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1.
Predicting runoff from semi-arid hillslopes as source areas for water harvesting in the Sierra de Gador, southeast Spain 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The effectiveness of water harvesting systems collecting surface runoff form rangeland hillslopes in semi-arid regions is difficult to predict, since the hydrological response at the outlet depends on the heterogeneity of hydrological processes. The lack of continuous runoff pathways, due to the irregular spatial patterns of soil properties and the variety of antecedent soil moisture conditions directly influence runoff generation and control discharge into the water harvesting cisterns. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of semi-arid hillslopes in generating runoff for water harvesting systems. Runoff was estimated by the STREAM expert-based model which was applied to three semi-arid hillslopes (0.4 to 6 ha). On the one hand the STREAM model rules were adapted to the regional conditions i.e. an antecedent precipitation index was adjusted to local soil moisture conditions and the rainfall duration was defined as the total rainfall event quantity and the effective rainfall duration (Ptot/teff). On the other hand, the distribution of rock outcrop and vegetation cover along the slopes was used to define homogeneous hydrological units. Final infiltration capacities were attributed to these hydrological units based on values found in the literature. The prediction performances are acceptable for the three water harvesting systems with an RMSE of 13.9 m3. It was shown that the rainfall/runoff model was more sensitive to the duration of the storm than to the antecedent soil moisture conditions. The use of a unique set of hydrological parameters for the three water harvesting systems on representative hillslopes allows the runoff prediction from any rangeland hillslope within the same region. Furthermore, the spatial patterns of soil surface characteristics are crucial for collecting runoff at the outlet of the system. Model runs demonstrated that degradation of vegetation and sealing of very small areas within flow paths can lead to an increase of annual runoff by as much as a factor two. 相似文献
2.
Decreased water uptake closes stomates, which reduces transpiration and increases leaf temperature. The leaf or canopy temperature has long been used to make an empirical estimate of plant water stress. However, with a few supplemental measurements and application of biophysical principles, infrared measurement of canopy temperature can be used to calculate canopy stomatal conductance (gC), a physiological variable derived from the energy balance for a plant canopy. Calculation of gC requires an accurate measurement of canopy temperature and an estimate of plant height, but all of the other measurements are available on automated weather stations. Canopy stomatal conductance provides a field-scale measurement of daily and seasonal stomatal response to prevailing soil water and atmospheric conditions, and facilitates a comparison of models that scale conductance from single leaves (measured with porometers) to canopies. A sensitivity analysis of the input measurements/estimates showed gC is highly sensitive to small changes in canopy and air temperature, and less sensitive to the other required measurements (relative humidity, net radiation, wind speed, and plant canopy height). The measurement of gC becomes increasingly sensitive to all of the component factors as the conditions become cloudier, cooler, and more humid. We determined gC for alfalfa and turfgrass by making the necessary environmental measurements and coupling them with a two-source (plant canopy layer and soil layer) energy balance model. We then compared these gC values to maximum single leaf values scaled-up to the canopy level (gCP, defined as potential canopy stomatal conductance herein) for the two crops. For both crops, gC matched gCP within approximately 10% after irrigation. The turfgrass gC measurements were also compared to mean single leaf values measured with a porometer. At mid-day, gC values were typically about double the single leaf values. Because this approach for determining gC allows continuous, non-contact measurement, it has considerable potential for coupling with measurements of soil moisture to better understand plant–soil water relations. It also has potential for use in precision drought stress and irrigation scheduling. 相似文献
3.
