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1.
应用4种植物的不同溶剂提取液对美洲斑潜蝇成虫进行产卵和取食驱避作用研究。结果表明：华南毛蕨的甲醇提取液对美洲斑潜蝇的产卵驱避效果最好，其驱避率为83．020％，其次是海南红豆的甲醇提取液和潺槁树的石油醚提取液，其产卵驱避率分别为64．120％和61．380％；在拒食作用方面，潺槁树氯仿提取液的拒食效果最好，其拒食率为64．100％；各种植物的乙醚提取液对美洲斑潜蝇的产卵和取食均有引诱作用。  相似文献   

2.
非寄主蔬菜及其提取物对菜粉蝶的驱避作用   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
在室内和田间测定了番茄、茴香、荆芥、莴苣、香菜和丝瓜6种非寄主蔬菜对菜粉蝶的驱避作用。室内测定结果表明,用非寄主蔬菜粗提物处理甘蓝后,菜粉蝶成虫对甘蓝的选择反应率降低,尤其是交配雌蝶对荆芥、茴香、番茄和莴苣提取物处理的甘蓝的选择反应率最低,分别仅为3.67%、4.30%、5.27%和8.26%。在非寄主蔬菜粗提物处理过的甘蓝苗上,成虫的产卵量明显减少,其中以番茄、茴香和荆芥粗提物的驱避活性最强,处理后1d的非选择性产卵驱避率分别为91.04%、75.54%和71.67%,选择性产卵驱避率分别为94.64%、79.66%和78.96%。田间试验结果表明,甘蓝田套种番茄、茴香和荆芥后,可使田间落卵量分别减少68.80%、62.62%和55.09%,这3种非寄主蔬菜对菜粉蝶的有效驱避距离分别为4m、2m和2m左右。因此,可以通过在甘蓝田套种非寄主蔬菜或喷洒其粗提物驱避菜粉蝶,减少幼虫发生为害。  相似文献   

3.
爵床提取物的抑菌杀虫活性研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
爵床(Justicia procumbens var.procumbens L.)是一种传统中药。为探明爵床提取物的抑菌杀虫活性,采用冷浸和超声波提取相结合的方法,分别获得了爵床甲醇、氯仿、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和正己烷等溶剂提取物;并应用抑菌圈法研究了5种提取物对柑橘炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosprioides)、芦笋茎枯病菌(Phomopsisasparagi)、稻瘟病菌(Pyricularia grisea)、棉花红腐病菌(Fusarium graminearum)和草莓灰霉病菌(Botrytiscinerea)等5种植物病原真菌的抑制效果,测定了甲醇提取物对柑橘炭疽病、芦笋茎枯病、草莓灰霉病和柑橘溃疡病(Xanthomonas campestris)等4种植物病菌及白蚊伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)、家蝇(Musca domestica)和菜青虫(Pieris rapae)等3种害虫的毒力。结果表明,不同极性溶剂提取物8 mg.mL 1对5种植物病原真菌均有一定的抑制作用,其中甲醇提取物对柑橘炭疽病菌、芦笋茎枯病菌、草莓灰霉病菌的抑制率均达50%以上。爵床甲醇提取物具有较强的抑菌杀虫活性,对柑橘炭疽病菌、芦笋茎枯病菌和草莓灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制中浓度(EC50)分别为5.94 mg.mL 1、4.61 mg.mL 1和5.27 mg.mL 1,EC90分别为63.69 mg.mL 1、58.01 mg.mL 1和54.57 mg.mL 1;0.25~1.00 mg.mL 1爵床甲醇提取物对柑橘溃疡病病菌显示强抑菌作用,0.125 mg.mL 1显示中度抑菌作用,最小抑制浓度(MIC)为0.062 5 mg.mL 1;爵床甲醇提取物对白蚊伊蚊、家蝇和菜青虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为0.195 8 mg.mL 1、0.351 4 mg.mL 1和0.287 7 mg.mL 1,LC95分别为0.988 4 mg.mL 1、3.053 2mg.mL 1和2.584 4 mg.mL 1。因此,爵床提取物作为生物农药,在农业生产中具有较好的应用前景。  相似文献   

4.
对苦瓜藤叶提取物进行了萃取分离,并对所得5种萃取物和氯仿分离组分进行了选择性生物测定,结果表明,苦瓜的氯仿萃取物对美洲斑潜蝇的产卵驱避作用和拒食作用最强,其IIPC值和拒食率分别为0．11和77．67％。进一步对氯仿萃取物进行组分分离,并进行生物测定,发现萃取物各组分对美洲斑潜蝇的产卵驱避作用和拒食作用差别很大,2组分、3组分显示出较好的产卵驱避作用,其IIPC值均为0,其次是70％乙醇冲洗液。70％乙醇冲洗液表现出强烈的拒食作用,其拒食率为43．48％,其次是2组分,其拒食率为34．79％。  相似文献   

