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1.
Objective To assess the cardiovascular effects (arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and metabolic acid–base status) of three doses (MAC multiples) of isoflurane alone and combined with butorphanol in the green iguana (Iguana iguana). Study design Prospective randomized double‐blind, two‐period cross‐over trial. Animals Six mature healthy green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Methods The iguanas received each of two treatments, saline 0.1 mL kg?1 (SAL) and butorphanol 1.0 mg kg?1 (BUT) during isoflurane anesthesia. Treatments were separated by at least 1 week. The iguanas were exposed to each of the three minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) in random order. Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane and maintained using controlled ventilation. Instrumentation included use of an ECG, airway gas monitor, cloacal thermometer, esophageal pulse oximeter, and the placement of a femoral arterial catheter. Body temperature was stabilized and maintained at 32 °C. The treatment was administered, and the animals were equilibrated for 20 minutes at each MAC multiple. At each concentration, the heart rate, blood pressure (systolic, mean, diastolic), end‐tidal CO2, and SpO2 were measured. At 1.0 and 2.0 MAC, simultaneous blood samples were drawn from the tail vein/artery complex and femoral catheter for blood gas analysis. Data were analyzed using a two‐way analysis of variance for repeated measures looking for differences between treatments and among MAC multiples. Results There were no significant differences in any of the cardiovascular variables between the treatments. Significant differences among isoflurane MAC multiples were observed for HR, mean, diastolic, and systolic blood pressures. Blood pressure and heart rate decreased with an increasing dose of anesthetic. There were no significant differences between treatments or MAC multiples for any of the blood gas variables. The blood pH, PCO2, HCO3?, and hemoglobin saturation differed significantly between sites. Pulse oximetry values measured from the carotid complex did not correlate with and were significantly different from the calculated hemoglobin saturation values determined using the gas analyzer. Conclusion and clinical relevance Cardiovascular depression associated with isoflurane anesthesia in the green iguana is dose dependent. The degree of cardiovascular depression was not significantly different when isoflurane was combined with butorphanol. This finding suggests that the pre‐emptive or intraoperative use of butorphanol is unlikely to be detrimental to cardiovascular function. Butorphanol may be a useful anesthetic adjunct to isoflurane anesthesia in the green iguana.  相似文献   

2.
ObjectiveTo characterise the anaesthetic effects of alfaxalone administered intramuscularly (IM) at 10, 20, and 30 mg kg?1.Study designProspective, randomized cross-over study.AnimalsTen juvenile green iguanas (Iguana iguana) of mean body weight (±SD) 480 ± 134 g.MethodsAlfaxalone was administered IM in the triceps of both thoracic limbs. Times for anaesthetic induction, plateau and recovery periods were recorded. Skeletal muscle tone of the jaw, neck, thoracic limbs, pelvic limbs, and tail was scored. The palpebral, corneal and righting reflexes, and the response to painful stimuli were also assessed. Pulse rate and respiratory rate were recorded. Comparisons between different dosages and over time were made using anova.ResultsTimes are given for 10, 20 and 30 mg kg?1 dosages respectively: mean time to maximal effect was 7.7 ± 2.2, 5.4 ± 1.7 and 3.9 ± 1.2 minutes; duration of the plateau phase was 11.3 ± 3.8, 22.1 ± 6.5 and 39.1 ± 11.5 minutes; recovery time was 10 ± 2.4, 17.5 ± 8.6 and 25 ± 7.1 minutes; and total anaesthetic duration was 29 ± 35.7, 45 ± 8.2 and 68 ± 9.8 minutes. Endotracheal intubation was possible in 40% of the subjects given 10 mg kg?1 and in 100% subjects given both 20 and 30 mg kg?1. Loss of response to a painful stimulus was seen in 0/10, 8/10 and 9/10 animals at 10, 20, and 30 mg kg?1 respectively. There was an initial dose-dependent depression of respiration followed by a significant increase in frequency over time. In contrast, pulse rates decreased by 20% over the duration of the anaesthetic events.Conclusions and clinical relevanceIntramuscular administration of alfaxalone is a simple, rapid and reliable means of achieving relatively brief sedation or anaesthesia in healthy green iguanas. A dosage of 10 mg kg?1 provides light sedation, appropriate for examination and venipuncture; 20 mg kg?1 provides a level suitable for minor procedures or for endotracheal intubation and supplementation with inhalational anaesthesia; 30 mg kg?1 produces an anaesthetic plane suitable for surgical procedures of limited duration (up to 40 minutes).  相似文献   

