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1.
准噶尔盆地东南缘绿洲-荒漠交错带土壤甲螨群落结构 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了查明准噶尔盆地东南缘绿洲-荒漠交错带土壤甲螨群落特征,2011年4月、7月、9月、11月中旬对该交错带的自然林、灌木林、防护林、荒草原、耕地、菜瓜地和荒漠等7种不同生境进行调查。结果表明:该区域共捕获土壤甲螨成体3767头,28科36属43种,其中覆盖头甲螨、萨勒盖头甲螨、新疆尖棱甲螨和普通尖棱甲螨为优势种,截合若甲螨、长单翼甲螨属、白上罗甲螨大洋亚种为亚优势种,优势种和亚优势种占总数的72.45%。7种不同生境土壤甲螨群落组成和数量分布均有明显的差异(P<0.05),在自然林种类(30种)和个体数(1001头)最多,而在菜瓜地种类(9种)最少,荒漠个体数(118头)最少。不同生境土壤甲螨的个体数具有明显季节变化差异(P<0.05),秋季数量最高、冬季次之、夏季其次、春季最低。MGP分析结果表明,该交错区土壤甲螨群落均属于O型,但G群的种类明显高于M群和P群。甲螨的群落异质性高,各生境间的多样性指数(H)有一定的差异,其中防护林最高,而菜瓜地最低。生境间相似性分析表明,自然林、灌木林、防护林生境之间是中等相似(0.50～0.70),荒漠和荒草原与其他生境间为中等不相似(0.25～0.50)或极不相似(0.00～0.25)。研究表明气候、植被和土壤差异是影响土壤甲螨群落的主要因素。 相似文献
2.
准噶尔盆地东南缘绿洲-荒漠交错带土壤螨类的群落多样性与相似性 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了查明准噶尔盆地东南缘绿洲-荒漠交错带土壤螨类群落多样性与相似性特征,于2010年4月、7月、9月和11月中旬对该区的自然林、防护林、耕地、菜瓜地、荒草原、灌木林及荒漠等7种不同生境进行采样调查研究。结果表明,共获得土壤螨类5200只,隶属于4目41科61属。在7种不同生境土壤螨类群落多样性间具有明显的差异(p<0.05),Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)顺序为灌木林>防护林>自然林>荒草原>耕地>荒漠>菜瓜地,Margalef丰富度指数(M)顺序为自然林>防护林>灌木林>荒草原>耕地>菜瓜地>荒漠。Jaccard群落相似性分析表明,不同生境土壤螨类相似性程度主要为中等不相似(处于0.25～0.50),而在荒漠与自然林、防护林及灌木林之间的相似程度已达到极不相似水平。7种生境土壤螨类聚类和排序分析结果分为林地环境类型、耕作环境类型、荒漠草原环境类型和荒漠环境类型等四大类型。研究结果表明植被类型、土壤湿度和人为干扰是影响土壤螨类群落多样性及其动态变化的主要因素。 相似文献
3.
准噶尔盆地东南缘绿洲-荒漠交错带土壤螨类群落特征初步研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为了查明准噶尔盆地东南缘绿洲-荒漠交错带土壤螨类群落特征及其季节动态变化,2010年4月、7月、9月和11月中旬对该区的自然林、人工林、耕地、菜地、荒草原、灌木林及荒漠等7种不同生境进行采样调查研究。结果表明,共获得土壤螨类5200只,隶属于4目41科61属,其中菌甲螨属(Scheloribates)和若合甲螨属(Zygoribatula)为该区的优势类群,分别占总数量的18.21%和12.52%,而懒甲螨属(Nothrus)、扇珠足甲螨属(Licnodamaeus)、盖头甲螨属(Tectocepheus)、尖棱甲螨属(Ceratozetes)大翼甲螨属(Galumna)等15类群为常见类群,占总数量的53.6%。其余的44类群为稀有类群,占总量的15.67%。研究区七种不同生境土壤螨类个体数和类群数均有差异,个体数分别为自然林>菜地>荒草原>人工林>灌木林>耕地>荒漠;类群数分别为自然林>人工林>灌木林>荒草原>菜地>耕地>荒漠。不同季节所获得的土壤螨类总个体数量的大小顺序为9月>11月>7月>4月。垂直分布结果表明土壤螨类主要集中分布于表层土壤,即0～5cm土层最多,其次为5～10cm土层,在10cm以下的土层中土壤螨类数量急剧减少,不同土层间的个体数差异极显著(P<0.01)。 相似文献
4.
