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1.
OBJECTIVE: To compare sensitivity of the impulse oscillometry system (IOS) with that of the conventional reference technique (CRT; ie, esophageal balloon method) for pulmonary function testing in horses. ANIMALS: 10 horses (4 healthy; 6 with recurrent airway obstruction [heaves] in remission). PROCEDURE: Healthy horses (group-A horses) and heaves-affected horses (group-B horses) were housed in a controlled environment. At each step of a methacholine bronchoprovocation test, threshold concentration (TC(2SD); results in a 2-fold increase in SD of a value) and sensitivity index (SI) were determined for respiratory tract system resistance (R(rs)) and respiratory tract system reactance (X(rs)) at 5 to 20 Hz by use of IOS and for total pulmonary resistance (RL) and dynamic lung compliance (C(dyn)), by use of CRT. RESULTS: Bronchoconstriction resulted in an increase in R(rs) at 5 Hz (R(5Hz)) and a decrease in X(rs) at all frequencies. Most sensitive parameters were X(rs) at 5 Hz (X(5Hz)), R(5Hz), and R(5Hz):R(10Hz) ratio; RL and the provocation concentration of methacholine resulting in a 35% decrease in dynamic compliance (PC(35)C(dyn)) were significantly less sensitive than these IOS parameters. The TC(2SD) for X(rs) at 5 and 10 Hz was significantly lower in group-B horses, compared with group-A horses. The lowest TC(2SD) was obtained for X(5Hz) in group-B horses and R(5Hz) in group-A horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In contrast to CRT parameters, IOS parameters were significantly more sensitive for testing pulmonary function.The IOS provides a practical and noninvasive pulmonary function test that may be useful in assessing subclinical changes in horses.  相似文献   

2.
The objective of this paper was to determine if changes in ventilation patterns could influence the outcome of respiratory function measurements performed with our impulse oscillometry system (IOS) in horses. In a first study, IOS tests were performed in vitro on six isolated equine lungs. Lung inflation levels were controlled by modifying depressurisation inside an artificial thorax and different ventilation patterns were imposed. In a second in vivo study, transient variations in breathing pattern were evaluated both with the IOS and a current reference technique (CRT) in five healthy mature horses after an intravenous (i.v.) injection of lobeline hydrochloride. In both studies, respiratory rate (RR, range: 7-42 breaths/min.) and tidal volume (V(T), range: 0.4-25 L) had minor or no influence on IOS parameters. The influence of lung inflation, most marked for resistance at 5 Hz (R(5 Hz)), was limited for the considered physiological range. In vivo, statistical models indicated that maximal changes in pleural pressure (Max Delta Ppl) and peak flows were the main determinants of the variability of the resistance (R(rs)) and the reactance (X(rs)) of the respiratory system. The fourfold increase in baseline Max Delta Ppl and peak flows obtained during hyperpnoea caused a significant increase in R(rs) at 5 and 10 Hz and a decrease in X(rs) at all frequencies. We conclude that IOS parameters are not influenced by tachypnoea, but will reflect alterations in respiratory mechanics caused by hyperpnoeic breathing.  相似文献   

3.
AIM: To improve the outcome of parameters measured by the impulse oscillometry system (IOS) in horses by separate assessment of inspiratory and expiratory impedance spectra in the frequency range between 1 and 10 Hz. As basis for further studies, the influence of sedation with xylazine on respiratory impedance was also investigated. METHODS: (i) The respiratory impedance of 11 horses was measured using IOS before and 6 min after sedation (xylazine; 0.6 mg/kg b.w.). (ii) The time course of impedance parameters in a period of 24 min after administration of xylazine was evaluated in 12 horses at regular intervals of 3 min. Resistance (R(rs)), reactance (X(rs)), and coherence (Co) were calculated as mean spectra (R(rs),X(rs),Co) of the entire measurement as well as separated into inspiration (Ri(rs),Xi(rs),Coi) and expiration (Re(rs),Xe(rs),Coe) at frequencies of 1, 5, and 10 Hz. RESULTS: (i) R(rs), X(rs) as well as Re(rs) and Xe(rs) revealed no significant influence of sedation. However, separate analysis of inspiration and expiration revealed a significant influence of sedation on all inspiratory impedance parameters. (ii) During the 24 min period after sedation, almost all inspiratory parameters were found significantly dependent on the time course of sedation whereas expiratory parameters Re10, Xe1, and Xe5 were not influenced. These results indicate that confounding factors due to sedation act mainly during inspiration. Muscle relaxation in upper airways due to xylazine is suspected to be the main cause of these phenomena.  相似文献   