3.
Objective The objective of this study was to compare an implanted direct blood pressure monitor and a non‐invasive oscillometric unit for use in anesthetized and awake green iguanas. Study design Prospective experimental trial. Animals Four male and four female adult green iguanas (Iguana iguana) weighing 1833 ± 534 g. Methods For each animal, the carotid artery was surgically exposed and the catheter tip of the pressure transducer was placed in the aortic arch. Non‐invasive blood pressure was measured using a cuff over the left femoral region. Pulse rate, respiratory rate and arterial blood pressure (ABP) measurements were taken every 5 minutes. Direct ABP measurements consisted of recording numerical values and graphic output. Simultaneous direct and indirect measurements were repeated in awake animals. Results The oscillometric device failed to provide a reading in over 80% of attempts, and failed to provide readings that correlated with direct measurements. The implanted direct transducer was capable of detecting blood pressures throughout all ABP ranges examined. Conclusions The implantable transducer was a reliable means of determining blood pressure in this study, while the oscillometric device was unreliable and often failed to provide any reading. Clinical relevance We do not recommend using the oscillometric device as described in a research or clinical setting for green iguanas. The advantages of an implantable device include the ability to monitor awake and anesthetized subjects remotely and continuously. These monitors are small, biocompatible and function across a wide range of ABP.  相似文献   

4.
Cloacal swabs from 62 green iguanas (Iguana iguana), including 47 wild and 15 domestic ones from five parishes of Grenada, were sampled during a 4‐month period of January to April 2013 and examined by enrichment and selective culture for the presence of Salmonella spp. Fifty‐five per cent of the animals were positive, and eight serovars of Salmonella were isolated. The most common serovar was Rubislaw (58.8%), a serovar found recently in many cane toads in Grenada, followed by Oranienburg (14.7%), a serovar that has been causing serious human disease outbreaks in Japan. Serovar IV:48:g,z51:‐ (formerly, S. Marina) highly invasive and known for serious infections in children in the United States, constituted 11.8% of the isolates, all of them being from domestic green iguanas. Salmonella Newport, a serovar recently found in a blue land crab in Grenada, comprised 11.8% of the isolates from the green iguanas. The remaining four less frequent serovars included S. Javiana and S. Glostrup. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests conducted by a disc diffusion method against amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole showed that drug resistance is minimal, with intermediate susceptibility, mainly to streptomycin, tetracycline and cefotaxime. This is the first report of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of various Salmonella serovars from wild and domestic green iguanas in Grenada, West Indies.  相似文献   

5.
ObjectivesTo describe characteristics of echocardiography and cranial coelomic radiography in a cohort of iguanas.AnimalsTwenty apparently healthy adult green iguanas (Iguana iguana) from a reptile sanctuary.MethodsPhysical examination, radiography, two-dimensional and color Doppler echocardiography were performed to assess cardiac structures and function, and any related normal or abnormal findings were recorded.ResultsEchocardiographic examination was possible without sedation and allowed visualization of the great vessels, atria, and ventricle. Some structures could not be evaluated in a minority of the iguanas due to individual differences in bony conformation and imaging quality. Suspected abnormal echocardiographic findings in 3 iguanas included pericardial effusion (n = 1) and enlarged caudal vena cava and/or sinus venosus (n = 2). Objective measurements were repeatable as assessed by within-subject coefficient of variation, and reliable as assessed by intra-observer intraclass correlation coefficient. Left atrial and ventricular measurements were significantly correlated with body weight. Valve regurgitation was common, with atrioventricular valve regurgitation present in 53% (9/17) and aortic or pulmonic valve regurgitation in 71% (12/17) of otherwise normal iguanas. A heart murmur was not appreciated during examination of any of the iguanas. Heart size cannot be measured radiographically due to superimposition and silhouetting of other coelomic structures. Echocardiographic or radiographic findings consistent with mineralization of the great vessels were present in 76% of iguanas (13/17).ConclusionsEchocardiography in iguanas is well tolerated without sedation and allowed both subjective evaluation and structural measurements. Valve regurgitation and great vessel mineralization were commonly observed in this cohort of apparently healthy adult iguanas.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that differences in anesthetic uptake and elimination in iguanas would counter the pharmacokinetic effects of blood:gas solubility and thus serve to minimize kinetic differences among inhaled agents. ANIMALS: 6 green iguanas (Iguana iguana). PROCEDURES: Iguanas were anesthetized with isoflurane, sevoflurane, or desflurane in a Latin-square design. Intervals from initial administration of an anesthetic agent to specific induction events and from cessation of administration of an anesthetic agent to specific recovery events were recorded. End-expired gas concentrations were measured during anesthetic washout. RESULTS: Significant differences were not detected for any induction or recovery events for any inhalation agent in iguanas. Washout curves best fit a 2-compartment model, but slopes for both compartments did not differ significantly among the 3 anesthetics. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Differences in blood:gas solubility for isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane did not significantly influence differences in pharmacokinetics for the inhalation agents in iguanas.  相似文献   