为了解艾比湖流域平原区土壤螨类群落特征及其变化动态,2012年4、7、9、11月中旬对该流域七种生境土壤螨类进行了取样调查。结果显示:1)共捕获螨类11 697只,隶属于4目56科75属,其中甲螨目为9445只44属30科、革螨目为1785只12属10科、辐螨目为385只16属14科、粉螨目为82只3属2科。其中尖棱甲螨属Ceratozetes和广缝甲螨属Cosmochthonius为优势类群,古甲螨属、礼服甲螨属、盖头甲螨属等14属为常见类群,三皱甲螨属、直卷甲螨属、三甲螨属等59属为稀有类群,各类群所占的比例分别为18.98%、39.1%及41.92%。2)七种生境土壤螨类群落时空分布均存在显著差异(P<0.01),其中个体数水平分布依次为防护林>草地>耕地>灌木林>枸杞园>盐碱地>胡杨林。垂直分布表现出明显的表聚性,各层个体数比例分别为54.84%、30.23%、10.9%及4.1%,而季节变化表现为秋季>春季>夏季>冬季。3)不同生境植被类型、湿度、有机质含量及人为干扰程度是影响该流域土壤螨类群落特征的主要因素。 相似文献
5.
为了解艾比湖流域平原区不同生境中小型土壤动物群落特征及其变化动态,2012年4月、7月、9月和11月中旬分别对该流域的灌木林、盐碱地、草地、自然林、果园、防护林及耕地等7种不同生境中小型土壤动物群落特征进行了取样调查。结果表明:共获得中小型土壤动物18971只,分别属于3门、12纲、29目(30类);其中甲螨亚目、弹尾目和垫刃目为优势类群,占总个体数的72.1%;中气门亚目、蛭态目、前气门亚目、茅线目、鞘翅目幼虫、膜翅目和线蚓目等7类为常见类群,占总个体数的19.9%。其余的20类为稀有类群,占总数的8.0%。在7种不同生境中小型土壤动物类群和个体数之间存在明显的差异(p0.05),其个体数水平分布依次为防护林耕地草地灌木林果园自然林盐碱地,而类群数顺序为防护林草地耕地果园灌木林自然林盐碱地。在垂直分布表现为明显的表聚性特征,即从地表向下,随着深度的加深其类群和个体数量逐渐减少,并各层间具有显著性差异(p0.01),即0~5 cm5~10 cm10~15 cm15~20cm。个体数的季节动态变化依次为秋季最多,其次为春季和冬季,而夏季最少。 相似文献
6.
新疆喀纳斯国家级自然保护区土壤螨类群落特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为研究喀纳斯自然保护区土壤螨类群落特征,2011年7月和9月对该保护区针叶林、混交林、阔叶林、灌木林、草甸草原、林间草地、沼泽地7种生境进行了取样调查。结果表明:1)共获得土壤螨类7268只,隶属于3亚目51科58属。其中甲螨亚目3819只,38科44属,占总数的93.34%;中气门亚目264只,9科11属,占总数的6.45%;前气门亚目7只3科3属,占总数的0.21%。整个研究区域中奥甲螨属Oppia、盖头甲螨属Tectocepheus、钉棱甲螨属Passalozetes、菌甲螨属Scheloribates为优势类群,占总数的60.05%;阿斯甲螨属、短甲螨属、大翼甲螨属等13属为常见类群,占总数的29.43%;其余的41属为稀有类群,占总数的10.52%。2)在不同生境条件下土壤螨类个体数和类群数均有显著差异(P<0.05),其中个体数依次为阔叶林>针叶林>林间草地>混交林>沼泽地>草甸草原>灌木林;而类群数依次为阔叶林>草甸草原>沼泽地>针叶林>灌木林>混交林>林间草地。3)垂直分布具有明显的表聚性特征,其中0~5cm土层最多,其次为5~10cm,而10~15cm最少。4)在该保护区不同生境土壤螨类的群落组成和结构差异与植被类型、土壤环境因素及人为干扰程度有关。 相似文献
7.