4.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Due to technical implementations and lack of sensitivity, pulmonary function tests are seldom used in clinical practice. Impulse oscillometry (IOS) could represent an alternative method. OBJECTIVES: To define feasibility, methodology and repeatability of IOS, a forced oscillation technique that measures respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) from 5 to 35 Hz during spontaneous breathing, in horses. METHODS: Using 38 healthy horses, Rrs and Xrs reference values were defined and influence of individual biometrical parameters was investigated. In addition, IOS measurements of 6 horses showing clinical signs of heaves were compared to those of 6 healthy horses. RESULTS: Airtightness and minimal dead space in the facemask were prerequisites to IOS testing and standardisation of head position was necessary to avoid variations in Rrs due to modified upper airway geometry. In both healthy and diseased animals, measurements were repeatable. In standard-type breeds, the influence of the horse's size on IOS parameters was negligible. An increase in R5Hz greater than 0.10 kPa/l/sec and R5Hz>R10Hz, combined with negative values of Xrs between 5 and 20 Hz, was indicative of heaves crisis. CONCLUSIONS: IOS is a quick, minimally invasive and informative method for pulmonary function testing in healthy and diseased horses. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: IOS is a promising method for routine and/or field respiratory clinical testing in the equine species.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To compare response of horses to histamine bronchoprovocation (HBP), using total respiratory resistance (Rrs) measured by forced oscillatory mechanics (FOM) with dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and pulmonary resistance (RL) measured by the esophageal balloon method. ANIMALS: 10 horses with various degrees of airway reactivity. PROCEDURE: The 2 methods for measuring airway responses to HBP were performed on separate days. Endpoints compared were increase of 150 or 200% of baseline Rrs (PC150Rrs, PC200Rrs) and to 150% of baseline RL (PC150RL) or decrease to 65% of baseline Cdyn (PC65Cdyn). Frequency dependence of respiratory mechanics, using FOM, was evaluated, using the slope of Rrs over 1 to 3 Hz and the ratios of Rrs at 1 Hz to Rrs at 2 and 3 Hz (Rrs1Hz/Rrs2Hz, Rrs1Hz/Rrs3Hz) and of Rrs at 2 Hz to Rrs at 3 Hz (Rrs2Hz/Rrs3Hz). Effect of histamine on frequency dependence was assessed. RESULTS: Correlation with PC65Cdyn was high for PC150Rrs (rs = 0.93) and PC200Rrs (rs = 0.96). Correlation between PC65Cdyn and PC150RL was weakly positive (rs = 0.61). The slope of Rrs over 1 to 3 Hz changed significantly between baseline (-0.07+/-0.09 cm H2O/L/s/Hz) and final histamine dose (-0.28+/-0.10 cm H2O/L/s/Hz). The Rrs1Hz/Rrs3Hz and Rrs2Hz/Rrs3Hz differed significantly (P < 0.05 between baseline [1.27+/-0.36 and 0.96+/-0.11, respectively] and final histamine dose [1.62+/-0.37 and 1.09+/-0.14, respectively]). CONCLUSIONS: Correlation between histamine-induced changes in respiratory mechanics, as measured by FOM and the pneumotachograph-esophageal balloon method, was good. The FOM results indicated frequency dependence of respiratory mechanics during HBP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A noninvasive method of measuring airway reactivity will facilitate routine evaluation of horses with suspected small airway disease and may be suitable for field studies.  相似文献   

6.
Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD), exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), and upper airway obstruction (UAO) are common respiratory tract diseases that can decrease performance. The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and arterial blood gas analysis during a treadmill test by poorly performing racehorses presented to Purdue University. One hundred thirty-two horses with a history of poor performance were included in this study. Ten horses with no history or diagnosis of EIPH, IAD, or UAO served as controls. Horses were evaluated by rhinolaryngoscopy for upper airway abnormalities and underwent a standardized treadmill test, and samples were collected for blood gas analysis. Horses with IAD or EIPH had a more severe exercise-induced hypoxemia, (mean+/-SD; 84.8+/-1.5 and 86.0+/-1.7 mm Hg average Pao2, respectively), than horses in the control group (92.8+/-2.1 mm Hg). The average Pao2 of horses with only UAO (88.3+/-3.3 mm Hg) was not significantly different from control horses. Gas exchanges were the most severely impaired in horses affected with both EIPH and UAO because they exhibited the lowest Pao2 and highest Paco2 values (66.5+/-15.2 and 52.2+/-6.3 mm Hg, respectively).  相似文献   