为精确测定、准确模拟阿克苏地区滴灌枣树腾发过程,基于大型称重式蒸渗仪测定枣树全生育期逐时及逐日腾发强度（ET）,利用水量平衡方程、PM公式及经典统计原理,分析不同时间尺度下叶面积指数（LAI）、气象因素[温度（I）、风速（V）、净辐射（Rn）]、表层土壤含水率（W）与枣树腾发强度的相关关系并建立预测模型。结果表明：枣树日内腾发强度呈单峰型变化趋势,夜间变化幅度较小且腾发贡献率低。枣树全生育期逐日腾发强度变化呈先增大后减小的趋势,花期的腾发强度最大,为4.42 mm·d-1;全生育期腾发总量为640.83 mm,其中花期和果实生长发育期耗水量占比较大,分别为38.61%和32.72%。在小时和日时间尺度上,影响腾发强度的主要因素不完全相同,且影响程度有所差异。综合考虑各影响因素,以萌芽期、花期、果实发育期为基础,分别建立以小时、日尺度下估算腾发强度的经验模型ET1（h）=0.153+0.004T+0.012V+0.176Rn+0.002W+0.067LAI、ET2（d）=-3.325+0.081T+0.163Rn+0.069W+2.089LAI,拟合度R2均在0.7以上,以果实发育期与成熟期数据对模型进行检验,纳什效率系数分别达0.63、0.80。经偏相关检验,冠层净辐射（Rn）对两种尺度的腾发强度均影响最显著,因此以枣树全生育期数据量为基础,仅建立冠层净辐射（Rn）与腾发强度的回归模型ET1（h）=-0.063 3Rn2+0.361 2Rn—0.003 7、ET2（d）=-0.018 3Rn2+0.684 7Rn–1.642 1,R2分别为0.704 7与0.743 6,可满足缺少数据支撑情况下的腾发过程估算。这些模型明确了阿克苏地区滴灌枣树腾发机制及影响程度,可为水分管理精准化提供计算基础。 相似文献
4.
Soil water content is the most sought-after soil physical parameter. Recent experiments have shown that dual probe heat pulse (DPHP) sensors can be used to determine volumetric water content of soil without roots. Little work has been done to document the performance of DPHP sensors in the presence of roots, and no work has been done with a taprooted plant. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to determine the accuracy of DPHP sensors in measuring volumetric water content (θv) and changes in volumetric soil water content (Δθv) in soil with a branched taproot system. Another objective was to determine plant water use. A sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus L. ‘Hysun 354') was grown in a column (0.20 m in diameter and height) with Haynie very fine sandy loam (coarse-silty, mixed, calcareous, mesic Mollic Udifluvents; FAO-Eutric Fluvisols) containing 11 DPHP sensors. Results from the sensors were compared with those from the gravimetric method. Discrepancies between measurements of soil volumetric water content and changes of soil volumetric water by the DPHP and gravimetric methods were small (within 0.018 and 0.01 m3 m−3, respectively). The sunflower had a small amount of nocturnal transpiration, and roots took up water at a higher rate near the surface of the soil than at deeper depths. The results showed that the DPHP technique can monitor volumetric soil water content in the presence of a taproot. 相似文献
5.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(14):1827-1839
In this study, a suitable and near-real-time water status monitoring approach for winter wheat before harvest was developed with remotely sensed satellite data. Seven vegetation indices were extracted as remote-sensing parameters by making full use of the land surface reflection and land surface temperature transmitted by moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. The correlation of each vegetation index and measured values of winter wheat and soil water contents in different crop growth periods was established. The simulation models, combining vegetation index, soil water content (SWC), and plant water content (PWC) in different winter wheat growth periods, were constructed to predict water content by using remote-sensing data. We found that the correlations between the difference vegetation index (DVI) and the perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) in the beginning of the stem elongation period with SWC were highly significant (P < 0.01); the correlation between the global environmental monitoring index (GEMI) in the ear emergency period and SWC was highly significant (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the correlation between the PVI in maturing period and SWC was highly significant (P < 0.01). Data of different coefficients of vegetation indices and PWC in different winter wheat growth periods illustrated that correlation between the DVI in the beginning of stem elongation period and PWC was highly significant (P < 0.01), while the correlation between the PVI in the maturing period and PWC was highly significant. Our results indicated that spatial and temporal vegetation indices were closely related to soil moisture and winter wheat water content in Wenxi County, Shanxi Province (P. R. China). The vegetation index is conceptually and computationally straightforward and may be used in prediction of environmental hydrological status. 相似文献
6.
