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1.
The mechanism for radial compression of coniferous wood was examined from the viewpoint of the porous structure of wood. The compressive test was carried out in a wet-type scanning electron microscopy (WET-SEM) chamber to observe continuously the deformation process of wood. The initial stress-strain relation of the cellular solids or single cell was measured with image analyses of SEM photographs. The first fracture occurred in one tangential row of earlywood tracheids just after the load-displacement curve exceeded the proportional limit. The fracture occurred because of abrupt breaks of the radial cell walls. The first fractured cells had a tendency to have the smallest percentage of cell wall within an annual ring, and the cells suffered shearing deformation in a radial direction until the occurrence of the first fracture. On the basis of the results of image analyses, it was concluded that this shearing deformation of cells was almost linearly related to the compressive load.Part of this work was presented at the 47th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society at Kochi, April 1997 and at the 1997 meeting of the Research Society of Rheology in the Japan Wood Research Society at Tsukuba, December 1997  相似文献   

2.
竹炭的神奇功能 人类的健康卫士   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  
介绍了竹炭的生产工艺、性能及微观结构。竹炭的微观结构非常类似洋葱状富勒烯碳和展开的碳纳米管结构,因而具有许多木炭不具有的特殊功能。由于竹炭具有较大的比表面积,有良好的吸附性能,可用于有害气体的脱除和水体的净化。竹炭的孔隙以大孔为主(200nm),可用作纳米光催化剂或生物膜的载体,制备纳米改性光催化剂杀菌吸附用炭以及可循环使用的生物膜改性竹炭,实现了两种材料两种性能完美的结合,并可解决竹炭吸附饱和的现象。  相似文献   

3.
竹炭的神奇功能人类的健康卫士   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
介绍了竹炭的生产工艺、性能及微观结构。竹炭的微观结构非常类似洋葱状富勒烯碳和展开的碳纳米管结构,因而具有许多木炭不具有的特殊功能。由于竹炭具有较大的比表面积,有良好的吸附性能,可用于有害气体的脱除和水体的净化。竹炭的孔隙以大孔为主(200nm),可用作纳米光催化剂或生物膜的载体,制备纳米改性光催化剂杀菌吸附用炭以及可循环使用的生物膜改性竹炭,实现了两种材料两种性能完美的结合,并可解决竹炭吸附饱和的现象。  相似文献   

4.
Anisotropic thermal properties of molded carbon phenolic spheres (CPS), a mixture of sugi wood charcoal powders and phenol formaldehyde resin molded with a hot press, were investigated. The effects of the carbonizing temperature, particle size of chars, and density of the CPS on thermal properties were discussed. The molded CPS specimens were measured for their thermal properties using the laser flash method in both horizontal and vertical directions. The configuration of the CPS was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Anisotropy of the thermal properties (thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity) between horizontal and vertical directions of the molded CPS was much higher than that of the uncarbonized molded phenolic spheres. Therefore, converting wood into molded CPS is an effective way to enhance the thermal-anisotropy properties. More marked effects of the carbonizing temperature, particle size, and density were observed in the horizontal direction than in the vertical direction. Anisotropy in thermal properties of the molded CPS may be considered an advantage for developing a new fire-retardant material for wood composites.An outline of this study was presented at the 47th and 48th annual meetings of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kochi and Shizuoka, 1997 and 1998.  相似文献   

5.
In past years high priority was given to developing a seismic design for wood structures, including research on the response of wood structures to earthquakes. In this study a new type of portal frame with relatively large span was developed for the traditional Japanese wooden houses with large openings at the front to strengthen the structure. Stainless steel plates coated with zinc and glued with epoxy adhesives on laminated veneer lumber (LVL) members, composed of Douglas fir veneer and bonded with phenolformaldehyde resin, were used. The connection between the frame's beam and columns and between the columns and groundsills was mechanical, with bolts. The subject of this research was to analyze strength properties and failure behavior of glued LVL metal joints used as structural components and to evaluate the response of LVL portal frames under cyclic lateral loading. The results show that portal frames using glued LVL metal plates have a good multiplier for the shear walls and may be applied to traditional Japanese structures. The equivalent viscous damping provided good energy dissipation in the frames. The joints displayed good mechanical behavior during tests; moreover, the structures demonstrated high strength, stiffness, and ductility, which are necessary for a seismic design.Part of this paper was presented at the 47th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kouchi, April 1997; and at the 5th world conference on timber engineering. Montreux, Switzerland, August 1998  相似文献   