7.
Airway obstruction in pigs (sedated or non-sedated) fixed in a sling was studied using impulse oscillometry (IOS). (i) Vertical flexion of the pig's head was used to simulate an artificial obstruction of the upper airways. (ii) Bronchial obstruction was induced by inhaling differing quantities of an aerosol produced from 0.33% carbachol solution. The ventilatory pattern was examined by measuring respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (V(t)). To evaluate respiratory mechanics, impedance parameters resistance (R) and reactance (X) as well as coherence (Co) were examined, each at frequencies of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 35 Hz. Using a simple 7-element-model introduced by J. Mead [Physiological Review 41 (1961) 281], distal respiratory resistance (R(dist)), proximal airway resistance (R(prox)), and additional shunt compliance (C(a)) of the animal's snout and the air inside the facemask were evaluated. By fitting this model to the primary measured impedance spectra, the influence of the face mask could be eliminated in the model calculation to allow assessment of the real respiratory impedance. This recalculation made clear that the facemask had an influence on the spectral course of R and X, depending on the clinical situation, and the upper frequency range was altered the most. Under conditions of (i) upper airway obstruction, especially the X values were distorted by facemask almost over the whole frequency range. Once the data were corrected for the mask, resistance was increased across all frequencies by a fixed amount while reactance was not affected. Under (ii) bronchial airway obstruction (bronchospasm) caused the resistance spectrum to be increased mainly in the lower frequency range. This became visible in both, originally measured impedance spectra and spectra after correction of the mask influence. The reactance course (originally measured and recalculated) decreased at all frequencies during bronchospasm. Coherence over the whole frequency range was lowered at both bronchial and upper airway obstruction.  相似文献   

8.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: It has been suggested that rapid administration of isotonic saline solution relieves airway obstruction in heaves-affected horses, but the efficacy and tolerability of this treatment is poorly documented. OBJECTIVES: To determine the respiratory and metabolic effects of a rapid administration of isotonic saline solution in control horses and those with heaves. METHODS: Thirty litres isotonic saline solution were administered i.v. to 5 control (Group C) and 9 heaves-affected horses (Group H). Pulmonary function testing and arterial blood gas analysis were performed prior to saline infusion, at 90 and 180 mins after starting the infusion, and 1, 3, 6 and 10 days later. PCV, plasma total solids, plasma electrolytes (Na+, Cl- and K+) and venous blood gas analysis were performed prior, during and after saline infusion. RESULTS: Rapid saline administration was shown to have no beneficial effects on lung function during infusion in Group H. On the contrary, they had significantly increased pulmonary resistance (RL) at 180 mins following the initiation of saline administration compared to baseline. In Group C, saline administration resulted in a significant increase in RL at 180 mins and a significant decrease in PaO2 at 90 mins. These results suggest a transient decrement in lung function caused by rapid saline administration. Group H had a metabolic alkalosis with hypochloraemia at baseline compared to control horses. This resolved following i.v. saline administration and returned to baseline within 6 h after treatment had been discontinued. CONCLUSION: The administration of saline to Group H did not improve airway function significantly, but resulted in mild and transient side effects. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Rapid administration of isotonic saline alone is not an effective therapy for heaves in horses.  相似文献   

9.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Acupuncture may be recommended for horses with 'heaves' because it is being increasingly applied to treat human asthma. Therefore, its efficacy was investigated in horses with this asthma-like disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a single acupuncture treatment for the relief of airway obstruction in heaves-affected horses. METHODS: The efficacy of a single acupuncture treatment was tested in 10 heaves-affected horses, and the effect of removal from the dusty stall environment in 5 heaves-affected horses. Before treatment, horses were stabled to induce airway obstruction and, apart from trips to the laboratory for pulmonary function measurements, they remained stabled for the duration of each treatment. The severity of airway obstruction was quantified by measurement of lung function before treatment (baseline), and at 20, 60, 120 and 240 mins and 24 h after the following treatments administered in random order: halter restraint and patting, a single acupuncture treatment by an experienced acupuncturist, and a single acupuncture treatment using predetermined points (recipe) by a veterinarian with no acupuncture training. In a second study, horses were untreated and remained either in their stall or in a paddock for all measurements of lung function, after baseline readings were made. RESULTS: In the first study, after all treatments, there was a temporal improvement in maximal change in pleural pressure, pulmonary resistance, dynamic compliance, respiratory rate, and tidal volume that lasted less than 24 h. There was no specific effect of acupuncture treatment. In the second study, removal from the dusty environment did not produce an improvement in lung function in the first 6 h. We conclude that most of the improvements in lung function observed in the study were due to handling. CONCLUSIONS: Assessed objectively, a single acupuncture treatment during an attack of heaves causes no more improvement in lung function than does handling the horse. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Acupuncture should not replace conventional medical treatments for heaves.  相似文献   