5.
为研究假蒟对螺旋粉虱的作用效果及对体内酶活力的影响,在实验室采用叶片浸渍法测定了不同浓度的假蒟石油醚萃取物对螺旋粉虱成虫、若虫和蛹的生物活性,并用生化方法测定了成虫体内几种代谢酶的活性变化。结果显示,假蒟石油醚萃取物对螺旋粉虱具有良好的生物活性,且随着处理时间的延长,活性增强,其活性大小为成虫若虫蛹。处理168 h时,假蒟石油醚萃取物对螺旋粉虱若虫的LC50值(0.932 mg.mL 1)仅为处理24 h时LC50值(2.207 mg.mL 1)的42.23%。处理72 h时,假蒟石油醚萃取物对螺旋粉虱成虫和若虫的LC50值(0.430 mg.mL 1和1.303 mg.mL 1)分别为蛹(1.894 mg.mL 1)的22.70%和68.79%。经假蒟石油醚萃取物处理24 h后,螺旋粉虱成虫体内的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)等代谢酶均受到一定程度的抑制。10 mg.mL 1的假蒟石油醚萃取物对3种酶的抑制率分别为82.53%、82.79%、52.26%,但低浓度的假蒟石油醚萃取物对螺旋粉虱成虫CarE、GSTs两种酶的活性反而有诱导现象,其中对GSTs诱导效应较为明显。由此表明,假蒟石油醚萃取物对螺旋粉虱有明显的毒杀作用。  相似文献   

6.
杠柳根皮粗提液对菜青虫生物活性的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文
试验研究杠柳根皮粗提液对菜青虫生物活性的影响测定结果表明,杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对菜青虫的生物活性影响高于杠柳根皮氯仿提取液和石油醚提取液,杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对菜青虫幼虫有较强的拒食作用和生长抑制作用,胃毒作用一般。用100倍液杠柳根皮乙醇提取液浸叶饲喂3龄、4龄、5龄菜青虫幼虫后24h其拒食率分别为94.9%、87.8%和92.7%,拒食后幼虫的化蛹率和蛹重均比对照显著降低。100倍液杠柳根皮乙醇提取液浸叶饲喂4龄菜青虫幼虫后24h和72h其生长抑制率分别为96.6%和82.5%。杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对菜青虫成虫产卵具有明显忌避作用,用50~100倍液杠柳根皮乙醇提取液喷雾处理油菜苗后2~4d其产卵忌避率达89.5%以上。  相似文献   

7.
以黄瓜、小麦、油菜和高粱为供试对象,用种子萌发法测定绣球小冠花地上部分石油醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇3种溶剂提取物的除草活性。结果绣球小冠花的乙酸乙酯、乙醇溶剂提取物对4种供试作物均显示出很强的抑制生长作用,质量浓度达100 mg/mL时对黄瓜、小麦、油菜和高粱幼苗、幼茎的抑制率均为100%。低质量浓度乙酸乙酯提取物对小麦幼根及幼茎的生长有较强抑制作用;0.5 mg/mL的乙酸乙酯提取物对黄瓜、小麦、油菜、高粱幼茎和幼根生长的抑制率分别为:11.57%、73.35%、3.06%、47.20%和65.06%、61.8 5%、29.96%、2.98%;1.0 mg/mL的乙醇提取物对黄瓜、小麦、油菜、高粱幼茎和幼根生长的抑制率分别为52.07%、22.58%、12.23%、0.93%和84.57%、24.47%、56.25%、0。表明绣球小冠花乙酸乙酯和乙醇提取物具有优秀的除草活性。  相似文献   

8.
采用田间试验方法,研究不同类型有机肥对石油醚提取物及香气物质含量的影响。结果表明:1)施用有机肥均能增加石油醚提取物含量,其中T3(无机化肥+芝麻饼肥+生物有机肥)处理的中、上部叶石油醚提取物含量最大,分别为7.76%、8.75%;2)施用有机肥处理对上部叶的增香效果优于中部叶,有机肥处理的上部叶有24种香气物质含量均高于CK,中部叶有18种高于CK;其中T3处理的中、上部叶致香物质总量最大,分别高达1 291.45、1 524.34μg/g,较CK处理分别增加3.32%、34.86%。  相似文献   