7.
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8.
The anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of butorphanol followed by sevoflurane or isoflurane were compared in 23 male green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Heart and respiratory rates were recorded before administration of butorphanol (2 mg/kg i.m.) and at 30 min after premedication. Anesthesia was induced in 12 iguanas (group 1) with isoflurane (5%) and in 11 iguanas (group 2) with sevoflurane (7%). Heart rate, relative arterial oxygen hemoglobin saturation (SpO2), and end-tidal CO2 concentrations (EtCO2) were measured every minute for the first 5 min and every 5 min thereafter. Arterial blood gas parameters were determined at 10 and 40 min after induction. Thirty minutes after butorphanol administration, no significant changes in heart and respiratory rate were seen as compared with baseline values. Quality and time to induction were superior with butorphanol-sevoflurane (6 +/- 3 min) than with butorphanol-isoflurane (9 +/- 4 min). Vaporizer settings during maintenance ranged between 1-3% and 2-4%, respectively. No significant differences in heart rate were noted between groups. In the sevoflurane group, SpO2 values were > 90% throughout. Although SpO2, values were < 90% at 20, 25, and 30 min in the isoflurane group, no significant differences in SpO2 values were seen over time and between groups. A significant decrease in EtCO2 with time was present in both groups, with no significant differences between the groups. At 10 and 40 min, arterial blood oxygen saturation values were > 90% in both groups and no significant differences were noted with time and between groups. Recovery time was significantly longer in the butorphanol-isoflurane group (35 +/- 27 min) than in the butorphanol-sevoflurane group (7 +/- 4 min). The cardiopulmonary effects of butorphanol-isoflurane and butorphanol-sevoflurane assessed in this study are similar, and both inhalants appear to be safe and effective for induction and maintenance in the green iguana.  相似文献   

9.
Objective : To describe the clinical, mycological, histopathological and molecular findings in green iguanas (Iguana iguana) affected with severe dermatophytosis in selected flocks near Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods : Samples were collected from the scales of skin lesions and tested with standard mycological methods and dermatophyte‐specific PCR amplification analysis using the primer pair for the chitin synthase 1(CHS1) gene. Results : All iguanas were definitively diagnosed with dermatophytosis using both traditional and molecular diagnostic methods. PCR fingerprinting profiles using simple repetitive (GACA)4 primers showed that all diagnosed iguanas had the same pattern profile. Intraspecific variability was not observed for these isolates. Oligonucleotide sequencing of CHS1 gene PCR products confirmed Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale as the infectious agent. Clinical Significance : These results suggest that (GACA)4‐based PCR has utility both as a simple and rapid method for identification of dermatophyte species and for differentiation of T. mentagrophytes variants.  相似文献   