为探究省力化栽培模式下库尔勒香梨园适宜的灌溉制度，依据4种灌溉定额(3 750,5 250,6 750,8 250 m3/hm2)条件下2年香梨的田间试验数据，通过冠层覆盖度、土壤含水量和蒸散强度(ETa)和产量指标，确定AquaCrop模型参数。设置不同灌水场景，综合考虑产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率，利用AquaCrop模型优化香梨灌溉制度。结果表明：Y2W3处理产量高出其余处理3.87%～16.86%,Y2W1处理水分利用效率高出其余处理2.88%～27.20%;AquaCrop模型模拟与试验地实测结果的决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)、标准均方根误差(NRMSE)、拟合度指数(d)和Nash效率系数(NSE)评价指标表明，冠层覆盖度R2变化范围为0.89～0.93,土壤含水量d为0.92～0.98,ETa的RMSE为1.06～1.61 mm/d; AquaCrop模型预测15种不同场景，灌溉定额7 200 m3/h... 相似文献
7.
甘肃秦王川灌区种植豆禾混播牧草的农田生态保育效应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
以裸地(CK)、种植小麦(Triticum aestivum)和苜蓿/无芒雀麦(Medicago sativa/Bromus inermis)豆禾混播牧草地为研究对象,通过测定地表植被特征指标、土壤风蚀量及理化性质等指标,探究秦王川灌区农田风蚀规律及种植春小麦和牧草对土壤及养分流失的影响。结果表明:农田表土损失呈秋末冬初流失较多,冬季较少,春季又明显增强的"U"形曲线模式,从9月至翌年6月,出现2个风蚀高峰期(9—11月和3—5月);耕地裸露造成表土年均流失1.7 kg/m~2,即每年被风吹蚀1.3 mm厚表土,土壤有机质损失236.2 kg/hm~2,而种植小麦和牧草后在地表植被(根茬)覆盖作用下表土流失减少20.1%和52.3%,有机质损失减少12.2%和50.7%;由于风蚀季牧草植被(根茬)的盖度、高度和地表生物量均较小麦大,使得牧草地的地表粗糙度和湿度及表土(0—5 cm)含水率较小麦地高,从而造成土壤和有机质流失较小麦地少;相关和回归分析显示,地表植被特征指标与地表粗糙度和土壤含水率间呈显著正相关,而与地表土壤和有机质流失量呈极显著负相关;植被盖度每提高1%,将使表土和有机质流失减少4.1 g/m~2和59.3 mg/m~2,地表生物量每提高1 g/m~2,将使表土和有机质流失减少2.3 g/m~2和34.0 mg/m~2;春季春播小麦地的表土流失量与裸地相同,而种植多年生豆禾混播牧草可显著减少表土流失和有机质损失。综合以上,甘肃灌区农田春季播种农作物易引起土壤退化,而种植多年生豆禾混播牧草可实现农田生态保育,从而提高耕地质量和区域环境质量。 相似文献
8.
控制性根系分区交替灌溉对冬小麦水分与养分利用的影响 总被引：25，自引：6，他引：19
以移栽小麦为试验材料,采用盆栽的方法研究了3种不同灌水方式：全面积均匀灌水(对照)、控制1/2区域交替灌水(CRDI)和控制固定1/2区域灌水对冬小麦水分与养分利用的影响。研究结果表明：在同一灌水方式中土壤含水率下限小的冬小麦根冠比大,且根系总的干重也大;CRDI对根系生长有显著促进作用,使根均匀分布在土壤中,且根长密度较对照大;对于CRDI,当控制土壤含水率下限由65％θF变化为55％θF时,耗水量下降了35％,节水效果明显;土壤含水率较高,有利于冬小麦根系对土壤中离子态养分的吸收;土壤含水率下限相同时,3种不同的灌水方式中,土壤中H2PO-4和NH+4-N离子浓度均呈现出递减的趋势,而NO-3-N离子浓度却呈现出明显的递增趋势,在同一土壤含水率下,CRDI对养分离子的吸收优于其它两种灌水方式。 相似文献
9.
Field studies were conducted to determine the influence of carbonated irrigation water on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) yield, plant nutrient status, canopy carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, and soil pH. Marketable yield, early yield, marketable fruit size distribution, and plant nutrient status were unaffected by carbonated irrigation water. Air CO2 concentration in the lowest portion of the canopy increased during irrigation events, but returned to the ambient CO2 concentration shortly after irrigation ceased. The effect of carbonated irrigation water on soil pH was marginal and unpredictable. 相似文献
10.
