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基于离散元法的贯入圆锥对沙土颗粒运动特性分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为了预测土壤颗粒在圆锥指数仪贯入沙土过程中的运动特性,该文通过建立一个三维长方体料床模型用离散元法模拟了圆锥贯入沙土的全过程,讨论了料床指定初始位置上颗粒的运动轨迹,还将料床的位移场按照位移量大小分成4个区,分析了料床的横向、纵向以及合成的位移场,最后给出了不同贯入深度的料床速度场及力链分布规律。研究结果显示:受到圆锥向下贯入和左右壁面阻挡的共同作用,大多数颗粒在圆锥贯入过程中以纵向移动为主,横向上体现为近似线性梯度的受限扩散式移动,尤以锥尖附近的横向位移最明显;颗粒在纵向上均经历了先向下运动再向上运动的过程,在圆锥贯入过程中料床的纵向位移场,作为向上和向下位移区的分界线,一条"衣领"带状区域的颗粒近似静止;越靠近锥尖附近的颗粒接触力和速度越大,且随着贯入深度的增加,锥尖处的接触力增大。该文的研究为土壤圆锥指数实地测量时测量点间距的取值提供理论依据。 相似文献
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灌溉水温对冻融土入渗规律的影响 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
在冬春灌溉期间,由于灌溉水源、灌溉方式、灌溉时间不同,当水流入农田时,将具有不同的水温。灌溉水温不同,在相同的灌溉水量条件下,其热容量不同,导致土壤温度分布不同,必将影响到冻土的入渗规律。该文通过土壤冻结期间积水入渗试验,获得了不同入渗水温条件下冻土的入渗规律。试验结果表明,入渗水温对冻土入渗规律的影响十分明显,冻土的入渗能力随入渗水温的升高而增强。研究结果对于季节性冻土壤区冬春灌溉合理灌水技术参数的确定提供依据 相似文献
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为更好地认识冻土在融化期面源污染物的析出规律,该文以吉林省长春市黑顶子河流域为研究对象,将流域分为4类典型汇流区,监测了冻土融化期不同汇流区以及小流域尺度的水文特性及面源污染物析出入河过程。采用质量平衡法确定了流域尺度的水量及污染物析出量。第I类汇流区水和污染物析出通量主要受稻田排水汇流过程影响;以玉米种植为主的第II和第III类汇流区,水和污染物析出通量变化范围受到土壤利用信息的影响更为显著;农村居民区(第IV类汇流区)单位面积析出通量显著的超过I~III类汇流区。初始条件、汇流区面积、坡度是影响冻土向河道析出过程的重要因素。冻结过程中,水稻和玉米两种下垫面水和污染物质量显著增加,然而表现出显著不同的再分布过程。冻土融化过程中,第I、II和III类汇流区表层融化区主要影响NH4+的析出入河过程,最大融化区内含水量和NO3-浓度发生显著变化。冻土融化期析出流量和NH4+析出通量的标准差与均值比显著的小于NO3-析出通量标准差与均值比。采用质量平衡方法确定的流域水和污染物析出入河过程与通过不同汇流区析出水量和污染物质量叠加所确定的水和污染物析出入河过程一致。平衡分析表明,单位面积冻土中水、NH4+和NO3-析出量占未融化层以上水、NH4+和NO3-析出量的32.9%~74.6%,96.3%~243%,28.6~182%,占土壤最大冻结深度以上水、NH4+和NO3-析出量的10.6%~59.2%,26.4%~110%以及17.6~76.4%。 相似文献
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基于瓦楞纸板受冲击压缩变形的特征,提出-表征其非线性冲击力-变形模型,结合其跌落冲击试验结果表征模型参数.在此基础上,建立"富士"苹果-瓦楞纸板缓冲跌落动力学模型方程,进行不同高度下的苹果缓冲跌落冲击响应的理论分析,并与试验结果进行比较.结果表明,试验结果与理论模型结果吻合性好,所提出苹果-瓦楞纸板缓冲跌落冲击模型能合理地表征苹果缓冲跌落冲击动力学特征,瓦楞纸板能显著降低苹果跌落的冲击加速度.研究结果为果品缓冲包装设计提供了理论基础. 相似文献
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塑料薄膜的力学性能分析是薄膜结构设计的主要方向。该研究采用试验和数值模拟结合的方式分析了冰雹冲击下塑料薄膜的破坏形式和损伤规律,并通过试验结果验证了数值模拟方法的有效性。通过数值模拟对冰雹在不同尺寸、不同冲击角度下单次和二次冲击塑料薄膜进行了分析,此外对薄膜厚度和两层薄膜之间的间距的影响进行了分析。结果表明：1）0.12 mm厚度的塑料薄膜可抵挡直径10 mm以下的冰雹冲击。但冰雹尺寸在30 mm以上时,塑料薄膜因拉伸应力波的作用导致薄膜发生破坏。2）冰球二次冲击塑料薄膜时会造成应力波的叠加,导致薄膜的加速破坏。3）在0°、30°、60°这3种冲击角度下,冰球冲击角度为60°时造成薄膜的破坏面积最大。4）双层薄膜的破坏面积随薄膜之间的间距增大而增大,当双层薄膜的间距控制在5 mm内可实现双层薄膜抗冰雹冲击效果优于厚度相同的单层薄膜。分析结果表明：改进薄膜结构的抗拉强度是提高薄膜抗冰雹冲击能力的主要方向。该研究可为薄膜结构设计和薄膜损伤分析提供参考。 相似文献
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小型装载机FOPS受落锤冲击的动态响应 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了提高小型装载机防落物保护装置(FOPS)的抗冲击性，讨论了FOPS受标准落锤冲击的破坏现象，提出应用显式动态有限元法解决小型装载机FOPS的冲击响应。以ZL15装载机为例给出了有限元模型的建立方法和边界条件的施加方法。分析了落锤碰撞FOPS时的冲击力波形、FOPS的冲击变形规律和能量转换规律。结果表明：冲击力波形与方波假设不同；冲击过程没有FOPS构件侵入DLV，FOPS满足ISO3449的要求；第一次冲击FOPS吸收了83%的能量，第二次及其以后的冲击可以忽略。在冲击能量不变的前提下，分析了落锤高度和质量变化对FOPS冲击变形的影响规律。结果表明：落锤高度变小、质量变大时冲击变形反而变大。 相似文献
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分析了我国加入ＷＴＯ后，对江苏省农业的冲击和影响，指出受冲击最大的是粮、粮、油生产，前景相对看好的是畜禽、水产、果品等生产，提出应采取四项有效对策迎接ＷＴＯ的挑战。 相似文献