10.
Same‐day mass sterilization of feral cats requires rapid onset, short‐duration anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to compare our current anesthetic protocol, Telazol–ketamine–xylazine (TKX) with medetomidine–ketamine–buprenorphine (MKB). Feral female cats received either IM TKX (n = 68; 0.25 mL cat?1; tiletamine 12.5 mg, zolazepam 12.5 mg, K 20 mg, and X 5 mg per 0.25 mL) or MKB (n = 17; M 40 µg kg?1, K 15 mg kg?1, and B 10 µg kg?1). Intervals measured included time from injection to recumbency, time to surgery, duration of surgery, and time from reversal of anesthesia (TKX: yohimbine 0.50 mg cat?1 IV; MKB: atipamezole 0.50 mg cat?1 IM) to sternal recumbency. Following instrumentation (Vet/Ox 4403 and Vet/BP Plus 6500), physiological measurements were recorded at 5‐minute intervals, and included rectal temperature, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), SpO2 (lingual or rectal probes), and indirect mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (oscillometric method). Nonparametric means were compared using Mann–Whitney U‐tests. Parametric means were compared using a two‐factorial anova with Bonferroni's t‐tests. The alpha‐priori significance level was p < 0.05. Values were mean ± SD. Body weight (TKX: 2.9 ± 0.5 kg, MKB: 2.7 ± 0.7 kg), time to recumbency (TKX: 4 ± 1 minutes, MKB: 3 ± 1 minutes), time to surgery (TKX: 28 ± 7 minutes, MKB: 28 ± 5 minutes), and duration of surgery (TKX: 11 ± 7 minutes, MKB: 8 ± 5 minutes) did not differ between groups. In contrast, MKB cats required less time from reversal to sternal recumbency (TKX: 68 ± 41 minutes, MKB: 7 ± 2 minutes) and were recumbent for shorter duration (TKX: 114 ± 39 minutes, MKB: 53 ± 6 minutes). Temperature decreased during the study in both groups, but overall temperature was higher in MKB cats (38.0 ± 0.95 °C) than in TKX cats (37.5 ± 0.95 °C). RR, HR, and SpO2 did not change during the study in either group. However, overall HR and RR were higher in TKX cats (RR: 18 ± 8 breaths minute?1, HR: 153 ± 30 beats minute?1) compared to MKB cats (RR: 15 ± 7 breaths minute?1, HR: 128 ± 19 beats minute?1). In contrast, overall SpO2 was lower in the TKX group (90 ± 6%) compared to the MKB group (94 ± 4%). MAP was also lower in the TKX group (112 ± 29 mm Hg) compared to that in the MKB group (122 ± 20 mm Hg). However, MAP increased in the TKX group during surgery compared to pre‐surgical values, but did not change in the MKB group. The results of this study suggested that MKB might be more suitable as an anesthetic for the purpose of mass sterilization of feral female cats.  相似文献   

11.
Qiao, G.-L., Fung, K.-F. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of meperidine in goats (I): pharmacokinetics. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 16 , 426–437. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pharmacokinetics of meperidine were investigated after intramuscular (i.m.) or intravenous (i.v.) administration at a dose of 5 mg/kg in adult goats. After i.m. dosing, the plasma profile was best described by a one-compartment open model. In healthy (n = 16) and postoperative (n = 16) goats, the parameters were, respectively: /max 8.3 ± 3.9 and 9.2 ± 5.5 min, Vd 2.763 ±1.231 and 3.929 ±2.101 1/kg, Clb 0.125 ± 0.036 and 0.087 ± 0.025 1/kg/min, Kc 0.0563 ± 0.0358 and 0.0271 ± 0.0136 min-1. The plasma profile was best fitted by a two-compartment open model following i.v. injection. In this case, the parameters for healthy (n= 7) and post-operative (n= 13) goats were, respectively: Vd 5.212 ± 1.992 and 5.085 ± 2.288 1/kg, Clb 0.096 ± 0.028 and 0.075 ± 0.026 1/kg/min, P 0.0211 ± 0.0093 and 0.0160 ± 0.0052 min.-1. There were, however, a few individuals with a prolonged elimination phase. Bioavailability of i.m. meperidine was 66.5 ± 15.8% in healthy (n= 6) goats, but much higher in postoperative (n = 10) ones at 94.6 ± 30.0%. Meperidine diffused into and out of CSF according to a first-order rate process. The time-course of CSF drug concentration was simulated by a biexponential function. CSF kinetic parameters of i.m. meperidine for healthy (n = 7) and postoperative (n = 13) goats were: elimination rate constant (Kei) 0.0269 ± 0.0131 and 0.0305 ± 0.0177 min“1, peak CSF concentration time (Tnaxl) 15.9 ± 5.0 and 17.0 ± 6.9 min. For the i.v. dosed healthy (n = 6) and postoperative (n = 8) animals, Kel was 0.0408 ± 0.0107, 0.0414 ± 0.0123 min-1 and 7maxt was 10.0 ± 5.0 and 7.7 ± 2.5 min, respectively. It was demonstrated that an obviously lower peak concentration can be reached significantly later in CSF than in plasma, and the kinetic behaviour of meperidine in plasma is different from that in the CSF, indicating meperidine analgesia might not be predicted by simple extrapolation from the kinetic data.  相似文献   