9.
试验研究锡兰肉桂丙酮粗提物对皮氏叶螨的毒力及其代谢酶活性的影响结果表明,锡兰肉桂丙酮粗提物对皮氏叶螨具有较强的毒杀作用,处理后24h LC50值为3.5642mg/mL,其6.67mg/mL、4.44mg/mL、3.34mg/mL对皮氏叶螨的48h和72h校正死亡率分别为95.45%和98.84%、85.23%和90.70%、81.82%和87.21%;5.0μg/mL、4.0μg/mL、3.0μg/mL、2.0μg/mL和1.0μg/mL浓度下锡兰肉桂丙酮粗提物对皮氏叶螨酯酶、羧酸酯酶、碱性磷酸酯酶、酸性磷酸酯酶活性均有抑制作用,且其作用大小均随处理浓度的增加而增强。  相似文献   

10.
为研究不同萃取剂萃取马齿苋有效成分以及不同浓度马齿苋提取物对大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用,采用水、乙醇、石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、马齿苋余下水层6种不同的提取溶剂,分别对马齿苋的有效成分进行提取,并浓缩提取液,过滤药液,采用纸片法观察马齿苋提取物对大肠杆菌的抑菌作用。结果表明:不同溶剂的提取液均有抑菌效果,其中马齿苋乙醇提取物的抑菌效果最好,抑菌环可达10.93 mm;水提取物的抑菌效果次之,抑菌环可达9.53 mm。不同浓度乙醇提取液水溶剂提取液中,以50%的乙醇提取液的抑菌效果最好,抑菌环可达12.33 mm。马齿苋乙醇提取物与抗菌药的联合作用中,以马齿苋乙醇提取物与头孢噻呋、痢菌净的联合抑菌效果最好。  相似文献   

11.

Purpose

Traditionally, methods for sediment extractions are characterised using chemical analyses. However, in order to evaluate sediment extracts with regard to biological effects and, thus, bioaccessibility, extraction methods have to be compared to effect data obtained from experiments with in situ exposure scenarios, i.e., sediment contact tests. This study compares four extraction methods and sediment contact test data from a previous project with respect to predictive power in the fish embryo test with zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Materials and methods

A natural and an artificial sediment spiked with a mixture of six organic pollutants (2,4-dinitrophenol, diuron, fluoranthene, nonylphenol, parathion and pentachlorophenol) were extracted using (a) membrane dialysis extraction (MDE), (b) a Soxhlet procedure, (c) hydroxypropyl-??-cyclodextrin (HPCD) or (d) Tenax®-TA. Whereas the former two are regarded being exhaustive with respect to non-covalently bound contaminants, the latter two are considered to predict bioaccessibility. Resulting extracts were tested in the fish embryo assay with D. rerio for embryotoxic and teratogenic potential.

Results and discussion

Mortalities caused by organic extracts from Soxhlet extraction and MDE were high. However, HPCD extracts turned out to be at least as effective as extracts obtained with these two methods. One possible reason might be short ageing time of the spiked sediments. Only Tenax®-TA extracts gave results comparable to the sediment contact assay for natural sediment, but revealed low reproducibility. Significant differences between natural and artificial sediment were found for extracts obtained with techniques using native (i.e., non-freeze-dried) sediments, i.e., HPCD and Tenax®-TA. In contrast, MDE and Soxhlet extracts used freeze-dried sediment and did not differentiate between natural and artificial sediment. Therefore, freeze-drying has likely altered and equalised sediment properties that influence accessibility, such as composition of bacterial communities and organic matter quality.

Conclusions

Four extraction methods were successfully characterised with respect to their stringency and predictiveness for bioaccessibility. MDE was confirmed as an alternative to Soxhlet extraction. High mortalities induced by HPCD extracts underline the need to include ageing into consideration when assessing sediments. Although Tenax®-TA may basically be used to predict bioaccessibility in the fish embryo test, the high variability observed warrants further investigation of the relation between effect and extractability. Apparently, freeze-drying can severely affect sediment properties, potentially eliminating individual properties of natural sediments.  相似文献   