6.
The sap flow method of wood impregnation was conducted to aid the movement of bacteria through the living tree, thereby accelerating their distribution through wood within a short time. When log-pond water containing mixed species of bacteria were introduced in the living trees by butt-end dipping and then laid horizontally for 6 months, bacteria could be delivered by sap flow vertically through the sapwood tracheids up to the high portions from the butt-end of trees; they could be detected in the ray parenchymal cells. The sap-flow method was assumed to deliver the bacteria to sapwood and heartwood at high levels of standing sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) trees. Degradation of the pit membranes was observed even at more than 3 m upward from the butt-end after the treatment in sapwood, as well as around the butt-end of the trees. The uptake of the aqueous dye solutions in sapwood of the treated logs were about eight times more than those of control specimens after 8h.Part of this report was presented at the 40th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tsukuba, April 1990; the 41st annual meeting of Japan Wood Research Society, Matsue, April 1991; and the IUFRO 4th international conference on wood drying, Rotorua, New Zealand, August 1994  相似文献   

7.
Intercalation of wood charcoal with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was investigated. Carbonized sugi (Japanese cedar) samples were prepared by heating at various temperatures in the range 1700°–2700°C. Electrochemical oxidization was carried out in H2SO4 and the feasibility of intercalation was determined. In potentiometric analysis, plateaus appeared for samples carbonized at temperatures above 2300°C. In their X-ray diffraction profiles, the peak at around 26° was shifted to a smaller angle of about 22.4°. These results can be considered as signs of intercalation with acid molecules. Fourier transform infrared analysis of charcoal heated at 2700°C, following washing with water and drying of the sample, showed a band at 1220 cm−1 that was assigned to a sulfonate group. This band was not observed for samples heated at 1900°C. These observations suggest the occurrence of intercalation in the former charcoal, but not in the latter. It is concluded that wood charcoal can undergo intercalation when it has ordered stacking of hexagonal carbon layers. Part of this article was presented at the 55th, 56th, and 57th Annual Meetings of the Japan Wood Research Society, Akita, Hiroshima, and Tsukuba, August 2006, August 2007, and March 2008, respectively, and at the International Conference on Carbon “CARBON 2008,” Nagano, July 2008  相似文献   

8.
Reactivity of wood charcoal with ozone   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
We investigated the resistance of wood charcoal against ozone and estimated the half-life of the charcoal in air. The weight of wood charcoal prepared by the carbonization of Fagus crenata sawdust at 400°C (C-400) was not affected with up to 8.5% ozone while the charcoal prepared at 1000°C (C-1000) burned with 4.9% ozone. Pores with a diameter of approximately 100–200nm were observed on the surface of ozone-treated C-1000 by scanning electron microscopy, although no pores were found in ozone-treated C-400. The peak positions of the C1s spectra and the full width at half maximum of X-ray photoelectron spectrum peaks suggest that C-400 has an amorphous structure composed of aliphatic carbons and small aromatic molecules while C-1000 and activated charcoal (AC) are polyaromatic. It is likely that the aromatic layers of C-1000 and AC were destroyed and the edge carbon atoms were removed as CO or CO2 by ozone oxidation. We estimated the half-life of C-1000 with ozone in air to be about 50000 years by assuming that the weight of C-1000 decayed exponentially. Thus, it is suggested that wood charcoal is stable on a geological time scale.  相似文献   

9.
Vibrational properties of heat-treated green wood   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
To investigate the influence of water on heat treatment, green wood was heat-treated. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) with about 60% moisture content (MC) was used. Young's modulus and loss tangent were measured by the free-free flexural vibration test. The specimens were heated in nitrogen at 160°C for 0.5h. The results were as follows. (1) Recognizing that the effects of heat treatment are mild and that the same specimens cannot be used for both heat treatment and as controls, it was necessary to investigate the effects of the heat treatment based on the variations of properties in the whole of the test lumber. (2) Young's modulus increased and the loss tangent decreased due to heat treatment. When the vibrational properties were measured at various MCs, the MCs at the maximum value of Young's modulus and the minimum value of the loss tangent were lower in heat-treated specimens than in controls. The effects of heat treatment in green wood were similar to those in air-dried wood. (3) The loss tangents of heat-treated specimens were smaller than those of controls at about 0% MC but were larger than those of controls at about 10% MC. We thought that this resulted from the decreased MC at the minimum loss tangent after the heat treatment mentioned above. (4) The properties measured at several MCs were more useful than those at only one moisture content for investigating the effects of heat treatment.This study was presented in part at the 46th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kumamoto, April 3–5, 1996; and at the 47th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kochi, April 3–5, 1997  相似文献   

