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1.
Carrigy MA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,234(4783):1515-1518
Low world oil prices represent a serious threat to expanded commercial development of the Canadian oil sands in the near term, as they do to all of the higher cost alternatives to crude oil such as oil shales and coal liquefaction. Nonetheless, research and field testing of new technology for production of oil from oil sands are being pursued by industry and government in Alberta. New production technology is being developed in Canada to produce synthetic oil from the vast resources of bitumen trapped in the oil sands and bituminous carbonates of northern Alberta. This technology includes improved methods of mining, extraction, and upgrading of bitumen from near-surface deposits as well as new drilling and production techniques for thermal production of bitumen from the more deeply buried reservoirs. Of particular interest are the cluster drilling methods designed to reduce surface disturbance and the techniques for horizontal drilling of wells from underground tunnels to increase the contact of injection fluids with the reservoir. 相似文献
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热带木本生物质能源树种——油棕 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
油棕是一种重要的热带木本生物质能源树种,具有结果期长、产量和含油量高等特点。随着原油价格的不断上涨,生物柴油的发展日益受到关注。而棕榈油由于生产成本低廉,成为生产生物柴油最具竞争力的原料。本文分别综述了油棕的基本特性、全球及我国棕榈油生产贸易和消费状况、我国发展油棕产业的重要意义,在此基础上对我国发展油棕产业的可行性和前景进行了探讨。 相似文献
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以中美原油消费量为因变量,以原油价格、已探明的原油储量、原油净进口量、GDP等为自变量分别进行线性回归,得出中美原油消费模型。结论表明：GDP不是影响美国而是影响中国原油消费的显著变量,原油净进口量及原油当年价格均是影响中美原油消费的显著变量,但影响大小差异显著,并对此提出了采用套期保值、保障原油运输通道等建议。 相似文献
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在剖析农产品价格与农业生产资料价格的关联性基础上,基于2006—2012年的月度数据,利用VAR模型分析了两者之间的数量关系,并在模型中加入了货币供给量以及原油价格变量。研究表明,农产品价格具有较强的时间惯性,扣除其自身因素,农业生产资料价格对农产品价格影响较大,且比较稳定,货币供给量和原油价格的影响较小。最后对农产品价格变动进行了预测:随着农村劳动力转移规模的扩大,农业生产资料价格影响农产品价格的权重将会增加,农业生产资料价格的上涨也会在更大程度上带来农产品价格的上涨。 相似文献
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天然保鲜物料在食品保鲜上的应用研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
食品变质主要是由氧化和微生物作用引起的,目前使用的化学合成添加剂,其毒性和对人体的潜在危险,已引起严重关注,研究和开发天然的保鲜防腐物料已成为必然趋势,从辛香物料中提取保鲜组分,从茶叶中提取茶多酚,是目前最有希望的开发天然保鲜添加剂的途径,本文初步分析了食品的变质过程和天然保鲜组分的特性,并为这方面的深入研究提出了看法。 相似文献
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昌吉油田所辖区块油藏具有原油黏度高,储层中低渗的特点,采取管网远距离集输工艺,存在井口高回压甚至凝管等问题,而采取井口单罐生产收油车倒油至集中处理站的集输方式,存在收油车卸油困难、单罐电伴热能耗高、收倒油运费高、巡检管理不便、影响原油连续生产等问题。为此,采用回掺热水降黏集输工艺,使昌吉油田实现了稠油的管网集输,吨油运行成本降低46％。探讨了该工艺在实际运行过程中暴露的问题,提出了停加降黏剂、在各回掺水配水站增加燃气水浴炉、使用伴生气代替CNG作为相变加热炉燃料等解决方法,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。（图8,表1,参11） 相似文献
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Recent advances in molecular genetics, plant physiology, and biochemistry have opened up the new biotechnology of herbicide resistant crops (HRCs). Herbicide resistant crops have been characterized as the solution for many environmental problems associated with modern crop production, being described as powerful tools for farmers that may increase production options. We are concerned that these releases are occurring in the absence of forethought about their impact on agroecosystems, the broader landscape, and the rural and urban economies and cultures. Many of the benefits and risks associated with HRCs are not apparent to either the public, farmers, policy makers, or the scientific community. HRC technology raises moral issues in three areas: our duties toward the natural environment; our political and economic responsibilities to each other; and our communal character as one generation among many. We also need a rational basis on which to make evaluations of this new biotechnology. The technical aspects of their release require a logical guide to the ecological, environmental, and biological effects the release might have in sustainable agroecosystems. The initial step should include an assessment of the intrinsic qualities of the crop, the herbicide, and the resistance mechanisms. The second step should include an assessment of effects associated with population ecology, population