10.
Reasons for performing study: Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) is a nonseptic condition of the lower respiratory tract. Its negative impact on respiratory function has previously been described using either forced expiration or forced oscillations techniques. However, sedation or drug‐induced bronchoconstriction were usually required. The impulse oscillometry system (IOS) is a noninvasive and sensitive respiratory function test validated in horses, which could be useful to evaluate IAD‐affected horses without further procedures. Objectives: To determine the sensitivity of IOS in detecting alterations of the respiratory function in subclinically IAD‐affected horses without inducing bronchoprovocation and to characterise their respiratory impedance according to frequency for each respiratory phase. Methods: Pulmonary function was evaluated at rest by IOS in 34 Standardbred trotters. According to the cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), 19 horses were defined as IAD‐affected and 15 horses were used as control (CTL). Total respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) from 1–20 Hz as well as their inspiratory and expiratory components were compared between groups. Results: A significant increase of Rrs at the lower frequencies (R1–10 Hz) as well as a significant decrease of Xrs beyond 5 Hz (X5–20 Hz) was observed in IAD compared to CTL horses. IOS‐data was also significantly different between inspiration and expiration in IAD‐affected horses. In the whole population, both BALF eosinophil and mast cell counts were significantly correlated with IOS measurements. Conclusions: Functional respiratory impairment may be measured, even in the absence of clinical signs of disease. In IAD‐affected horses, the different parameters of respiratory function (Rrs or Xrs) may vary depending on the inflammatory cell profiles represented in BALF. Potential relevance: Impulse oscillometry could be used in a routine clinical setting as a noninvasive method for early detection of subclinical respiratory disease and of the results of treatment in horses.  相似文献   

11.
This study aimed to test whether shredded cardboard is an appropriate minimum-dust bedding material for heaves-affected horses. Results of standardized in vitro measurement of airborne dust and aeroallergen concentrations of cardboard bedding were significantly lower than those of common bedding materials. Six heaves-affected horses in clinical remission after pasturing were stabled for two months on cardboard bedding and fed grass silage. Pulmonary function tests (PFT: ventilatory mechanics, arterial blood gases, airway inflammation scoring, bronchoalveolar cytology) were performed before, during and after this period and after stabling the horses in poor hygienic conditions. PFT values measured during and after the stabling period on cardboard bedding were not significantly different from those recorded after the period at pasture or from those of healthy horses, but were significantly different from those recorded in poor hygienic conditions. On basis of the in vitro and in vivo results it can be concluded that cardboard bedding, used in conjunction with low-dust forage, may be appropriate in the provision of minimum-dust management of heaves-affected horses.  相似文献   

12.
This study used a cross-over design to compare the efficacy of 3 corticosteroids for the relief of airway obstruction and inflammation in 9 heaves-affected horses. The severity of airway obstruction and inflammation was quantified by measurement of lung function and by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology, respectively. Airway obstruction was induced by stabling the horses and they remained stabled during the 10 day treatment period. Lung function was measured before treatment (baseline), at Days 3, 7, and 10 of treatment, and after 30 days at pasture. BALF cytology was investigated at baseline, Day 10, and at pasture. All 9 horses received the following 4 treatments in random order: no treatment, daily oral prednisone tablets (1 mg/kg), daily i.v. dexamethasone solution (0.1 mg/kg), and i.m. dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate (0.04 mg/kg) every 3 days. When horses received no treatment, lung function did not change significantly during stabling but improved at pasture. In all horses, daily i.v. administration of dexamethasone solution improved lung function within 3 days to levels as good as or better than those measured at pasture. Dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate was rapidly effective in 8 of 9 horses. The other horse did not respond to this drug. Prednisone tablets were without effect on Days 3 and 7 of treatment, but by Day 10, 5 of 9 horses showed some improvement in lung function. Dexamethasone i.v. solution decreased the percent neutrophils in BALF at Day 10. Other treatments had no effect on BALF cytology. These results demonstrate that dexamethasone rapidly relieved airway obstruction in heaves-affected horses. Oral prednisone had inconsistent effects but may be beneficial in some horses after more than a week of treatment.  相似文献   

