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农村非政府组织是农村经济争农业生产发展的必然产物,随着新农村建设的逐步深入,农村非政府组织已成为新农村建设的重要力量.以南京市浦口区侯冲村"六会一组"为例,对农村非政府组织在新农村建设中主要功能及作用进行了分析,并对农村非政府组织在新农村建设中的地位和意义作了论述.可为农村非政府组织在我国新农村建设中发挥更好的作用提供借鉴参考. 相似文献
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张彪 《扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版)》2001,22(4):21-24
采用参与性农村评估 (PRA)方法并结合植物区系分析方法 ,对江苏省中、北部地区农业生态系统中杂草进行调查和评价。结果显示 :这种方法可在短时间内对该地区农田生态系统中杂草种类和危害程度等资料进行收集和整理。通过与现有的其他研究资料进行分析比较 ,该方法对资料的综合评价结果与其他研究结果基本一致 ,表明该方法能客观地反映当地农田生态系统的杂草状况 相似文献
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Stronger collaboration between government organizations (GOs), NGOs, and rural people has long been advocated as a means of enhancing the responsiveness, efficiency, and accountability of GOs and NGOs. This paper reviews the arguments and evidence for specific types of collaboration for sustainable agricultural development, setting it into the context of Korten's (1980) concept of “learning process.” Taking recent examples from Udaipur District in India, it reviews the experiences and potential of collaboration, arguing that, while informal interaction increases and enriches the fabric of pluralist development, certain strategic decisions often require a degree of formality. These include decisions on the development of human resources — here both the users and providers of services. Moreover, human resource development (HRD) must be viewed in the context of the mandates, aspirations, and systems of accountability and rewards of the institutions concerned. These determine whether institutions develop and expand their own human resources or draw upon those of others by collaborating with them. Individuals engaged in these organizations can be more effectively induced to collaborate with others by combinations of flexibility and appropriate reward systems than they can be forced to do so by instructions or commands. Several conclusions follow: decisions to act together are unlikely to progress unless translated into concrete actions; authority to take local-level decisions in GOs needs strengthening if they are to provide the necessary flexibility; and, although collaboration should in principle be built on the comparative advantage of different types of organization, in practice, each will have to incorporate the skills of the other, at least to some level, if they are to communicate effectively. NGOs and GOs must also enhance their understanding of farmers' ability to make demands on external organizations. Edging towards collaboration is a delicate and painstaking process. Only if many of the above conditions are given due priority will early examples have something to offer to the numerous NGOs, GOs and international agencies wishing to learn from them. 相似文献
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尹玮 《安徽农业大学学报》2007,(4):79-83
随着全球化的发展, 国际非政府组织的影响力越来越大, 但对于其在国际法上的地位问题还存在着争议。本文通过对国际非政府组织的定义、发展历程和兴起原因、国际法上的地位三个方面进行分析, 认为国际非政府组织在一定范围和条件是可以成为国际法主体的, 应给予这些国际非政府组织国际法中的地位。 相似文献
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采用参与式方法评估中国玉米研究的优先序 总被引：30，自引：0，他引：30
采用参与式方法,对全国5个玉米生态区进行了参与式农村评估(PRA),并邀请专家以参与式学术研讨的方式对PRA所获得的玉米生产发展限制因素进行分析,以及对不同生态区的限制因素的重要性进行排序,在此基础上得出了我国玉米研究的优先序。结果表明,干旱是未来我国玉米生产发展的第一限制因素,也是玉米科研最优先的研究领域。栽培管理技术和农业技术推广等是近期我国政府在制定相关产业发展政策时必须考虑的重要领域。 相似文献
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参与性在贵州自然保护领域中的应用与影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
贵州的参与性自然保护源于草海项目的开始，其理论建立在以人为本进行自然保护的基础上，工作的方法来源与90年代初兴起的参与性农村评估（PRA）。而传统的自然保护工作以自然为中心，强调以法律、法规为基础的封闭式自然保护。自1993年实施草海项目以来，在自国内外的发展工作者、自然保护专家、政府及管理机构的官员已经在参与性自然保护方面进行了理论与实践的尝试。参与性自然保护在贵州的发展可分为以下阶段：（1）草海项目的实施，参与性自然保护的实践阶段；（2）参与性自然保护思想及方法的传播，人力资源的培训；（3）参与性自然保护的再实践，草海参与性自然保护方法在其他保护区的推广；（4）参与性自然保护在贵州的深化，参与性自然保护思想对相关政府机构政策制定产生的影响。 相似文献