12.
The purpose of this study was to determine the plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicity of zebularine, an oral cytidine analog with demethylating activity, in dogs. Plasma zebularine concentrations were determined by HPLC‐MS/MS following an oral zebularine dose of 8 or 4 mg kg?1. Plasma zebularine clearance was constant. Mean maximum concentration (Cmax) was 23 ± 4.8 and 8.6 ± 1.4 µM following 8 and 4 mg kg?1, respectively. Mean half‐life was 5.7 ± 0.84 and 7.1 ± 2.1 following 8 and 4 mg kg?1, respectively. A single 8 mg kg?1 dose was well tolerated. Daily 4 mg kg?1 treatment in three laboratory dogs resulted in grade 4 neutropenia (n = 3), grade 1 anorexia (n = 2) and grade 1 or 2 dermatologic changes (n = 2). All adverse events resolved with supportive care. A 4 mg kg?1 dose every 21 days was well tolerated. A follow‐up dose escalation study is in progress with a lower starting dose.  相似文献   

13.
ObjectiveTo compare the cardiorespiratory, anesthetic-sparing effects and quality of anesthetic recovery after epidural and constant rate intravenous (IV) infusion of dexmedetomidine (DEX) in cats given a low dose of epidural lidocaine under propofol-isoflurane anesthesia and submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy.Study designRandomized, blinded clinical trial.AnimalsTwenty-one adult female cats (mean body weight: 3.1 ± 0.4 kg).MethodsCats received DEX (4 μg kg?1, IM). Fifteen minutes later, anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Cats were divided into three groups. In GI cats received epidural lidocaine (1 mg kg?1, n = 7), in GII cats were given epidural lidocaine (1 mg kg?1) + DEX (4 μg kg?1, n = 7), and in GIII cats were given epidural lidocaine (1 mg kg?1) + IV constant rate infusion (CRI) of DEX (0.25 μg kg?1 minute?1, n = 7). Variables evaluated included heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), systemic arterial pressures, rectal temperature (RT), end-tidal CO2, end-tidal isoflurane concentration (e′ISO), arterial blood gases, and muscle tone. Anesthetic recovery was compared among groups by evaluation of times to recovery, HR, fR, RT, and degree of analgesia. A paired t-test was used to evaluate pre-medication variables and blood gases within groups. anova was used to compare parametric data, whereas Friedman test was used to compare muscle relaxation.ResultsEpidural and CRI of DEX reduced HR during anesthesia maintenance. Mean ± SD e′ISO ranged from 0.86 ± 0.28% to 1.91 ± 0.63% in GI, from 0.70 ± 0.12% to 0.97 ± 0.20% in GII, and from 0.69 ± 0.12% to 1.17 ± 0.25% in GIII. Cats in GII and GIII had longer recovery periods than in GI.Conclusions and clinical relevanceEpidural and CRI of DEX significantly decreased isoflurane consumption and resulted in recovery of better quality and longer duration, despite bradycardia, without changes in systemic blood pressure.  相似文献   

14.
The aim of this study was to evaluate peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations, neutrophil phagocytic capacity and proteinogram characteristics in mares, during the last trimester of pregnancy and in postpartum. Measurement of phagocytosis and quantification of T‐lymphocyte subsets were done by flow cytometry. Quantification of T‐lymphocyte subsets was performed with monoclonal antibodies specific for CD2, CD3, CD4 and CD8 cell markers. Natural killer and B‐cell counts were estimated mathematically. Serum proteinogram was obtained by electrophoresis. No significant differences were observed between gestation and postpartum on CD4+, CD8+ and NK+ lymphocyte subsets, CD4 : CD8 ratio and phagocytosis. The percentage of cells expressing CD3 (64.2 ± 1.8) and CD2 (68.4 ± 1.7) (Mean ± SEM) was reduced during gestation vs postpartum (69.7 ± 1.5 and 73.8 ± 1.4 respectively) (p < 0.05). During pregnancy, CD19+ (31.6 ± 1.7) was higher than in postpartum (26.2 ± 1.4) (p < 0.05). Total T cells (2911 ± 227 cells/μl), T helper cells (2144 ± 169 cells/μl) and T‐cytotoxic cells (767 ± 68 cells/μl) were depressed in pregnancy, when compared with postpartum (4093 ± 337 cells/μl; 3004 ± 276 cells/μl; 1089 ± 94 cells/μl respectively) (p < 0.01). Total white blood cell count was reduced during pregnancy (8815 ± 427 cells/μl) with respect to postpartum (10742 ± 446 cells/μl) (p < 0.01), while neutrophil count did not change. Total proteins, albumin, α1,α2,β1, β2, γ globulins and albumin : globulin did not differ. Our results suggest that the physiological immune depression occurring in mares, during gestation might be due to T‐helper and T‐cytotoxic lymphocytes reduction.  相似文献   