13.
This study aimed to test whether shredded cardboard is an appropriate minimum-dust bedding material for heaves-affected horses. Results of standardized in vitro measurement of airborne dust and aeroallergen concentrations of cardboard bedding were significantly lower than those of common bedding materials. Six heaves-affected horses in clinical remission after pasturing were stabled for two months on cardboard bedding and fed grass silage. Pulmonary function tests (PFT: ventilatory mechanics, arterial blood gases, airway inflammation scoring, bronchoalveolar cytology) were performed before, during and after this period and after stabling the horses in poor hygienic conditions. PFT values measured during and after the stabling period on cardboard bedding were not significantly different from those recorded after the period at pasture or from those of healthy horses, but were significantly different from those recorded in poor hygienic conditions. On basis of the in vitro and in vivo results it can be concluded that cardboard bedding, used in conjunction with low-dust forage, may be appropriate in the provision of minimum-dust management of heaves-affected horses.  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the onset, magnitude, and duration of bronchodilation after administration of aerosolized salmeterol xinafoate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. DESIGN: Randomized controlled study ANIMALS: 6 horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Procedure Horses received aerosolized salmeterol (210 microg) or no treatment, using a crossover design. Salmeterol was administered, using a mask designed for aerosol delivery in horses. Subjective rating of airway obstruction (RAO), maximal change in pleural pressure (deltaPplmax), and pulmonary resistance (RL) were determined at baseline; 5, 15, and 30 minutes; and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours after administration of salmeterol and in horses that did not receive treatment. RESULTS: The deltaPpl and RL were improved 15 minutes through 6 hours after administration of salmeterol, compared with values obtained from horses receiving no treatment. The RAO was improved 15 minutes through 2 hours after administration of salmeterol. The maximal response to salmeterol was evident 30 to 60 minutes after administration and was characterized by a 59 + 19% decrease in deltaPpl and a 56 +/- 13% decrease in RL. The deltaPpl and RL were not different from baseline values 8 hours after salmeterol administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Duration of action of salmeterol in these horses was approximately 6 hours. Maximal bronchodilation was somewhat delayed (30 to 60 minutes), and the magnitude of response was similar to that of short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists. Salmeterol provides moderately sustained bronchodilation in horses with recurrent airway obstruction and may be an effective drug for long-term control of this condition.  相似文献   

15.
Solute analysis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid involves the use of dilutional markers to correct for variable recovery of pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF). Urea is the best characterised endogenous marker, whereas inulin appears to meet the requirements of an exogenous marker. In horses, the use of inulin has never been investigated and the impact of lower airway diseases such as heaves, on PELF recovery is unknown. In this study, five healthy and five heaves-affected horses underwent airway endoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage. PELF recovery from bronchoalveolar lavage was calculated by the inulin and the urea method. The inulin method was compared to the urea method and differences between healthy and heaves-affected horses were analysed. From a technical and analytical point of view, inulin fulfilled the requirements of a marker of dilution as well as urea. When both healthy and heaves-affected horses groups were pooled together, PELF recovery calculated by the inulin method was significantly higher than by the urea method (6.43+/-4.08% versus 0.789+/-0.299%, P < 0.005). No significant differences were observed between healthy and heaves-affected horses, neither by the inulin nor by the urea method. Inulin did not present major advantages over urea, but the combined use of both markers can improve the standardisation of studies comparing PELF compounds, by providing upper limits (inulin dilution) and lower limits (urea dilution) of PELF recovery.  相似文献   