genetics, environmental degradation, consumer health, and farm economic viability due to the resistant crop-herbicide pair. Herbicides have been used in crop production for nearly a half a century. There has been a tremendous increase in the use of these chemicals in that time. Society has seen the use of these chemicals not only help to feed many people, but also to bring costs not anticipated before the introduction of the chemicals. We need to draw on that long history of use and learn the lessons it can provide us as we approach the introduction and commercialization of the next generation of weed control technology, herbicide resistant crops. We also need to reflect on the lessons we missed during that half century because we spend more time imagining the possible benefits that would come from the technology than scrutinizing the possible harm. 相似文献
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针对国际原油价格与金砖五国股票市场收益之间的相关性问题，使用AR(p)-GARCH(1,1)-Copula模型进行检验。运用广义误差分布(GED)获取收益残差序列，对WTI原油价格和金砖五国股市收益之间的相关性进行实证分析。研究结果表明，国际原油价格与中国股市收益呈现微弱的相关关系，而与其他四国股市收益的相关关系较为明显。用时变SJC Copula模型刻画国际原油价格与金砖五国股票市场收益的相关性最为合适。 相似文献
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出疆管道顺序输送成品油和原油可行性分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
论述了出疆管道顺序输送成品油和原油的优越性,参考法国管网-顺序输送成品油和原油的运行方式,提出了初步设想。在对新疆原油物性进行分析后,以外输总量1100×10~4t/a,成品油与原油比例8:3为前提,根据早期成品油管道工程可行性方案中所布站距进行了管径、安全输量等方面的工艺试算。从工艺角度对出疆管道顺序输送成品油和原油所存在的问题进行了探讨。 相似文献
10.
Pruett RL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1981,211(4477):11-16
Rapid increases in the price of imported crude oil have accelerated a shift in the raw material base for chemical feedstocks from natural gas to crude oil to coal. Widespread use of ethylene as a feedstock has depended on the availability at attractive prices of natural gas and petroleum. As the resource base shifts from natural gas and petroleum to coal, ethylene is being replaced by synthesis gas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide of varying composition), which can be manufactured directly from any of these carbonaceous sources. This trend is expected to accelerate in the 1980's. Organics likely to be produced from synthesis gas include ethanol, ethylene glycol, and vinyl acetate. 相似文献
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国际能源价格对我国玉米价格波动的影响研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于2001年1月—2013年12月的月度数据,利用VEC模型和OLS模型,分析了国际原油价格和玉米质燃料乙醇价格对我国玉米价格波动的影响。实证结果表明,国际能源市场与我国玉米市场存在高度的整合关系;国际原油价格每上升1个百分点,国内玉米价格将上升0.433 2个百分点,但玉米质燃料乙醇价格波动对我国玉米价格波动的影响并不显著。同时,敏感性检验结果验证了VEC和OLS回归结果的稳健性。 相似文献
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【目的】研究国际与国内食用植物油价格的非对称性传导关系,为合理应对食用植物油价格波动风险,保障我国食用植物油安全提供对策建议。【方法】基于2007—2020年度食用植物油月度价格数据,利用门限自回归模型考察国际与国内食用植物油价格的非对称性传导关系。【结果】花生油、菜籽油和大豆油国际与国内价格具有非对称协整关系,在长期国际花生油价格变动的9.7%、大豆油价格变动的33.0%会传导至国内,而短期内菜籽油和大豆油的国际价格会迅速传导至国内;当国际花生油和菜籽油价格下跌时,国内花生油和菜籽油价格每月分别纠正17.8%、22.4%的偏差,而当菜籽油和大豆油价格上涨时,国内菜籽油和大豆油价格每月分别纠正12.0%、10.6%的偏差;食用植物油价格传导具有非对称性,国际市场价格下降或上升时,国内不同食用植物油价格调整偏差的时间差异很大。【建议】为应对食用植物油价格波动的风险,政府应降低食用植物油进口集中度,适当分散和开拓进口来源;建立完善的食用植物油价格监测预警机制;培育食用植物油期货市场规避市场风险。 相似文献
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About 25% of the world's fisheries are depleted such that their current biomass is lower than the level that would maximize the sustained yield (MSY). By using methods not previously applied in the fisheries conservation context, we show in four disparate fisheries (including the long-lived and slow-growing orange roughy) that the dynamic maximum economic yield (MEY), the biomass that produces the largest discounted economic profits from fishing, exceeds MSY. Thus, although it is theoretically possible that maximizing discounted economic profits may cause stock depletions, our results show there is a win-win: In many fisheries at reasonable discount rates and at current prices and costs, larger fish stocks increase economic profits. An MEY target that exceeds MSY and transfers from higher, future profits to compensate fishers for the transition costs of stock rebuilding would help overcome a key cause of fisheries overexploitation, industry opposition to lower harvests. 相似文献
14.