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利用1960—2007年北疆6个国家基本气象站积雪及冻土资料,分析了北疆地区积雪和冻土深度的气候分布特征,并利用统计学方法总结了积雪对冻土变化的影响。结果表明:（1）最大冻土深度受海拔高度的影响较大,并与其成正比。最大冻土深度值出现年代从平原向山区滞后;从20世纪80年代后最大冻土深度出现减小的趋势,且平原较山区更加明显;3个不同类型冻土区冬季最大冻土深度和平均冻土深度的年际变化基本上随时间逐渐减小;（2）Ⅰ区的最大积雪深度大于Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区,各站冬季最大积雪深度和平均积雪深度的年际变化基本上都呈现单峰单谷型;（3）Ⅰ区最大积雪深度和最大冻土深度的对应关系呈现双峰型,Ⅱ区为单峰型,Ⅲ区则为对数型。积雪深度较浅时,冻土深度增加较明显,随着积雪深度的增加,冻土深度变化较小,当积雪深度超过一定限值后,冻土深度还有下降的趋势;（4） M-K检验结果为各站最大冻土深度与积雪的变化趋势基本相反且突变点基本一致,呈现负相关。 相似文献
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Yu. B. Tsybenov G. D. Chimitdorzhieva E. O. Chimitdorzhieva R. A. Egorova E. Yu. Mil’kheev T. V. Davydova Ts. D.-Ts. Korsunova 《Eurasian Soil Science》2016,49(8):908-914
Meadow-chernozemic soils (Turbic Chernozems Molliglossic) in the western Trans-Baikal Region are dissected by large cryogenic cracks penetrating to the depth of 100–120 cm and filled with humified material. The depth of humus pockets is 50–80 cm, and their width in the upper part is 50–90 cm. The lower boundary of most of the humus pockets lies at the depth of 60–70 cm. The development of cryogenic cracks proceeded due to their penetration into the frozen ground, which is evidenced by their sharply narrowing lower part. The fraction of physical clay (<0.01 mm) constitutes a considerable part of the material filling the cracks, which explains the significant humus content in this material. The contents of humus and adsorbed bases sharply decrease down through the soil profile in the soil mass between the cracks and remain relatively stable in the material filling the cracks. The soil mass in humus pockets is less compact that that in the background soil mass at the same depth, which is explained by the higher humus content in the pockets. Humified soil material in the pockets is also characterized by a higher porosity and, hence, higher water permeability than the surrounding soil mass. 相似文献
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J. Löfkvist W. R. Whalley L. J. Clark 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(2):120-124
The restoration of the physical structure of soil by plant roots depends on the ability of roots to penetrate strong soil. The sensitivity of root growth to mechanical impedance can be considered as a possible screen for species suitable as ‘biological subsoilers’. The ability of roots to penetrate hard wax layers in sand cores has recently been identified as a useful tool for identifying rice varieties that are good at penetrating strong soil, and this method provides the possibility of a rapid laboratory screen which can be used to identify other species with the same characteristic. However, comparing plants with very different root anatomy may be more difficult than comparing the performance of root systems that are essentially similar, except for the number and length of roots, as is the case with rice. In this paper, we compare the penetration of roots of