intimate interaction between soil structure and organic matter by demonstrating that aggregation is hierarchical and that active pools of organic matter are responsible for this hierarchy. Microaggregates were found to consist of a constant ratio of clay to silt particle‐size fractions. We propose that such a property be used to estimate true microaggregation and aggregate stability by estimating the amount of soil material dispersed by a given treatment. Organic matter associated with clay is confirmed as an important sink of long‐term stabilized C, and it appears to have been increasingly preserved when in increasingly larger aggregates. However, most of the soil mass and associated organic C is in smaller aggregates. We hypothesize that the physical protection within macroaggregates does not directly control long‐term stabilization of organic C in the soil, but rather contributes indirectly through the time and local conditions it offers for organic matter to gain chemical or physico‐chemical protection by interacting with the soil environment. 相似文献
19.
为了探讨中国西北地区土壤有机质现状及影响因素,运用ArcGIS和地统计学结合的方法,研究西北地区土壤有机质的空间分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤有机质含量处于较低水平,3级及以下占68.94%,有机质变化范围为1.10~107.50 g/kg,均值为20.13 g/kg;通过半方差函数模型分析得到有机质的最适理论模型为球状模型。(2)通过绘制整个西北地区土壤有机质的空间分布图可知,研究区东部区域从宁夏、陕北至甘南、陕南,有机质含量呈现出梯级增加的趋势;研究区西部有机质含量呈现出由新疆塔里木盆地中心区域向边界递增的同心圆分布。有机质高值区分布在研究区青海东部、新疆的天山一带;低值区分布在宁夏、陕西北部和新疆的塔里木盆地。分布趋势与西北地区大地形区有一定的相似性。(3)土壤有机质含量与海拔、降水存在正相关关系。(4)有机质与土壤类型和土地利用方式之间存在显著相关关系,草地、林地土壤有机质含量显著高于耕地和未利用土地,但草地与林地之间没有显著性差异。海拔和降水是影响有机质的主要因素,能解释49%的土壤有机质变化。该研究结果不仅有助于定性定量认识西北地区有机质空间分布,而且为该地区的生态农业建设以及生态环境保护提供参考。 相似文献
20.
宣城市岗坡地土壤养分特征及其与颗粒组成关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对宣城市岗坡地土壤养分特征及其与颗粒组成关系进行了分析,结果表明:⑴不同土地利用类型中,林地土壤有机质和全氮含量显著高于其它3种土地利用类型;耕地和新耕地土壤全磷、速效养分含量都高于林地和灌丛;土壤有机质、速效氮和速效磷含量与土地利用类型有显著的相关性。⑵土壤有机质、全氮含量中、上坡位都显著高于下坡位,全磷和速效养分的含量随坡位下降呈显著增加趋势;有机质、全磷和速效磷与坡位有显著的相关性。⑶土壤有机质与粘粒(<0.002 mm)和粉粒(0.002~0.02 mm)的含量均呈显著的正相关,与砂粒(0.02~2 mm)含量呈显著负相关,全氮与粉粒含量呈现显著正相关,全磷与粉粒、砂粒含量显著正相关。 相似文献