Baker EG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1959,129(3353):871-874
A relationship exists between the composition of crude oil and the solubility of the component hydrocarbons in dilute colloidal electrolyte solutions, suggesting that crude oil consists of hydrocarbons that were once solubilized in formation waters. It is not solubility in ordinary water or solubility in complete soap solution that correlates with the composition of oil but, rather, solubility in soap micelles. Because it implies a possible unloading mechanism, this concept is attractive, for it follows that when a soap solution is diluted with water, the soap micelles disperse and the hydrocarbons solubilized therein appear as discrete, filterable oil droplets. Thus, it would seem that crude oil originates during the compaction of a sedimentary basin by virtue of the fact that sediment hydrocarbons dissolve in waters containing natural solubilizers and then come out of solution as oil droplets. The composition of crude oil as now understood is consistent with this hypothesis. And-most important-it is now possible to formulate meaningful questions, the answers to which, upon investigation in both field and laboratory, will go far toward enabling us to assess the validity of the mechanism presented here. In addition to the implications regarding the composition of crude oil that are inherent in the hypothesis that crude oil collects from aqueous colloidal electrolyte solutions, there are several interesting implications from the geological viewpoint. To mention one, such a mechanism would lend credence to the suggestion that the source beds of petroleum are not necessarily unique accumulations of hydrocarbons in a limited area but, rather, may generally be coincident with the area from which water is expressed into the porous strata that eventually form the reservoirs. 相似文献
15.
新疆东部火烧山－北三台输油管道是我国西部一条高粘易凝原油输送管道，自投产以来一直处在超低输量下运行，１９９２年的输油量只有４０万ｔ（设计最小输量６８．３万ｔ／ａ）。由于输油量低，制约了原油外运，直接影响火烧山油田的生产，为了保证输油量，需要改变原低温流变性，针对火烧山原油特性，新疆石油局与浙江大学共同研制出ＥＰ源油流动性改进剂。通过室内试验及现场不同温度，不同加剂量的工业试验，对原油的主要物性进行 相似文献
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天津地区表层土壤中菲系列化合物的分布特征和污染源分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
通过野外采样法,分析了天津地区表层土壤中菲系列化合物中能反映污染物来源的地球化学参数(菲/蒽、甲基菲指数及甲基菲/菲)的空间分布特征,初步讨论了不同环境功能区多环芳烃污染物的来源。结果表明,天津市区、近郊区和汉沽、塘沽的污染物主要是汽车尾气、工业和生活燃煤等不完全燃烧产物的近源沉降;蓟县北部、宝坻西南部、武清西北部的污染物主要为北京地区的大气输入,此外由于当地工业和民用燃料以燃煤和木材燃烧为主,所以当地的煤烟型污染也有一定的贡献;三大排污河污灌区及其附近土壤中的主要污染物为工业油类;大港区的主要污染物是随风迁移来的煤燃烧的产物,而大港油田在开发储运过程中的原油泄露造成的污染贡献并不显著。静海县土壤中的主要污染物为远距离迁移而来的化石燃料的燃烧产物。 相似文献
18.
Forecasts for crude petroleum consumption are presented which take into account attempts by the Federal Energy Office to regulate residential and commercial thermostats. On the basis of an economic demand model, it is found that lowering all thermostats by 6 degrees F would lower the projected residential and commercial petroleum demand in 1973 by 12 percent. This amount is compared to forecasts made by the Federal Energy Office and to the eflect of a price increase of $0.10 per gallon for heating oil. 相似文献
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原油改性机理研究中的几个问题 总被引：17，自引：5，他引：12
简述了高分子聚合物对石蜡、沥青质的改性作用,并对现有原油改性机理、胶体流变学、胶体化学、非电解质理论进行综合研究,提出了改变原油均相分布,使原油形成非均相胶体,形成轻馏分油包蜡晶、胶质聚集体的新构想。在保留化学剂与石蜡进行物理作用的基础上,将化学反应、配位化学引用到原油改性中,不仅改变胶质的形态,形成胶质聚集体,而且可能改变胶质对蜡晶改性剂影响。 相似文献