12.
Water repellency of volcanic ash soils from the Ecuadorian páramo was studied by a combination of extraction and analysis of water‐repellent products, Molarity Ethanol Droplet values, water contact‐angle measurements by capillary rise, and N2 adsorption isotherms. The undried samples studied are hydrophilic, but exhibit water repellency after moderate drying (48 hours at 30°C). The advancing water contact‐angle measured by capillary rise varies from 78° to 89°. These water contact‐angles decrease strongly after extraction of organic materials by an isopropanol–water mixture. Elemental analysis, infrared spectra and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analyses were used to characterize the extracts. The results show that long‐chain fatty acids and more complex non‐polar alkyl components (waxes) are the main water‐repellent materials. The deposition of such extracted materials onto hydrophilic sand leads to the rapid increase of water contact‐angle until values close to those measured on the soil samples are achieved. Assuming a coating of the mineral surface by organic hydrophobic products and using Cassie's law, the water contact‐angle of extracted materials was computed. The values ranged from 100° to 157°. Nitrogen specific surface areas of the soils studied were very small, indicating a low adsorbent–adsorbate interaction on hydrophobic surfaces. These results partially validate the hypothesis of water‐repellent materials that occur as coatings at least after a drying process.  相似文献   

13.
Soil water repellency is usually unstable, as exemplified by the common method of quantifying repellency degree – the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test. Dynamic penetration and infiltration of water into repellent soils is generally attributed to either reduction of the solid‐liquid interfacial energy (γSL) or reduction of the liquid‐vapour interfacial energy (γLV), or both. The reduction of γSL can result from conformation changes, hydration, or rearrangement of organic molecules coating soil particle surfaces as a result of contact with water, while the reduction of γLV can result from dissolution of soil‐borne surface active organic compounds into the water drop. The purpose of this study was to explicitly test the role of the second mechanism in dynamic wetting processes in unstably repellent soils, by examining the drop penetration time (DPT) of water extracts from repellent soils obtained after varying extraction times and at different soil : water ratios. It was indeed found that soil extracts had lower surface tensions (γLV approx. 51–54 mN m−1) than distilled water. However, DPT of the soil extracts in water repellent soils was generally the same or greater than that of water. Salt solutions with the same electrical conductivity and monovalent/divalent cation ratio as the soil extracts, but lacking surface active organic substances, had the same DPT as did the extracts. In contrast, DPT of ethanol solutions prepared with the same γLV, electrical conductivity, and monovalent/divalent cation ratio as the soil extracts, was much faster. Ethanol solutions are usually used as an agent to reduce γLV and as such, to reduce DPT. It is concluded that the surface‐active, soil‐derived organic substances in aqueous soil extracts do not contribute to wetting dynamics, and as such, this mechanism for explaining kinetics of water penetration into water repellent soils is rejected. It is also concluded that the rapid penetration of ethanol solutions must be due not only to changes in γLV, but to also to changes in either or both γSL and the solid‐vapour interfacial energy (γSV). These results stand in sharp contrast to well‐accepted logical paradigms.  相似文献   

14.
The objective of this study was to understand the degradation of the organic matter of olive mill wastewater (OMW) and its phytotoxic and water repellent effects in dependence on four different climatic conditions. We hypothesized that warm conditions with sufficient soil moisture ensure optimal biological activity and thus minimize negative effects of the OMW treatment. Therefore, OMW-treated soil was incubated for 60 days under four climatic conditions. During incubation, we monitored pH, contents of nitrate, manganese and phenolic compounds, soil respiration, soil water repellency, and δ13C. Additionally, calorific value and thermal stability of the soil organic matter at the beginning and end of incubation were determined. Soil samples of the wet-cold and moist-warm incubation were tested for phytotoxicity using a seed germination bioassay with Lepidium sativum. As a function of climatic conditions, positive and negative effects, e.g., addition of nutrients, phytotoxicity, and soil water repellency, were observed. Under dry-hot conditions, the soil was still water repellent after 60 days of incubation whereas the wet-hot, moist-warm, and wet-cold incubation show that soil would stay wettable if soil moisture before OMW treatment would be sufficient. Thus, the impact of OMW treatment on soil quality strongly depends on the environmental conditions which should favor an enhancement of microbial activity to minimize negative effects.  相似文献   

15.
Parallel experiments were carried out to evaluate the induction of genotoxic effects in Vicia faba seedlings treated both with aqueous and organic extracts (dimethyl sulphoxide 5%) of 13 composts, or grown on soil samples to which different doses of the same composts were added. Pearsons linear correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used to study how these two different methodological approaches (treatment with the extracts versus direct contact with the composts in soil) agree. In addition, multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the role of heavy metals and humic substances in genotoxic effects and to construct a model to be used to accurately predict potential genotoxicity of the composts. Experimental data obtained at the highest application rate of compost on soil were found to fit the model and evidenced the role of the humic substances in modulating the potential genotoxicity of the different composts.  相似文献   