10.
Residual wood meal after extraction of milled wood lignin (WMEM) ofEucalyptus globulus was extracted with alkali and LiCl/N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAc). These agents dissolve mainly hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively. The extractability of WMEM in alkali solutions was influenced by the degree of swelling of the cellulose. Under good swelling conditions, considerable amounts of cellulose and lignin were extracted with the hemicellulose. Maximum extractability was about 60% of the WMEM under optimum conditions (3 M or 5 M LiOH or 3M NaOH solution). Some portion of cellulose was extracted with LiCl/DMAc at room temperature. Thus, lignin inE. globulus WMEM was divided into three fractions: hemicellulose-lignin fraction, cellulose-lignin fraction, and insoluble-lignin fraction.Part of this work was presented at the 49th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1999; and at the 50th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000  相似文献   

11.
Coniferous woods were modeled as honeycomb cellular solids consisting of hexagonal-prism tracheids to examine the mechanism for radial compression. Because of the abrupt breaks of radial cell walls, it was assumed that the flrst break followed Euler's equation of buckling. The nominal stress at the buckling of the radial cell wall was theoretically obtained based on this assumption, and the actual nominal stress was obtained experimentally. The theoretical stress was found to correspond almost to the experimental value. This finding suggests that the abrupt first break that occurs in wood under radial compression can be mainly attributed to the buckling of radial cell walls.Part of this work was presented at the 47th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kochi, April 1997 and at the 1997 meeting of the Research Society of Rheology in the Japan Wood Research Society, Tsukuba, December 1997  相似文献   

12.
A test method for measuring formaldehyde from urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins at high temperature was developed and used to assess the influence of the reaction pH on the formaldehyde emission and heat stability of the cured resins. Additionally, solid-state13C CP/MAS nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques were used to investigate the structure of cured UF resins before and after high temperature heating. Formaldehyde emissions during the cure were related to the UF resins' methylol group content. The heat stability of cured UF resins synthesized under strongly acidic conditions was much higher than that of the other resins, which were prepared in weakly acidic and alkaline media. Solid-state13C CP/MAS NMR spectra showed that formaldehyde emission from cured UF resins after heating is mainly ascribable to decreased methylol groups and dimethylene ether linkages. Significantly, it was revealed that uron structures characteristically found in the cured UF resin synthesized under strongly acidic medium indicated high heat stability.Parts of this paper were presented at the 44th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Nara, April 1994; and at the 52nd annual meeting of the Forest Products Society, Merida, Mexico, June 1998  相似文献   

13.
The object of this study was to determine the cause of differences in the improvement in liquid penetration of precompressed wood species. The maximum amount of water uptake by the capillary rise method and changes in the aspirated pits seen with scanning electron microscopy before and after of preextraction and precompression were investigated using heartwood samples of four softwoods. The height of penetration and the weight by the capillary rise method for preextractive wood powders are discussed. Three wood species andLarix leptolepis showed marked increases in the amount of solution uptake after precompressed treatment only.Larix leptolepis wood required compression after extraction by boiling in water. These differences among wood species were caused by the accumulation of extractive material. It was also recognized that the accumulative material inLarix wood has plasticity and that inPseudotsuga is brittle. Based on these results it was found that it is difficult to destroy aspirated pits in the former and easy in the latter. On the other hand, the difference in penetration of each wood species was caused by the quantity and quality of the extraction material in addition to the extent of the wettability of the surface of the cell cavity as well as aspirated pit.Part of this report was presented at the 46th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kumamoto, April 1996  相似文献   

14.
炭化温度对炭化物微观结构影响的研究   总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4  
采用扫描电子显微镜、全自动比表面积及孔径分析仪观察与研究了杉木间伐材在不同炭化温度下炭化物的微观结构、孔径分布、比表面积等,揭示了不同炭化温度下孔隙的形成特点与演变规律。实验表明,炭化温度对炭化物的比表面积与比孔容积特性影响很大,较高温度的炭化物具有较发达的孔隙结构与较高的比表面积。电镜观察可知,随着炭化温度升高,炭化物管胞表面沉积物量减少且颗粒变小,纹孔各层膜逐渐被破坏,纹孔开孔率增大,同时根据电镜观察中试样的放电状况可判断出炭化物导电性情况,随炭化温度升高,炭化物的导电性增大。  相似文献   

15.
Seven species of bacteria were isolated and identified from ponded sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) logs, and six species showed potent wood-degrading activities. To evaluate the effects of these isolated bacteria on the drying and anatomical characteristics of wood, small fresh blocks of sugi were immersed in water suspensions containing bacteria for 1–7 months. The permeability and drying properties were evidently improved. Most of the encrusting substances adhering to the cell lumens and the pit chambers were removed, and the pit membranes were destroyed. These anatomical changes due to bacterial activity were assumed to improve the permeability of sugi wood.Part of this report was presented at the 40th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tsukuba, April 1990; the 41st annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Matsue, April 1991; and the IUFRO XX World Congress, Tampere, August 1995  相似文献   