2012年4、7、9和11月中旬分别对艾比湖流域平原区的灌木林、盐碱地、草地、胡杨林、枸杞园、防护林及农田7种生境下中小型土壤动物群落多样性进行了取样调查.结果表明:获得中小型土壤动物共18971只,隶属于3门12纲29目(30类).不同生境中小型土壤动物群落多样性指标之间差异显著(p＜0.05),其中:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)依次为胡杨林＞草地＞盐碱地＞农田＞枸杞园＞灌木林＞防护林;Margalef(M)丰富度指数依次为防护林＞胡杨林＞枸杞园＞农田＞草地＞灌木林＞盐碱地;Simpson优势度指数(C)依次为防护林＞灌木林＞草地＞农田＞枸杞园＞胡杨林＞盐碱地.不同生境中小型土壤动物群落的Jaccard相似性主要为中等相似(处于0.50 ～0.75).群落欧氏聚类和MDS排序分析结果表现为以灌木林、盐碱地及胡杨林为一组的自然荒漠环境类型、以农田和枸杞园为一组的耕作干扰环境类型、草地环境类型和防护林环境类型.研究结果表明,微环境植被类型、土壤环境条件和人为干扰差异是影响该流域中小型土壤动物群落多样性和相似性变化的主要因素. 相似文献
8.
为查明乌鲁木齐地区蜘蛛群落特征及其变化,2008年4月7月及9月中旬对该区6种不同生境蜘蛛群落特征进行了调查,共获得蜘蛛2195只,分别隶属于28科47属71种。在六种不同生境共有的优势类群为狼蛛科Lycosidae、跳蛛科Salticidae、园蛛科Araneidae和蟹蛛科Thomisidae等四科,占总捕获量的54.94%。常见类群为逍遥蛛科Philodromidae、球腹蛛科Theridiidae、狡蛛科Dolomedidae、妩蛛科Uloboridae、漏斗网蛛科Agelenidae、幽灵蛛科Pholcidae、皿网蛛科Linyphiidae等7科,占总捕获量的34.52%,其余7科为稀有类群,仅占总捕获量的4.54%。不同生境所获得蜘蛛个体数和类群数之间差异均为显著(P<0.05),其个体数顺序为自然榆林>草地>防护林>居民点>果园>菜地,类群数顺序为自然榆林>防护林>草地>果园>居民点>菜地。不同生境蜘蛛组成和数量分布在不同季节之间差异较大,个体数在不同季节之间差异均为显著(P<0.05),其顺序为夏季>春季>秋季。以上结果表明,乌鲁木齐地区蜘蛛资源比较丰富,生境类型影响蜘蛛群落分布格局,植被丰富度和人为干扰是影响蜘蛛群落的重要因素。 相似文献
9.
为探讨山地生态系统不同生境对大、中型土壤动物群落结构特征的影响,分别于2009年4月、7月及9月对天山北麓中段吉木萨尔县林场山地生态系统的5种不同生境,即云杉林、山前草甸、山地草原、山地农田及山间河滩中的大、中型土壤动物群落进行了采样研究。共捕获大、中型土壤动物个体14727只,分别隶属于6门16纲39目(40类)。其中弹尾目和真螨目为优势类群,二者分别占总数的38.61%,25.54%。鞘翅目、寄螨目、膜翅目、蜘蛛目、鞘翅目幼虫、双翅目幼虫、颤蚓目、鳞翅目幼虫等8类为常见类群,共占总数的26.38%,优势类群和常见类群共占总数是的90.53%,这二类组成了该区大、中型土壤动物的基本成分。其余的30类为稀有类群,占总数的9.47%。研究还发现,山地不同生境大、中型土壤动物类群和个体数之间、不同季节之间、不同土层之间以及群落多样性之间均存在显著差异(P>0.05)。通过该区不同生境大、中型土壤动物群落的聚类和排序结果,将5种不同山地生境分为云杉林-山地草原生境类型和山前草甸-山地耕地-山间河滩生境类型两大类型。 相似文献
10.