为探究不同栽培方式对冬小麦生长发育、产量形成及水分利用的影响。通过田间试验,设置传统畦田种植(TC)、垄作种植(RC)和高低畦田种植(HLC)3种栽培方式,其中RC和HLC种植模式分别设置3种灌溉处理(900,720,540 m^3/hm^2),以TC的常规灌溉(900 m^3/hm^2)作为对照,研究3种栽培方式下冬小麦生育期内的土壤水分变化与耗水规律,分析栽培方式对产量构成要素和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:不同栽培方式下冬小麦各生育期的土壤含水量变化具有显著差异,RC处理的集雨储水能力相对较强;栽培方式对冬小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响也达到显著水平。冬小麦产量和耗水量间呈现极显著的正相关关系(R^2=0.86,P<0.01);栽培方式对冬小麦亩成穗数和穗粒数具有显著差异;与RC和TC栽培方式相比,HLC栽培方式下群体及个体的发育相对更好,亩成穗数和穗粒数显著提高;相比TC和RC,HLC栽培方式下冬小麦耗水总量分别提高14.16%和19.90%,产量分别提升22.63%和27.37%,水分利用效率(WUE)分别提升7.69%和6.87%。综合来看,HLC栽培方式可显著提高冬小麦的产量和水分利用效率,是研究区域较为理想的节水高产栽培模式。 相似文献
11.
大尺度地表土壤水分信息的获取对水资源管理、农业生产以及气候变化等相关研究具有重要意义。TAU-OMEGA（$ \tau -\omega $）模型是利用被动微波遥感技术进行大尺度土壤水分信息提取的常用模型。由于$ \tau -\omega $模型忽略了植被层的体散射作用,该模型仅适用于L波段,存在C波段适用性差及模型参数无法定量计算的问题。该研究在分析植被冠层对微波散射机制的基础上,通过增加反映冠层多次散射作用的辐射添加项对$ \tau -\omega $模型进行了改进,成功解决了模型在C波段的适用性问题;通过理论推导,得出了模型$ \omega $参数的理论计算方法,基于模拟数据集,实现了基于冠层叶面积指数的模型$ \omega $和$ \tau $参数的计算,解决了$ \tau -\omega $模型中$ \omega $参数无法根据遥感数据进行定量计算的问题。以玉米冠层为例,在C波段（6.6 GHz）,改进的$ \tau -\omega $模型对地表微波辐射亮温的模拟值与实测数据保持了较好的一致性,模拟误差较改进前有了极大的下降,V极化均方根误差为3.02 K,H极化均方根误差为3.94 K,结果表明了该研究提出的模型改进与参数化方案的合理性,研究结果为联合光学和被动微波遥感数据进行大尺度土壤水分反演奠定了基础。 相似文献
12.
土壤水分是地表水文过程研究的一个重要参数,是众多环境因子综合作用的结果,科学判定土壤水分对环境因子的响应特性,对在蒙古高原地区开展干旱监测预警,调整农业生产结构,改善区域生态环境具有重要意义。本研究基于AMSR-2观测亮温、SPOT-NDVI数据,利用微波辐射传输模型及粗糙地表发射率Qp模型,构建适合蒙古高原的土壤水分反演方程,同时将模型应用于2013年蒙古高原植被生长期土壤水分反演。在此基础上,结合TRMM 3B43降雨量及气象站点气温数据,探讨了蒙古高原土壤水分对气象因子及植被的响应特性。结果表明:1)构建的蒙古高原表层土壤水分反演模型精度较高,土壤水分反演值与实测值的判定系数为0.680 6,均方根误差(RMSE)达0.031 6 cm3·cm-3,反演结果明显优于JAXA提供的AMSR-2土壤水分产品数据(RMSE=0.044 1 cm3·cm-3)。2)TRMM 3B43降雨数据与实测降雨量线性拟合,其判定系数为0.859 8,直线拟合斜率K=0.941 5,在数值上较站点实测值略微偏低,表明TRMM 3B43数据精度较高,在蒙古高原具有很好的适用性。3)蒙古高原植被生长期土壤水分、植被指数及降水量在空间格局上均表现出由北向南、由东北向西南逐渐减少的趋势。干旱区,土壤水分对气温变化最敏感,二者表现出显著正相关关系,其次为降水和植被;半干旱区,植被是影响土壤水分的关键因子,而气温与降水对土壤水分影响呈现出季节性变化;半湿润区3个因子对土壤水分的影响程度表现为植被降水气温。总之,利用土壤水分对气象因子和植被的响应特性,可以采取适当措施降低蒙古高原灾害发生风险,为区域生态环境建设提供科学依据。 相似文献
13.