barley, chicory, lupin, red clover and lucerne through soft and hard wax layers installed at 50 mm depth in sand columns. Barley had the lowest fraction of roots that penetrated the hard wax layer, although it had a higher absolute number of roots penetrating the hard wax than the other species. The numbers of chicory, lupin, red clover and lucerne roots penetrating the hard wax layer were similar, although lucerne had the highest number. The proportion of roots penetrating the hard layer as a proportion of those penetrating the soft layer was highest for lucerne. Comparison with previous data for barley and lucerne supports the use of the wax layer screen for identifying species with good root penetration. 相似文献
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石羊河流域冬季冻土深度变化趋势及原因 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用1961~2007年石羊河流域上游、中游、下游当地气象站的冬季最大冻土深度、气温、地温、日照时数、降水量、相对湿度、蒸发、积雪资料,分析了近47 a石羊河流域冬季最大冻土深度的空间分布以及时间变化特征,进而采用相关系数法进一步探讨了冬季最大冻土深度变化的原因。结果表明:在空间分布上,石羊河流域冬季最大冻土深度分布与本地地理位置、土壤类型和海拔高度密切相关。石羊河流域冬季最大冻土深度梯度呈南—北走向,最大值出现在南部古浪,最小值出现在北部民勤。时间变化上,近47 a,石羊河流域以及流域上、中游冬季最大冻土深度呈下降趋势,而下游民勤冬季最大冻土深度则呈上升趋势,石羊河流域冬季最大冻土深度在不同时段内存在明显的6~7 a和9~10 a的周期反映,除下游民勤外在20世纪90年代都发生了突变。相关系数法分析表明,影响石羊河流域冬季最大冻土深度的气象因子是主要是热力因子,热力因子中关联最强的是极端最低地温和气温;水分因子中蒸发和冬季最大冻土深度的关联最明显。 相似文献
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西北地区季节性最大冻土深度的分布和变化特征 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
利用西北地区1961～2000年101个代表站的年冻土观测资料,采用EOF、REOF、小波分析方法,分析了西北地区季节性最大冻土深度的分布状况及其变化特征。结果表明,西北地区多数地区平均最大冻深在0.5～2m之间,平均2m以上的只有在新疆的天山,青海东北部的祁连山区有零星分布。近几十年来,西北地区整体最大冻深减小,上世纪90年代是近几十年来最大冻深最浅的时期,其中变化最明显的区域是新疆;西北最大冻深的变化可分为五个敏感区:西北中部区、南疆区、北疆区、青藏高原区、西北东部区。各区最大冻深随时间变化趋势有所不同,西北中部区、南疆区几乎呈直线下降,上世纪90年代的平均最大冻深均比上世纪60年代减少了0.1m,北疆区和西北东部区呈小-大-小的抛物线型式变化,最大冻深的变幅相对较小,青海高原的最大冻深则表现出与其他区域相反的变化趋势,是一个由大-小-大的变化过程,上世纪90年代比上世纪80年代平均最大冻深增加了0.57m。不同地区因其地形、土壤、控制的气候系统有所差异,变化周期有所差别,但其周期尺度基本相似。在影响冻土的因素中,干旱区以冬季气温较为显著,而半干旱半湿润区则以地温和封冻前的土壤水分的影响更为显著。 相似文献
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[目的]探究科尔沁沙坨地—草甸地土壤温度与冻结深度的变化规律,为合理指导该区农工生产和建设提供支持。[方法]基于2007—2015年冻融期人工观测数据,对比分析科尔沁沙坨地与草甸地冻融期多年土壤温度与最大冻结深度变化规律。[结果]研究区100cm处沙坨地与草甸地多年土壤温度的标准差变化规律基本一致,草甸地要小于沙坨地,但融解后期由于草甸地融解期历时较长,其标准差大于沙坨地;同时考虑土壤温度和土壤水分对最大冻结深度的影响时,沙坨地在200cm处和草甸地在140cm处的R2分别为0.959和0.788。[结论]研究区内沙坨地先冻结与先融解,沙坨地最大冻结深度较草甸地深,同时考虑土壤温度与土壤水分的最大冻结深度的拟合优度最好,沙坨地与草甸地中最大冻结深度与土壤温度和土壤水分均呈负相关关系。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(2):143-151
Abstract Five commercially available penetrating agents and sulfuric acid were tested for their ability to facilitate water penetration in soil using soil column and/or field experiments. Only one of these, “Charge”;, increased water penetration in soil column tests; all five compounds were ineffective under field conditions. While initial treatment with sulfuric acid resulted in slower penetration, periodic rewetting of treated soil indicated that water penetration was significantly enhanced. 相似文献