采用常规野外采样方法对乌鲁木齐南部山区六种不同生境中小型土壤动物群落结构及其特征进行调查分析,并运用多样性、优势度、丰富度、均匀度和相似性等分析生物多样性变化。结果表明:在三个不同季节在研究区共捕获中小型土壤动物24197只,隶属于5门13纲24目。其中真螨目(45.71%)和弹尾目(41.59%)为优势类群,寄螨目为常见类群(9.25%),优势类群和常见类群共占总数量的96.55%。其余的21类均为稀有类群,只占总捕获量的3.45%。不同生境中小型土壤动物个体数和类群数组成有明显的差异(p<0.05),水平分布表现为针叶林>山地灌木林>山地耕地>阔叶林>山地草地>居民地。多样性指数顺序为居民地>山地草地>山地灌木林>山地耕地>针叶林>阔叶林;个体数的季节动态变化为秋季>冬季>夏季;垂直分布具有明显的表聚性,即表层>中层>下层。 相似文献
11.
The Illinois soybean crop was monitored in 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974 for dieldrin residues resulting from aldrin applied to corn in the years before soybean cultivation. Residue levels of dieldrin in soybeans increased between 1965 and 1974. The percent of fields which had soybeans with a dieldrin level above 0.03 ppm increased between 1965 and 1974. Dieldrin residue levels in soybeans grown in Illinois are expected to decline now that the use of aldrin has diminished and will soon cease. No significant correlation was evident between the dieldrin levels in soybeans and the area of the State where they had grown, the date of planting, or the variety. 相似文献
12.
13.
Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.
Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish. 相似文献
14.
W. D. Smilde M. van Nes H. D. Frinking 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1996,102(7):687-695
Cardinal temperatures for mycelial growth ofPhytophthora porri on corn-meal agar were <5 (minimum), 15–20 (optimum) and just above 25 °C (maximum). The number of infections after zoospore inoculation of young leaf plants was relatively low at supra-optimal temperatures, but was not affected by sub-optimal temperatures. Even at 0 °C plants were infected. The incubation periods needed for symptom formation were 36–57 d at 0 °C, 13–18 d at 5 °C, and 4–11 d at > 11 °C, and were fitted to temperature between 0 and 24 °C with a hyperbolical model (1/p=0.00812*T+0.0243). Oospore germination, reported for the first time forP. porri, was strongly reduced after 5 h at 45 °C, and totally absent after 5 h at 55 °C. Soil solarization for six weeks during an exceptionally warm period in May–June 1992 in The Netherlands raised the soil temperature at 5 cm depth for 17 h above 45 °C, but did not reduce the initial level of disease in August significantly. 相似文献
15.
Joel R. Coats Robert L. Metcalf Inder P. Kapoor 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1974,4(2):201-211
Dianisylneopentane or 1,1-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropane was metabolized largely by O-demethylation to form mono- and diphenol derivatives. Only a small percentage was degraded by α-hydroxylation and rearrangement. In the model ecosystem, dianisylneopentane reacted very similarly to methoxychlor, accumulating in fish to about the same extent and yielding a slightly higher ratio of polar to nonpolar metabolites. The neopentyl group proved to be approximately as stable in biological systems as the isosterically equivalent trichloromethyl group. 相似文献
16.
ABSTRACT Monilinia fructicola, which causes brown rot in stone fruit, forms appressoria on plant and artificial surfaces. On nectarine, the frequency of appressoria produced by conidial germlings depends to a large degree on the stage of fruit development, with numerous appressoria formed on immature (stage II) nectarine fruit, and no appressoria observed on fully mature fruit (late stage III). On polystyrene surfaces, appressorium formation was increased from <10% of germinated conidia to >95% of germinated conidia when the conidia were washed to remove residual nutrients and self-inhibitors. M. fructicola appressorium formation also appears to be regulated by the topography of the plant surface. On fruit, appressoria formed on stomatal guard cell lips, on the grooves of lateral cells adjacent to stomata or between two epidermal cells, and on the convex surfaces of epidermal cells. Pharmacological effectors indicate that cyclic AMP-, MAP kinase-, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent signaling pathways are involved in the induction and development of appressoria. KN-93, an inhibitor of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, did not inhibit conidial germination but did inhibit appressorium formation and brown rot development on flower petals, suggesting that appressoria are required for full symptom development on Prunus spp. petals. 相似文献
17.