PROSAIL模型和水云模型耦合反演农田土壤水分 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
土壤水分的实时、动态监测对农业生产及作物估产有着非常重要的意义。该文提出一种光学和雷达遥感半经验耦合模型,该模型通过引入植被覆盖度将作物覆盖下的散射贡献与裸露地表的直接散射贡献区分开,结合水云模型和PROSAIL模型对农田区域土壤水分进行反演研究。结果表明：该耦合模型模拟得到的后向散射系数与实测值之间具有较好的线性关系,在HH和VV极化下决定系数R2分别为0.792和0.723,RMSE分别为0.600和0.837 dB。同时该模型对农田区域土壤水分的反演精度也较高,其R2为0.809,RMSE为0.043 cm3/cm3。因此该模型可以有效分离农田作物及裸露土壤对雷达信号的影响,准确建立地表直接后向散射贡献与土壤水分的关系,为大面积复杂地表类型覆盖区域的土壤水分反演提供研究思路和理论支持。 相似文献
14.
漓江上游猫儿山3种典型植被不同层次土壤的含水量 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
[目的]揭示漓江上游森林植被对降水产流的调节作用,客观评估漓江上游水资源潜力,为流域水资源管理和森林经营提供科学依据。[方法]以漓江上游猫儿山林区的毛竹林(Phyllostachys pubescens)、荷木林(Schima superba)和杉木林(Cunninghamia lanceolata)3种典型森林植被为研究对象,比较不同层次土壤含水量及其影响因素。[结果](1)由于荷木林冠层结构复杂,与毛竹林和杉木林相比,荷木林蓄水能力更强;毛竹林、荷木林和杉木林3种植被垂直结构明显,导致土壤含水量垂直变化趋势不同;(2)荷木林土壤含水量都在高值变化,而杉木林土壤含水量都在低值变化;各层次土壤含水量与年降雨分配关系密切,随着雨旱两季变化,毛竹林、荷木林和杉木林不同层次土壤水分随降雨变化趋势基本一致;(3)毛竹林土壤孔隙度大于木荷林和杉木林,但毛竹林的浅根性和速生性对表层土壤水含量影响更大。[结论]大气降水是土壤含水量变化的主要因素,土壤含水量是降雨与植被垂直结构及蒸腾作用共同作用的结果。 相似文献
15.