16.
Cone-shaped carbon particles were produced inside the cell lumen of sugi (Japanese cedar) charcoal treated at 2500°C. We succeeded in clarifying the structural and morphological features by separating the cone-shaped carbon from the carbonized cell wall by heating to 800°C in air. Cone-shaped carbon is less susceptible to oxidation than the carbonized cell wall. The isolated cone-shaped carbon and carbonized cell wall fracture were observed separately by transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction. Results revealed that the cone-shaped carbon has a very highly ordered cone structure with regularly stacked hexagonal carbon sheets, whereas the carbonized cell wall has a disordered structure of mosaic-like turbostratic carbon.Part of this work was presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Gifu, April 2002  相似文献   

17.
Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) wood powder was carbonized at varying temperatures and used as a material to remove heavy metals from their aqueous solutions. Single solutions of mercuric chloride and mixed aqueous solutions containing lead nitrate, arsenic chloride, and cadmium chloride as well as mercuric chloride (1, 5, and 10 ppm) were prepared to determine the efficiency of removing heavy metals by these materials. Wood powder and carbonized wood at 200°, 600°, and 1000°C removed mercury within the concentration range 1–10ppm; mercury was preferentially removed even when mixed with other heavy metals. Wood powder carbonized at 1000°C achieved the best removal of heavy metals among the wood-based materials and even commercial activated carbon in both single and mixed solutions.This paper was presented at the 45th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society in Tokyo, April 1995  相似文献   

18.
Charcoal was produced from short rotation tropical species ofLeucaena leucocephala andTectona grandis. The combustion-related properties, moisture content, specific gravity and percentage element composition of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and ash in wood and charcoal from the two species were determined. The gross heat of combustion of wood and charcoal was also determined.There were significant differences in the moisture content, specific gravity and percentage element composition between wood and charcoal from the two species. The carbon and ash content of charcoal were higher than those of wood. The average heat of combustion of charcoal 25.25 MJKg–1 was higher than that of wood 13.75 MJKg–1.  相似文献   

19.
Thermal treatment of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) impregnated waste wood is a way to utilize the energy resource of the wood and at the same time to reduce the volume of the waste. An issue of concern in relation to the thermal treatment is As emission to the air. Meanwhile, there is still a matter to cope with when methods to avoid As emission are implemented: the residues with increased concentrations of Cu, Cr and As. In the present paper two different residues after thermal treatment are characterized: a mixed bottom and fly ash from combustion of CCA impregnated wood, and a charcoal from pyrolysis of treated waste wood. By SEM/EDX it was seen that the charcoal still showed wood structure with both tracheids and rays and that Cu, Cr and As were found inside this wood structure. Cu was found alone while Cr and As were often found together. By chemical analysis it was found, too, that the charcoal contained a high concentration of Zn, probably from paint. Chemical extraction experiments in HNO3 were conducted with the charcoal and it was found that the order of extraction (in percentage) was Zn > Cu > As > Cr. A SEM/EDX investigation of the mixed ash from combustion showed the presence of small particles with wood structure with elevated Cu and Cr concentrations, but most particles were irregular shaped matrix particles rich in Si, Al and K. Cr was abundant in many different particles including the lignin skeleton of the small, unburned wood pieces, but also inside silica-based matrix particles. Ca was often found associated with char-like (porous) particles, indicating that Ca-arsenates had been formed during combustion. Cu was often associated with Cr in the unburned wood pieces, whereas it was less abundant inside the silica-based matrix particles. Cu was also found in an almost pure form in a small layer on the surface of some matrix particles indicating condensation of volatile Cu species. Chemical extraction with inorganic acids showed the order of percentages mobilized as: As > Cu > Cr.  相似文献   

20.
Previously we showed that the relaxation modulusEt of water-saturated wood during temperature reduction maintained its initial value despite the decrease in temperature, although during temperature elevationEt showed a marked decrease. In the present study, to clarify the mechanism of relaxation during temperature elevation and reduction, Young's modulus was measured in stress relaxation experiments with changes in temperature, and relaxation behavior was simulated using a Maxwell model consisting of five elements. Furthermore, the dynamic Young's modulus and dynamic loss modulus were measured during both temperature elevation and reduction. The results obtained suggested that the unique relaxation behavior during temperature reduction was caused by decreases in Young's modulus and coefficient of viscosity (i.e., an increase in fluidity) compared with those during elevation of temperature. The decrease in Young's modulus and increase in fluidity were considered to be due to an unstable structure in wood that occurred during temperature reduction. This unstable structure probably develops in the nonequilibrium state of temperature toward a true equilibrium state. Wood should be more unstable during temperature reduction than during temperature elevation because of the decrease in molecular motion when the temperature is lowered.Part of this report was presented at the 49th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1999  相似文献   

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