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Lynn M. Pezzanite Dean A. Hendrickson Steven Dow Jason Stoneback Lyndah Chow Danielle Krause Laurie Goodrich 《Equine veterinary journal》2022,54(1):24-38
Antibiotics have been injected intra-articularly by equine veterinarians for decades, either prophylactically when other drugs are administered for osteoarthritis or therapeutically to treat septic arthritis. This route of administration has also more recently gained attention in human orthopaedic clinical practice, particularly as an alternative to systemic antibiotic administration to treat infections following prosthetic arthroplasty. While the rationale for injecting antibiotics intra-articularly has been largely focused on achieving high local drug concentrations, there has been relatively little focus on pharmacokinetic parameters of antibiotics administered by this route, or on the potential for local toxicity. The increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance in veterinary and human medicine prompts reconsideration of off-label antibiotic usage and evaluation of evidence-based dosing strategies. The purpose of this review was to summarise the current literature describing intra-articular antibiotic usage, including specific studies where pharmacokinetics, potential safety and toxicity have been evaluated. This review will advance practitioners’ understanding of the use of intra-articularly administered antibiotics, including the overall pros and cons of the approach. 相似文献
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Charlotte Easton-Jones 《Equine veterinary journal》2022,54(1):11-23
Equid gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous and widespread in the equine population. Despite their frequent detection, their contribution to immune system modulation and the pathogenesis of several diseases remains unclear. Genetic variability and the combination of equid gammaherpesvirus strains a horse is infected with might be clinically significant. Initial gammaherpesvirus infection occurs in foals peripartum with latency then established in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A novel EHV-5 study suggests that following inhalation equid gammaherpesviruses might obtain direct access to T and B lymphocytes via the tonsillar crypts to establish latency. EHV-5 is associated with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, however, unlike with EHV-2 there is currently minimal evidence for its role in milder cases of respiratory disease and poor performance. Transmission is presumed to be via the upper respiratory tract with periodic reactivation of the latent virus in adult horses. Stress of transport has been identified as a risk factor for reactivation and shedding of equine gammaherpesviruses. There is currently a lack of evidence for the effectiveness of antiviral drugs in the treatment of equine gammaherpesvirus infections. 相似文献
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A 10-year-old 466 kg mustang gelding presented to an equine referral hospital for surgical repair of nasal, frontal and lacrimal bone fractures from an unknown trauma. Surgical repair was performed under general anaesthesia, including a right-sided maxillary regional anaesthetic block with mepivacaine hydrochloride. Progressive hyperkalaemia was documented perianaesthetically (T-3 mins; 134 mins after induction; potassium 6.4 mmol/L (ref 3.5-5.1 mmol/L). Perianaesthetic bradycardia was attributed to alpha −2 agonist infusion administration, and other characteristic ECG changes (flattened P waves, narrow T waves of increased amplitude, prolonged QRS complex) were not documented. Asystole occurred 137 min after induction of anaesthesia; however, a review of the available literature suggests the degree of hyperkalaemia documented was unlikely to be the primary cause of asystole but may have been a contributing factor. It is hypothesised that a trigeminocardiac reflex was the primary contributory factor to asystole in the described case, and may represent a maxillomandibulocardiac reflex that has not been previously described in the horse. 相似文献
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A. Maaskant C. M. De Bruijn A. H. Schutrups T. A. E. Stout 《Equine Veterinary Education》2010,22(4):190-195
Friesian horses appear to suffer a relatively high incidence of dystocia but there are, to the authors' knowledge, no published reports on the incidence or types of dystocia in Friesian horses. A retrospective survey of clinical details and post treatment recovery was performed for 66 mares referred to Wolvega Equine Hospital for dystocia during 2001–2006. Friesian mares appear to be particularly prone to dystocia due to fetal ankylosis or transverse presentation. However, despite dystocia of relatively long duration prior to caesarean section, post operative survival and fertility of mares and, more surprisingly, survival of foals were similar to those reported in surveys for other breeds. 相似文献