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Soil depth plays a decisive role in determining soil properties in mountainous regions for ecological site assessment. To evaluate the use of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) for fast and high‐resolution mapping within mountainous regions, we examined the possibilities and limitations of GPR to determine soil depth over bedrock and to delineate individual substrate layers formed during the Pleistocene in a periglacial environment (Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits, PPSD). Selected catenae in representative subregions of the study area (Dill catchment, SE Rhenish Massif, Germany) have been successfully mapped using GPR. A practicable method was developed using a 400 MHz antenna to reach a mean penetration depth of 1.5 m and to map different substrates and layers of PPSD based on calibrations of the GPR at soil pits along 12 catenae. Colluvium, the three types of PPSD layers, as well as the in situ bedrock could be distinguished in most sections of the GPR surveys. Characteristic GPR facies caused by intrinsic material properties of the different substrates, such as stone content and soil moisture content, could be distinguished in different geomorphologic and lithological settings. A layer‐based velocity distribution was determined for characteristic substrate layers at soil pits enabling us to considerably enhance the accuracy of soil‐depth prediction. Compared to traditionally surveyed soil profiles, our results demonstrate an accuracy of layer thickness surveying within a standard deviation of approx. 0.1 m. It is demonstrated that the combination of GPR with conventional soil‐pit mapping is an efficient and valid method to produce high‐resolution data of substrate distribution. 相似文献
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Approaches to the quantification of the vertical translocation rate of soil solid-phase material by the magnetic tracer method have been developed; the tracer penetration depth and rate have been determined, as well as the radial distribution of the tracer in chernozems (Chernozems) and dark gray forest soils (Luvisols) of Belgorod oblast under natural steppe and forest vegetation and in arable lands under agricultural use of different durations. It has been found that the penetration depth of spherical magnetic particles (SMPs) during their 150-year-occurrence in soils of a forest plot is 68 cm under forest, 58 cm on a 100-year old plowland, and only 49 cm on a 150-year-old plowland. In the chernozems of the steppe plot, the penetration depth of SMPs exceeds the studied depth of 70 cm both under natural vegetation and on the plowlands. The penetration rates of SMPs deep into the soil vary significantly among the key plots: 0.92–1.32 mm/year on the forest plot and 1.47–1.63 mm/year on the steppe plot, probably because of the more active recent turbation activity of soil animals. 相似文献