在盐水浇灌条件下堆肥对土壤性质、小麦生长以及作物营养的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A. M. MAHDY 《土壤圈》2011,21(6):773-781
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to test and compare the suitability of saline compost and saline irrigation water for nutrient status amendment of a slightly productive sandy clay loam soil,to study the macronutrient utilization and dry matter production of wheat(Triticum aestivum c.v.Gemmiza 7) grown in a modified soil environment and to determine the effects of compost and saline irrigation water on soil productivity.The sandy clay loam soil was treated with compost of five rates(0,24,36,48,and 60 m 3 ha-1,equivalent to 0,3,4.5,and 6 g kg-1 soil,respectively) and irrigation water of four salinity levels(0.50(tap water),4.9,6.3,and 8.7 dS m-1).The results indicated that at harvest,the electrical conductivity(EC) of the soil was significantly(P < 0.05) changed by the compost application as compared to the control.In general,the soil salinity significantly increased with increasing application rates of compost.Soluble salts,K,Cl,HCO 3,Na,Ca,and Mg,were significantly increased by the compost treatment.Soil sodium adsorption ratio(SAR) was significantly affected by the salinity levels of the irrigation water,and showed a slight response to the compost application.The soil organic carbon content was also significantly(P < 0.05) affected by application of compost,with a maximum value of 31.03 g kg-1 recorded at the compost rate of 60 m 3 ha-1 and the irrigation water salinity level of 8.7 dS m-1 and a minimum value of 12.05 g kg 1 observed in the control.The compost application produced remarkable increases in wheat shoot dry matter production.The maximum dry matter production(75.11 g pot-1) occurred with 60 m 3 ha-1 compost and normal irrigation water,with a minimum of 19.83 g pot-1 with no addition of compost and irrigation water at a salinity level of 8.70 dS m-1.Significant increases in wheat shoot contents of K,N,P,Na,and Cl were observed with addition of compost.The relatively high shoot N values may be attributed to increases in N availability in the tested soil caused by the compost application.Similarly,significant increases in the shoot contents of Na and Cl may be ascribed to the increase in soil soluble K and Cl.The increases in shoot P,N,and K contributed to the growth stimulation since P supplied by the compost was probably responsible in saline and alkaline soils where P solubility was very low. 相似文献
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In recent years, the availability of near real-time and forecast standardized reference evapotranspiration (E0) has increased dramatically. Use of the E0 information in conjunction with calibration coefficients that adjust for differences between the vegetation and the reference surface provides a method to greatly improve the estimates of actual evapotranspiration (Ea) from landscapes (or ecosystems). Difficulties in estimating evapotranspiration (ET) of well-watered vegetation in an ecosystem depend on local advection and edge effects, wide variations in radiation resulting from undulating terrain, wind blockage or funnelling, and differences in temperature due to spatial variation in radiation, wind, etc. Estimating the ET of an ecosystem that is water stressed is even further complicated because of stomatal closure and reduced transpiration. The Ecosystem Water Program (ECOWAT) was developed to help improve estimates of Ea of ecosystems by accounting for microclimate, vegetation type, plant density, and water stress. The first step in estimating Ea is to calculate E0 using monthly climate data from one representative weather station in the study area. Then, local microclimate data are used to determine a standardized reference evapotranspiration for the local microclimate (Em). The ratio Km = Em/E0 is calculated and applied as a microclimate correction factor to estimate Em. The product of Em and a vegetation coefficient (Kv = Ev/Em) is used to estimate the evapotranspiration of the ecosystem vegetation (Ev) under well-watered conditions with a full-canopy