15.
Propofol is a potentially useful intravenous anesthetic agent for total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) in horses. The purpose of this study was to compare the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of TIVA following the administration of propofol alone(P–TIVA) and ketamine–medetomidine–propofol (KM–P–TIVA) in adult horses. The carotid artery was translocated to a subcutaneous position during TIVA with P–TIVA (n = 6) or KM–P–TIVA (n = 6). All horses were premedicated with medetomidine [0.005 mg kg–1, intravenously (IV)]. Anesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.04 mg kg–1 IV) and ketamine (2.5 mg kg IV). All horses were orotracheally intubated and breathed 100% oxygen. The KM drug combination (ketamine 40 mg mL–1 and medetomidine 0.05 mg mL–1) was infused at a rate of 0.025 mL kg–1 hour–1. Subsequently, a loading dose of propofol (0.5 mg kg–1, bolus IV) was administered to all horses; surgical anesthesia (determined by horse response to incision and surgical manipulation, positive response being purposeful or spontaneous movement of limbs or head) was maintained by varying the propofol infusion rate as needed. Arterial blood pressure and HR were also monitored. Both methods of producing TIVA provided excellent general anesthesia for the surgical procedure. Anesthesia time was 115 ± 17 (mean ± SD) and 112 ± 11 minutes in horses anesthetized with KM–P–TIVA and P–TIVA, respectively. The infusion rate of propofol required to maintain surgical anesthesia with KM–P–TIVA was significantly less than for P–TIVA (mean infusion rate of propofol during anesthesia; KM–P–TIVA 0.15 0.02 P–TIVA 0.23 ± 0.03 mg kg–1 minute–1, p = 0.004). Apnea occurred in all horses lasting 1–2 minutes and intermittent positive pressure ventilation was started. Cardiovascular function was maintained during both methods of producing TIVA. There were no differences in the time to standing after the cessation of anesthesia (KM–P–TIVA 62 ± 10 minutes versus P–TIVA 87 ± 36 minutes, p = 0.150). The quality of recovery was good in KM–P–TIVA and satisfactory in P–TIVA. KM–P–TIVA and P–TIVA produced clinically useful general anesthesia with minimum cardiovascular depression. Positive pressure ventilation was required to treat respiratory depression. Respiratory depression and apnea must be considered prior to the use of propofol in the horse.  相似文献   

16.
This clinical study analysed the anaesthetic sparing effect of a medetomidine constant rate infusion (CRI) during isoflurane anaesthesia in horses. Forty healthy horses undergoing different types of orthopaedic and soft tissue surgeries were studied in a randomized trial. Orthopaedic surgeries were primarily arthroscopies and splint bone extractions. Soft tissue surgeries were principally castrations with one ovariectomy. All horses received 0.03 mg kg?1 acepromazine IM 1 hour prior to sedation. Group A (11 orthopaedic and nine soft tissue surgeries), was sedated with 1.1 mg kg?1 xylazine IV, group B (13 orthopaedic and seven soft tissue surgeries) with 7 µg kg?1 medetomidine IV. Anaesthesia was induced in both groups with 2.2 mg kg?1 ketamine and diazepam 0.02 mg kg?1 IV. Maintenance of anaesthesia was with isoflurane (ISO) in 100% oxygen, depth of anaesthesia was always adjusted by the first author. Group B received an additional CRI of 3.5 µg kg?1 hour?1 medetomidine. Respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), Fe ′ISO and Fe ′CO2 were monitored with a methane insensitive monitor (Cardiocap 5, Ohmeda, Anandic, Diessenhofen) and noted every 5 minutes. Arterial blood was withdrawn for gas analysis (PaO2, PaCO2) 5 minutes after the induction of anaesthesia and every 30 minutes thereafter. Dobutamine (DOB) was given as a CRI to maintain mean arterial blood pressure above 70 mm Hg. Data were averaged over time (sum of measurements/number of measurements) and tested for differences between groups by unpaired t‐tests. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of body mass (group A, 508 ± 73.7 kg; group B, 529.25 ± 78.4 kg) or duration of anaesthesia (group A, 125.5 ± 36 minutes; group B, 121.5 ± 48.4 minutes). The mean Fe ′ISO required to maintain a surgical plane of anaesthesia was significantly higher in group A (1.33 ± 0.13%) than in group B (1.07 ± 0.19%; p = 2.78 × 10?5). Heart rate was different between the two groups (group A, 42.2 ± 8.3; group B, 32.6 ± 3.5; p = 8.8 × 10?5). Dobutamine requirements were higher in group A (group A, 0.72 ± 0.24 μg kg?1 minute?1; group B, 0.53 ± 0.23 μg kg?1 minute?1; p = 0.023). Respiratory rate, Fe ′CO2, PaO2, PaCO2 were not different between the groups. Adjustment of anaesthetic depth subjectively was easier with the medetomidine infusion and isoflurane (group B) than with isoflurane as a sole agent (group A). In group A 12 horses and in group B five horses showed purposeful movements on 27 (A) and 12 (B) occasions. They were given thiopental (group A, 0.0114 mg kg?1 minute?1; group B, 0.0023 mg kg?1 minute?1). In group A, a further 17 horses were given ketamine to deepen anaesthesia (52 occasions, 0.00426 mg kg?1 minute?1) whereas in group B only nine horses needed ketamine (34 occasions, 0.00179 mg kg?1 minute?1). An infusion of 3.5 µg kg?1 MED during ISO anaesthesia resulted in a significantly reduced ISO requirement.  相似文献   