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马科学研究动态和马业发展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
马业是历史悠久的产业．分布于世界各地，世界马业的发展方向是现代马业，以赛马为代表。综述了马的遗传改良、营养研究、繁殖技术、疾病控制等方面的研究动态．对马业的发展趋势，以及马匹的调教、管理等方面作了综合的阐述。 相似文献
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N. LUTHERSSON K. HOU NIELSEN P. HARRIS T. D. H. PARKIN 《Equine veterinary journal》2009,41(7):619-624
Reasons for performing study: The prevalence (up to 93% in Thoroughbred racehorses) and severity of equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) have been correlated with the type of training and associated management practices. However, there have been few reports to confirm these findings in nonracehorses in Europe. Objectives: To describe the prevalence, anatomical distribution, severity and number of gastric ulceration lesions in a population of Danish pleasure horses; and to investigate differences for groups based on age, breed type and workload. Methods: A total of 201 horses not in active race‐training, age 7 months‐27 years, were evaluated, representing 23 different stables from all 5 regions of Denmark. These horses were considered to be healthy by the owner and not on veterinary treatment for EGUS. Endoscopically observed ulcer lesion scores were based on the number present (0–4) and severity (0–5). The presence or absence of ulcers in the glandular and/or nonglandular regions of the stomach was recorded and which site the most severe ulcers were found. Results: The prevalence of EGUS severity score ≥2 was 53%. The most severe lesions were commonly observed at the margo plicatus. Although older horses were not more likely to be affected by clinically significant EGUS they were more likely to have lesions in both the glandular and nonglandular regions. Differences in location of EGUS lesions were identified in different age groups, breed types and in horses exposed to different levels of work. Conclusion and potential relevance: This study confirms that gastric ulceration can be prevalent in a group of apparently clinically normal horses, not in intensive work. Further investigation of reasons for differences in EGUS location between different populations may aid toward the development of novel preventive measures. 相似文献
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Reasons for performing study: There have been many studies that document radiographic findings in young Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses. No such studies have been performed in Quarter Horses. Objective: To describe the prevalence of radiographic changes in the stifles, tarsi, carpi and fetlocks of young Quarter Horses intended for cutting. Methods: Radiographs of yearling and 2‐year‐old Quarter Horses were obtained from a radiograph repository and a private farm. The carpi, tarsi, fetlocks and stifles were evaluated and radiographic changes categorised by type and location. The frequency of changes was calculated and comparisons were made between the 2 age groups. Results: Of 458 included horses, 408 (89.1%) had radiographic changes, most of which were in the tarsi (304, 69.4%) followed by the stifles (202, 44.5%), hind fetlocks (155 of 355, 43.7%), fore fetlocks (131 of 361, 36.3%) and carpi (27 of 342, 7.9%). Of the horses with stifle changes, 188 (93.1%) were in the medial femoral condyle (MFC). There was a significant difference between the age groups for changes on the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIRT), hindlimb middle phalanx (P2) osteophytes and proximal tibial osteophytes. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of radiographic changes in presale survey radiographs, especially in the stifles and tarsi, of young Quarter Horses intended for cutting. Potential relevance: Veterinarians examining presale radiographs at cutting horse sales should expect a high prevalence of radiographic changes in this population of horses. Work to determine the clinical relevance of these radiographic changes is currently ongoing. 相似文献
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N. M. Ashton 《Equine Veterinary Education》2020,32(9):492-499
The objective of this prospective clinical study was to investigate the cause and describe the presentation, diagnosis, treatment techniques and outcome of Prunus spinosa (blackthorn) injury and synovitis in the horse. In all cases presented with blackthorn injury and synovitis, surgical treatment was performed within 24 h, using a two-stage procedure: 1-Perisynovial technique using ultrasound guided electrosurgical dissection; 2-Endoscopic technique. The diagnosis was confirmed by retrieval of black plant material from or close to the affected synovial structure. Mean lameness score on presentation was 4/5 (range 1–5). The most commonly affected structures were extensor tendon sheaths (12/35) and fetlock joints (11/35). All cases had thorn material removed, 80% had thorn material removed at surgery and in 49% it was intra-synovial. On presentation, the mean synovial fluid total protein level (TP) was 47.6 g/L (range 18–66); mean total nucleated cell count (TNCC) was 176 × 109 cells/L (range 12–312). Two days post-surgery, mean total protein levels were 33 g/L (range 16–52), mean TNCC was 13 × 109 cells/L (range 1–35). At 5 days post-surgery, the mean total protein was 23 g/L (range 12–28) and TNCC was 5 × 109 cells/L (range 1–12). All synovial fluid cultures were negative. Twenty-eight (80%) horses were sound 5 days post-operatively, seven (20%) were not lame in walk; they all returned to full work in an average time of 8 weeks (range 3–48 weeks). Surgery achieved accurate identification and removal of thorn material. In contrast to previous studies of synovial sepsis, these cases had a positive outcome despite high pre- and post-operative synovial fluid TP and TNCC. These findings suggest that Prunus spinosus (blackthorn) synovitis has a different aetiology to synovitis originating from sepsis or other types of contamination. 相似文献
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Reasons for performing study: Research into kinematics of the healthy equine back, has been performed in the walk and trot. This study focuses on back kinematics during canter, over a range of velocities. Flexion extension (FE) movements in canter are greatest in the lumbosacral (LS) region. Previous research has focused on canter velocity of 7 m/s; therefore quantification of LS kinematics at varying velocities is required to understand LS functions in equine locomotion. Hypothesis: Range of flexion‐extension movement through the lumbosacral joint increases with increasing velocity. Methods: Six Thoroughbred horses (mean age 9.6 years) cantered on treadmill at 4 velocities (6.0, 6.5, 7.0 and 8.0 m/s, respectively). Reflective markers were placed over the 5th lumbar vertebra (L5), the lumbosacral junction (LS) and the 3rd sacral vertebra (S3). Lumbosacral angle (LS) was defined as the angle formed between L5, LS and S3. Flexion‐extension (FE) range of motion (ROM) was analysed using a 2 camera, 3D motion capture system ProReflex1. Linear regression was used to determine strengths of relationships between speed of canter and lumbosacral FE movements. Results: Range of FE ROM seen at the lumbosacral joint increased linearly with speed. FE ROM ranged 6.1°± 1.9 at 6 m/s, 6.3°± 1.9 at 6.5 m/s, 6.6°± 1.9 at 7 m/s and 7.2°± 1.9 at 8 m/s. Linear regression showed positive associations between speed and LS FE range of motion (r2= 0.993; P = 0.003). Conclusions and potential relevance: Results show linear relationships between LS FE movements and submaximal canter velocities. These results provide information on the LS joint at canter. Understanding the effects of velocity on the back of healthy horses may aid our understanding of the demands placed on this joint in sport horses at this gait. 相似文献
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Genetic diversity and population structure of Polish Arabian horses assessed through breeding and microsatellite data 
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下载免费PDF全文 Iwona Głażewska Barbara Gralak Aleksandra M. Naczk Beata Prusak 《Animal Science Journal》2018,89(5):735-742
Polish Arabian horses are one of the most important populations of this breed in the world. Their post‐war history can be divided into two periods, with the dominant role of state studs until 1989, and the increasing significance of private breeding in the next years. The goal of the study was to evaluate genetic diversity and structure of the population under a new breeding policy. The analyses of breeding and microsatellite data from 1996 to 2012 provide a coherent picture of the population with constant flow of horses only in one direction from state to private studs. An increase in the number of broodmares was observed, from 396 mares in 1996 to 1021 mares in 2012. The proportion of foreign sires used in Polish studs also increased, from 7.1% to 37.0%. An increasing number of alleles and progressive differentiation in mares were observed. STRUCTURE analysis indicated that the Polish horses were clearly separated from foreign horses used in Polish breeding, although only one of the 75 alleles found can be considered as typically Polish. The high heterozygosity is an important feature of the Polish population; however, the decrease of heterozygosity in state broodmares was noted. This issue needs to be studied further. 相似文献
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An 8‐year‐old Paint Horse gelding was evaluated for a persistent left forelimb lameness (grade 4/5), with a hard swelling at the dorsomedial aspect of the carpometacarpal joint, due to osteoarthritis. Previous systemic and local anti‐inflammatory therapy had only a temporary effect. Partial carpal arthrodesis was suggested, but the owner elected for conservative treatment. The horse was confined to a small paddock and received phytotherapeutic supplementation with Harpagophytum procumbens. The lameness gradually resolved but a similar hard swelling developed on the right carpus. Radiographic follow‐up 1.5 years later revealed a spontaneous bilateral ankylosis of the carpometacarpal joint. 相似文献