16.
Analysis of respiratory mechanics using impulse oscillometry is applicable to sedated, or non-sedated (trained) pigs when they are fixed in a sling. In this study, the influence of the following sources of variability on measurement results was examined: (i) sedation with diazepam; (ii) body weight of animals (ranging in age: 40 to 102 days); and (iii) time of the measurement (circadian influences). The following parameters were examined: respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (v(t)), spectral resistance, reactance and coherence, each at 5, 10, 15 and 20 Hz (R5,...R20, X5,...X20, CO5...CO20, respectively), distal respiratory resistance (Rdist), and proximal airway resistance (Rprox). After sedation (using 1.5 mg diazepam per kg body weight), RR and v(t) decreased significantly. There was a significant improvement of CO5, CO10 and CO15. Increase in body weight was strongly correlated to v(t), furthermore to spectral resistance parameters. Impulse oscillometry system (IOS) parameters showed only slight non-significant alterations in dependency on the time of day. In consequence, different sources of variability must be taken into account when performing IOS measurements in swine.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) administration on lung function and results of cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses affected by recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). ANIMALS: 10 RAO-affected horses. PROCEDURES: 6 horses were orally administered PTX (16 g) mixed with corn syrup, and 4 horses were administered corn syrup alone, twice daily for 14 days. Pulmonary function was evaluated before administration (day 0) and on days 8 and 15. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed on days 0 and 15. Reversibility of airway obstruction was assessed by measuring pulmonary function before and after administration of atropine (0.02 mg/kg, IV). Serum concentration of PTX was measured in 4 horses 30 minutes and 2 and 4 hours after administration of PTX on days 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14. RESULTS: Administration of PTX to BAO-affected horses resulted in a decrease in elastance value on day 8 and on elastance and resistance (RL) values on days 8 and 15. Results for cytologic examination of BAL fluid obtained on day 15 did not differ significantly, compared with values for day 0. Values of RL decreased in all horses following administration of atropine. When mixed in corn syrup and administered orally, PTX was poorly absorbed in horses, and there was noticeable variation in serum PTX concentrations over time and among horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Based on these results, it can be concluded that administration of PTX at high doses improved respiratory function of RAO-affected horses maintained in an unfavorable environment.  相似文献   

18.
Heaves, also known as recurrent airway obstruction, is a common condition of horses characterised by pulmonary neutrophilia and reversible airway obstruction. This study evaluated the role of neutrophils in producing cytokines and chemokines that might be involved in the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells in horses with heaves. Peripheral neutrophils were isolated from heaves-affected (n = 9) and control (n = 4) horses before and after 5 h of natural inhalation challenge. Expression of mRNA of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta, along with two chemokines, IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, was evaluated. After exposure to mouldy hay, horses with heaves had significant airway obstruction and increased numbers of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage samples, compared to control horses. However, there were no differences in the expression of mRNAs of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-8 and MIP-2 between the two groups, suggesting that the release of cytokines and chemokines by peripheral blood neutrophils is not necessary for the development of heaves.  相似文献   

19.
Objective: To describe the case management for a dog diagnosed with a nasopharyngeal polyp.
Case summary: A 9-week-old Shar-Pei puppy presented for progressive dyspnea and collapse. Clinical signs were consistent with an upper airway obstruction (UAO) and a temporary tracheostomy was performed. The puppy was at first diagnosed with and treated for brachycephalic airway syndrome but continued to exhibit signs of an UAO after soft palate resection. Nasopharyngoscopy revealed a nasopharyngeal polyp causing the UAO, which was surgically removed. The puppy has been free of clinical signs for 1 year after removal of the polyp.
New or unique information provided: This is the first report of a nasopharyngeal polyp causing a life-threatening UAO in a puppy. It emphasizes the importance of examining the nasopharyngeal space in neonates presenting with UAO.  相似文献   

20.
Tetanus can lead to respiratory complications, and the outcome of dogs affected by this disease is still largely unknown. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the frequency and outcome of 53 dogs with tetanus and respiratory complications between February 2006 and January 2019.Medical records from dogs diagnosed with tetanus admitted to a referral teaching hospital were reviewed. Fifty-three dogs were diagnosed with tetanus and respiratory complications were observed in 26.4% (14/53) of dogs; 8 developed aspiration pneumonia (AP), 5 developed upper airway obstruction (UAO) and 1 dog developed both. A total of 5 AP dogs were mechanically ventilated. Three dogs with UAO had tracheostomy tubes placed. Dogs with respiratory complications had a poorer outcome, with only 14.3% (2/14) surviving to discharge, compared to 94.8% (37/39) for dogs with no respiratory complications. Respiratory complications such as AP and UAO were common in dogs with tetanus, and this was associated with a poorer outcome.  相似文献   

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