cover within the same microclimate. Next, a coefficient for plant density (Kd), which is based on the percentage ground cover, is used to adjust the full-canopy Ev to the evapotranspiration of a sparse canopy from a well-watered ecosystem (Ew). A stress (Ks) coefficient, which varies between 1.0 with no stress to 0.0 with full stress, is determined as a function of available water in the root zone. The predicted actual ecosystem evapotranspiration (Ep) is estimated as Ep = Ew × Ks. In this paper, we present how the ECOWAT model works and how it performs when the predicted actual evapotranspiration (Ep) is compared with measured actual evapotranspiration (Ea) collected in several Mediterranean ecosystems (three in Italy and two in California) over a number of years. The potential use of ECOWAT in integrated fire danger systems is discussed. 相似文献
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Management influence on maize–wheat system performance,water productivity and soil biology 
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下载免费PDF全文 H. S. Jat Gurbachan Singh Ranbir Singh M. Choudhary M. L. Jat M. K. Gathala D. K. Sharma 《Soil Use and Management》2015,31(4):534-543
Cereal cropping productivity in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India is declining, which may be overcome by diversification, alternate crop establishment methods and mulching. This study was conducted to determine whether no‐till flat (NTF), permanent raised beds (PRB) and nontraditional ex situ mulching would improve crop and water productivity, economic profitability and soil biological properties in an irrigated maize (Zea mays)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) system (MWS). NTF systems produced 10% higher economic net returns compared with PRBs. Non‐traditional mulching (Sesbania, Jatropha and Brassica) increased yields by >10% and net returns by >12% compared with no‐mulch. The water saving in PRBs compared with NTF systems was 79, 94 and 173 mm/ha in maize, wheat and MWS, respectively. PRBs saved 29.2% of irrigation water and improved the MWS irrigation water productivity (WPI) by 24.5% over NTF. On average, mulching saved 23.8 mm/ha irrigation water over no‐mulch and improved WPI by 12.0%. PRBs with ex situ mulching produced wheat and maize equivalent system yields lower than NTF but improved WPI and soil biological properties. Jatropha and Sesbania mulching improved yield, water saving, WPI and system profitability. In limited irrigation and no crop residue availability conditions, Sesbania, Jatropha and Brassica vegetation material have potential applications for ex situ mulching under PRBs for water saving and NTF for productivity. 相似文献
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分时段修正双源模型在西北干旱区玉米蒸散量模拟中的应用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
蒸散发(ET)是陆地水循环过程的重要组成部分,同时也是区域能量平衡以及水量平衡的关键环节,精确估算ET,对于提高水分利用效率以及优化区域用水结构具有重要意义。本文利用黑河重大计划观测数据,对比了考虑CO_2浓度和不考虑CO_2浓度对玉米冠层影响的冠层阻力模型,分别将其耦合到双源的Shuttleworth-Wallace(S-W)模型中,并利用这两种模型分时段对玉米整个生育期内半小时尺度上的ET进行模拟,利用涡度相关实测数据对模型进行验证,最后分别对影响玉米冠层阻力的气象要素和影响ET的阻力参数进行敏感性分析,探寻大气CO_2浓度改变条件下黑河中游绿洲区玉米不同生长阶段的农田耗水规律。结果表明:本文所修正的考虑CO_2浓度对玉米冠层影响的冠层阻力模型耦合到S-W模型后,能够较精准地模拟玉米整个生育期不同生长阶段半小时尺度上农田耗水过程。敏感性分析表明:各生长阶段冠层阻力(r_s~c)和冠层面高度到参考面高度间的空气动力阻力(r_a~a)对ET的影响最为强烈,其他阻力参数对ET的影响不明显,ET的变化程度随着r_s~c和r_a~a的增大而减小。本文所修正的考虑CO_2浓度影响的分时段双源模型能够精准地模拟玉米整个生育期各生长阶段的ET,可为种植结构调整和土地利用方式改变以及CO_2浓度变化环境下的农田蒸散研究提供参考。 相似文献
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宁南黄土丘陵区3种典型林分的结构与水文影响比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为分析宁南黄土丘陵区林分结构的水文功能影响关系及差异,以彭阳县3种典型林分(山杏纯林、山杏柠条混交林、山杏沙棘混交林)为对象,在2017年生长季观测了林下草本生物量和生物多样性、冠层降雨再分配、林下蒸散、土壤湿度的变化特征。结果表明:(1)林分地表覆盖度大小顺序为山杏沙棘混交林(0.81)山杏柠条混交林(0.71)山杏纯林(0.67);草本植物地上生物量为山杏沙棘混交林(0.86)山杏纯林(0.62)山杏柠条混交林(0.41);草本植物生物多样性为山杏柠条混交林山杏沙棘混交林山杏纯林。(2)3种林分类型的冠层都相对稀疏,降雨穿透率均90%,穿透雨量与林外降雨呈线性正相关;干流量和林冠截留量与林外降雨呈对数关系。(3)林下蒸散的季节变化呈"单峰型",研究期间林下蒸散表现为山杏沙棘混交林(245.0mm)山杏纯林(227.7mm)山杏柠条混交林(220.9mm),其中山杏柠条混交林的月际间差异最小。(4)生长季内土壤湿度在中上层(0—80cm)表现为逐渐降低趋势,在深层则相反;深层土壤水分的林分差异为山杏纯林山杏沙棘混交林山杏柠条混交林。在干旱缺水、侵蚀严重的黄土区,要恢复以水土保持为主要功能的稳定植被时,既要考虑植被配置模式对地表覆盖和草本生物量及物种多样性的影响,也要考虑对土壤湿度的影响,因此建议在植被恢复中尽量选择山杏沙棘混交林和山杏纯林。 相似文献