17.
Propofol anaesthesia for surgery in late gestation pony mares   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Objective To characterize propofol anaesthesia in pregnant ponies. Animals Fourteen pony mares, at 256 ± 49 days gestation, undergoing abdominal surgery to implant fetal and maternal vascular catheters. Materials and methods Pre‐anaesthetic medication with intravenous (IV) acepromazine (20 µg kg?1), butorphanol (20 µg kg?1) and detomidine (10 µg kg?1) was given 30 minutes before induction of anaesthesia with detomidine (10 µg kg?1) and ketamine (2 mg kg?1) IV Maternal arterial blood pressure was recorded (facial artery) throughout anaesthesia. Arterial blood gas values and plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, cortisol and propofol were measured at 20‐minute intervals. Anaesthesia was maintained with propofol infused initially at 200 µg kg?1 minute?1, and at 130–180 µg kg?1 minute?1 after 60 minutes, ventilation was controlled with oxygen and nitrous oxide to maintain PaCO2 between 5.0 and 6.0 kPa (37.6 and 45.1 mm Hg) and PaO2 between 13.3 and 20.0 kPa (100 and 150.4 mm Hg). During anaesthesia flunixin (1 mg kg?1), procaine penicillin (6 IU) and butorphanol 80 µg kg?1 were given. Lactated Ringer's solution was infused at 10 mL kg?1 hour?1. Simultaneous fetal and maternal blood samples were withdrawn at 85–95 minutes. Recovery from anaesthesia was assisted. Results Arterial blood gas values remained within intended limits. Plasma propofol levels stabilized after 20 minutes (range 3.5–9.1 µg kg?1); disposition estimates were clearance 6.13 ± 1.51 L minute?1 (mean ± SD) and volume of distribution 117.1 ± 38.9 L (mean ± SD). Plasma cortisol increased from 193 ± 43 nmol L?1 before anaesthesia to 421 ± 96 nmol L?1 60 minutes after anaesthesia. Surgical conditions were excellent. Fetal umbilical venous pH, PO2 and PCO2 were 7.35 ± 0.04, 6.5 ± 0.5 kPa (49 ± 4 mm Hg) and 6.9 ± 0.5 kPa (52 ± 4 mm Hg); fetal arterial pH, PO2 and PCO2 were 7.29 ± 0.06, 3.3 ± 0.8 kPa (25 ± 6 mm Hg) and 8.7 ± 0.9 kPa (65 ± 7 mm Hg), respectively. Recovery to standing occurred at 46 ± 17 minutes, and was generally smooth. Ponies regained normal behaviour patterns immediately. Conclusions and clinical relevance Propofol anaesthesia was smooth with satisfactory cardiovascular function in both mare and fetus; we believe this to be a suitable anaesthetic technique for pregnant ponies.  相似文献   