绝大多数啮齿动物种类为植食性的小型哺乳动物，其生物学特性导致了鼠类危害的复杂性。当前，面对日益提高的生态安全需求，粮食安全、人民健康和生物安全以及生态安全对鼠害控制需求的差异造成了中国鼠害防控策略制定及实施的困扰。尤其在草原地区，如何在应急性灭杀和长效缓控之间找到一个平衡点是目前鼠害防控面临的一个巨大挑战。针对这些矛盾和挑战，该文分析了我国鼠害监测防控的现状、主要瓶颈与短板，并从技术层面提出“精准监测指导精准防控”可能会是解决这些矛盾的有效途径，是在有效控制鼠害暴发对粮食生产和人民健康安全威胁的前提下，推进生态保护和修复的有效途径。 相似文献
18.
Organochlorine residues of TDE, DDE, and PCBs as high as 1.96, 2.79, and 28.74 microgram/kg, respectively, have been found in sediments of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho. Residues of TDE, DDE, and dieldrin in the flesh of sport fish were as high as 52.3, 67.2, and 160.4 microgram/kg, respectively. Maximum organochlorine residue levels found in sucker taken in the commercial fishery were 1.1 mg PCBs/kg, 781.7 microgram TDE/kg, and 82.1 microgram DDE/kg. 相似文献
19.
The rust fungus Maravalia cryptostegiae , from south-west Madagascar, was introduced into Australia in 1995 as a classical biological control agent against the highly invasive rubber-vine weed Cryptostegia grandiflora , a woody climber endemic to Madagascar. The rust was released at 69 sites between 1995 and 1997 and is now established throughout the plant's exotic range in Queensland, estimated at over 40 000 km2 . Dispersal was low in the first 3–4 months but was virtually linear thereafter, and the rust spread over 100 km within the first year; after 3 years it was recorded 550 km away from the nearest release site. Spraying both dry and aqueous inoculum of uredinioid teliospores from the ground using mist-blowers, as well as from the air by atomizing spore suspensions, resulted in rust-induced defoliation, producing an overall reduction in fecundity and biomass of the weed. In sites with low water tables, weed growth decreased markedly, with a reduction in plant volume from 9 m−3 to 1 m−3 over a 4-year period. Both rust- and drought-induced stress combined to cause up to 75% plant mortality at some sites, and at all monitored sites, seedling recruitment was virtually nil. Improved growth of indigenous grasses amongst rubber-vine thickets has increased fuel loads and created opportunities to use fire as a component of an integrated approach to the management of this economically and ecologically damaging weed. 相似文献
20.
Five soils with different organic matter contents ranging from 0.48 to 10.4% were used to study the adsorption and desorption of alachlor, metolachor, EPTC, chlorothalonil and pirimiphos-methyl in batch experiments. The isotherm shapes according to Giles classification were S-type for alachlor, metolachlor and chlorothalonil, changing to L-type for the latter as the level of soil organic matter increased, and L-type for EPTC and pirimiphos-methyl. The adsorption isotherms fitted the Freundlich equation x/m = KfCe1/n. The Kf values increased with the increase of organic matter content. The amounts of pesticides adsorbed over a range of concentrations of 0.1-20 mg litre-1 reached 63.1% for alachlor, 69.2% for metolachlor, 89.3% for EPTC, 98.4% for chlorothalonil and 96.3% for pirimiphos-methyl. The increase of the amounts desorbed with acetone indicated that the sorption of organic compounds onto organic matter occurred principally via weak London-type induction forces, or dispersion forces which are characteristics of the physical adsorption process. 相似文献