16.
Glycosidically bound volatiles released from apple leaf extracts (cv. Anna) were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) and their behavioral effects on codling moth (CM) adults were evaluated in cage bioassays. The levels of 1-octanol, linalool, geraniol, benzyl alcohol, methyl salicylate, (2R,5R)-theaspirane, and (2S,5R)-theaspirane were significantly increased in the leaf extracts containing the Aspergillus niger beta-glucosidase (BGL1) compared to the extracts containing the glucoimidazole. The attractiveness of individual compounds to CM adults was found in the following decreasing order: methyl salicylate and mixture of two theaspirane isomers, followed by linalool and benzyl alcohol. Geraniol was found to be repellent to CM adults. The addition of geraniol (39.4 ng mL(-1)) to any of the individual volatiles or to a mixture of these attractants eliminated their attractiveness. Our data suggest the possible application of geraniol as a repellent and methyl salicylate or theaspiranes as attractants for the integrated control of CM in apple orchards.  相似文献   

17.
Isopropanol:NH3 and Methanol:KOH (saponification) alkaline treatments are usually applied in the study of soil organic matter. The first is used in studies of soil water repellency, and the latter in the extraction of ester-bound lipids from soil. In this study, isopropanol:NH3 and methanol:KOH treatments were applied separately in a solvent extracted repellent soil, in order to compare their efficiency in the extraction of water repellent compounds. The soil sample was taken from a site under a 16 year old Pinus taeda stand. The amount and class of organic compounds released by each treatment were compared using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both treatments resulted in wettable soil after alkaline extraction. In general, alkaline treatments yielded extracts with the same class of organic compounds. Alkanoic acids, α,ω-alkanedioic acids, hydroxyalkanoic acids, aromatic compounds, and alkanols were identified, indicating the preservation of suberin and cutin biopolyester in the soil. Large differences were observed in the amounts of ω-hydroxyalkanoic acids, as well as in the quantity and distribution of dihydroxyalkanoic and trihydroxyalkanoic acids. In contrast to methanol:KOH, isopropanol:NH3 was not efficient in the extraction of whole aliphatic biopolyesters, mainly pine cutin-related products. Methanol:KOH was more effective in hydrolysis. The presence of biopolyesters in water repellent soil under the P. taeda stand seems to play an important role in water repellency.  相似文献   

18.
Essential oil extracts from Callicarpa americana and Callicarpa japonica were investigated. Bioassay-guided fractionation of C. americana extracts using the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, led to the isolation of alpha-humulene, humulene epoxide II, and intermedeol and a newly isolated terpenoid (callicarpenal). Similar work involving C. japonica resulted in the isolation of an additional compound, spathulenol, as well as the four compounds isolated from C. americana. Structure elucidation was performed on all isolated compounds using a combination of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-electron ionization, high-resolution liquid chromatography-MS-electrospray ionization, and one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments. Heretofore, 13,14,15,16-tetranorclerodane, callicarpenal, has never been identified from natural sources. Complete (1)H and (13)C NMR assignment data are provided for this compound. In bite deterrent studies, spathulenol, intermedeol, and callicarpenal showed significant repellent activity against A. aegypti and Anopheles stephensi.  相似文献   

19.
World over the traditional knowledge has always formed the foundation for development of modern medicines as a result of scientific follow up of the traditional knowledge. Andaman archipelago represents one of the greatest emporia of ethno botanical wealth in India where aboriginal native tribes of ancient culture remain in their virginity and possess abundant ethnic knowledge. The Jarawas of Andaman Island are one such primitive and dwindling community. Jarawas inhabit the Jarawa Reserve located along the western parts of the South and Middle Andamans. A brief account of anthropology of the tribe is given. Results of ethnobotanical studies of Jarawa tribe have been enumerated which revealed interesting plants which can be further prioritized for scientific evaluation and Bioprospection for product development. The species like Alpinia manii, Amomum aculeatum, belonging to Zingiberaceae and Pseuduvaria prainii, Orophea katschallica of Annonaceae are shown to have effective insect and bee repellent properties. Such leads should be subjected to further scientific scrutiny for development of global level products having mosquito and other disease causing insect repellent properties. While this achieves the human welfare aspects, at the same time boosts the economy of the region. The Jarawas possess extensive knowledge of the plants of the surrounding forests and use them in their daily life for food, medicine, shelter, fibres, ornaments, bows and arrows and for many other needs. Such plants are enumerated with correct botanical names, family, Jarawa names, plant parts used along with details of use.  相似文献   

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