18.
Hydromorphone is an agonist opioid with potency approximately five times that of morphine and half that of oxymorphone. The purpose of this study was to compare hydromorphone with oxymorphone, with or without acepromazine, for sedation in dogs, and to measure plasma histamine before and after drug administration. Ten dogs received IM hydromorphone (H; 0.2 mg kg?1), oxymorphone (O; 0.1 mg kg?1), hydromorphone with acepromazine (H; 0.2 mg kg?1, A; 0.05 mg kg?1) or oxymorphone with acepromazine (O; 0.1 mg kg?1, A; 0.05 mg kg?1) in a randomized Latin‐square design. Sedation score, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and SpO2 were recorded at baseline and every 5 minutes after drug administration up to 25 minutes. Plasma histamine was measured at baseline and at 25 minutes post‐drug administration. Data were analyzed with repeated measures anova . Mean ± SD body weight was 21.62 ± 1.54 kg. Mean ± SD age was 1.07 ± 0.19 years. Sedation score was significantly greater for OA after 5 minutes than O alone (4.1 ± 3.5 versus 1.9 ± 1.5) and for HA after 15 minutes than H alone (8.6 ± 2.9 versus 5.9 ± 2.5). There was no significant difference in sedation between H and O at any time point. There was no significant difference between groups at any time with respect to heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure or SpO2. Mean ± SD plasma histamine (nM ml?1) for all groups was 1.72 ± 2.69 at baseline and 1.13 ± 1.18 at 25 minutes. There was no significant change in plasma histamine concentration in any group. Hydromorphone is effective for sedation in dogs and does not cause measurable increase in histamine. Sedation with hydromorphone is enhanced by acepromazine.  相似文献   

19.
Ozone (O3) therapy has been used to improve peripheral tissue oxygenation in humans and domestic animals. The goal of the present study was to characterize histological changes in the endometria of healthy equines following tissue exposure to gas mixtures enriched with different concentrations of O3. Cycling mares without endometrial degeneration were divided into three groups according to treatment (n = 9 mares/group). The uteri from the O3, ½O3 and control groups were insufflated for 3 min with gas containing 42, 21 and 0 μg O3 ml-1, respectively. Treatments were performed every three days from D0 to D6. Endometrial samples were collected immediately before the first treatment and 24 hr after the last treatment. The following nine histological parameters were evaluated: (i) the number of endometrial blood vessels, (ii) endometrial vascular degree (EVD), (iii) increase rate of blood vessels, (iv) increase rate of EVD, (v) glandular total area, (vi) glandular lumen area, (vii) intraglandular secretion area, (viii) glandular epithelial height and (ix) luminal epithelial height. In the O3 group, a positive effect from treatment (p < .01) was detected for all vascular parameters (i, ii, iii and iv), glandular total area, intraglandular secretion area and glandular epithelial height. Compared to the control group, the ½O3 group had greater (p < .01) EVD (84.1 ± 12%) and a higher increase rate of blood vessels (151.9 ± 47.1%). Uterine insufflation with low or intermediate concentrations of the O2–O3 gas mixture induced endometrial angiogenesis. Morphometry, but not morphology, of the endometrial glands was affected by local O3 therapy. These findings would be of great significance for the development of new therapies for infertility in mares.  相似文献   

20.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of the combination butorphanol, medetomidine and midazolam (BMM) and its reversibility in lions.Study designProspective clinical trial.AnimalsThirty free-ranging lions, 10 male and 20 female, weighing 81-210 kg.MethodsLions were immobilised with butorphanol mean 0.31 ± SD 0.034 mg kg?1, medetomidine 0.052 ± 0.006 mg kg?1, midazolam 0.21 ± 0.024 mg kg?1 and hyaluronidase 1250 IU administered intramuscularly with a dart gun. Upon recumbency, physiological parameters and anaesthetic depth were monitored 10-15 minutes after darting (T1) and repeated every 10 minutes for a further 30 minutes (T2, T3, T4). Arterial blood gas analyses were performed at T1 and T4. At the end of the procedure, 45-60 minutes after initial darting, immobilisation was reversed with naltrexone 0.68 ± 0.082 mg kg?1, atipamezole 0.26 ± 0.031 mg kg?1, and flumazenil 0.0032 ± 0.0007 mg kg?1 administered intravenously and subcutaneously.ResultsThe BMM combination rapidly induced immobilisation and lateral recumbency was reached within 7.25 ± 2.3 minutes. Median induction score [scored 1 (excellent) to 4 (poor)] was 1.4 (range 1-2). Cardio-respiratory parameters were stable. Heart rate varied from 32 to 72 beats per minute, respiratory rate from 14 to 32 breaths minute?1 and rectal temperature from 36.6 to 40.3 °C. No sudden arousals were observed. Arterial blood gas analyses revealed a mean pH of 7.33, PaCO2 of 33 mmHg and PaO2 of 87 mmHg. Mild to moderate hypoxemia was seen in four lions. Recovery was smooth and lions were walking within 4.4 ± 4.25 minutes. Median recovery score [scored 1 (excellent) to 4 (poor)] was 1.3 (range 1-2).Conclusion and clinical relevanceThe drug combination proved to be effective in immobilising free-ranging healthy lions of both sexes with minimal cardio-respiratory changes.  相似文献   

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