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参与式农村评估（PRA）是20世纪后期确立和发展起来的一种鼓励和提倡大众参与社区发展的新型理念和方法,是一种快速收集农村资料信息、资源状况与优势,剖析农民愿望与发展途径的新方法.目前,这一方法已经在我国很多国际合作项目的规划、设计、实施和评估中得到了应用.该研究以PRA方法在甘肃省天水市清水县白沙乡桑园村“联村联户,为民富民”帮扶行动的运用为例,从自然资源、帮扶对象、发展产业等方面对帮扶工作决策的科学性和发展规划的可行性进行梳理和分析,为提升我国农村扶贫效率提供有益的借鉴. 相似文献
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黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带煤田开发区小流域植被恢复模式 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
该文以陕北神木县六道沟小流域为研究区,应用参与性农户评估方法（PRA）调查煤田开发对流域居民收入和流域可持续发展的影响,分析流域内主要植被的生长和土壤水分状况,探讨陕北特大型煤田开发基地的生态恢复模式,为煤田可持续开发提供科学依据。调查表明,煤田开发明显改变了流域内农民的收入结构和数量,工农收入比由1.4∶1（1993年）变为26.5∶1（2007年）,人均收入由830.0元增加为9 340.0元,增加了约10倍;收入的增加提高了流域农民对退耕还林（草）政策的认知度,高达95%的群众对退耕还林还草政策持肯定态度;流域内的土地利用方式有了明显变化,表现为种植业用地显著下降,由原来的31.3%下降为21.5%,而畜牧业用地（包括荒草地）从39.6%增加为52.4%,原因是煤田开发让大部分劳动力投入到煤矿生产中,部分耕地特别是坡耕地荒废,成为荒草地。流域内小叶杨人工乔木林85%以上林木生长老化、衰败,树高平均仅4～6 m,形成典型的低效、低产林,林地土壤水分亏损严重,0～50 cm土层含水量仅有3.85%;流域10年生人工柠条灌木林郁闭度只有0.2,并且深层土壤水分被过渡利用,200～600 cm层次平均含水量仅有4.1%;10年生人工紫花苜蓿草地土壤水分消耗也较显著,但程度明显低于人工柠条林地,且紫花苜蓿的存在促进了天然草本群落的演替。研究认为,在煤炭资源枯竭之前,进行有效的草本植被恢复,建立以草本植物为主体、草灌结合、具有高效生态效益和一定经济效益、有利于促进流域次生地带性植被自然生长的人工植物群落是流域有效的植被恢复模式。因此,保证流域形成具有一定郁闭度的优质放牧草原群落,在煤炭资源枯竭之后,流域经济可以顺利地由资源消耗型经济转为以放牧业为支柱产业的循环经济,实现流域的可持续发展。 相似文献
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Over the course of the 1990s, donor enthusiasm for participation came to be institutionalized in a variety of ways. One particular
methodology—Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)—came to enjoy phenomenal popularity. New aid modalities may have shifted donor
and lender concern away from the grassroots towards “policy dialogue.” But “civil society participation,” “social accountability,”
and “empowerment”—some of the issues PRA grapples with—retain a place in the new aid discourse. PRA and its variants also
continue to be used by government agencies, non-governmental, and community-based organizations in local-level assessment,
planning, monitoring, and evaluation, as well as in national-level poverty assessments. It has sometimes been conflated, by
donors and critics alike, with doing participatory development, and has elicited critiques that often go far beyond the bounds
of the methodological. Yet these critics have tended to be academics with little experience as practitioners or facilitators.
In this article, we draw on an action research project with PRA practitioners. We explore, through their critical reflections,
some of the conundrums and contradictions faced by those who were active as PRA practitioners in the early 1990s. We suggest
that the story of PRA’s success and of subsequent concerns about abuse and misuse by mainstream development institutions offers
broader lessons with continued salience for development. 相似文献
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Norman Uphoff 《Agriculture and Human Values》1996,13(2):42-51
Given the limitations of the “project” mode of development assistance, and the likelihood that funding will not be as available in the future for financing large development projects as it has in the past, it is appropriate to consider alternative mechanisms for American institutions and professionals to remain engaged in development efforts overseas. One hopes these will be more effective and cost-effective than previous channels of development aid. The “collaboration” is suggested here as such a mechanism. It involves a US university with overseas universities, government agencies, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in interdisciplinary problem solving, with sustainable agricultural and rural development as the goal, requiring relatively modest levels of funding. There are also benefits to the US institution as it becomes more current and knowledgeable about development problems and opportunities, and better able to provide relevant teaching and research. New partnerships supported by private funding can usefully complement larger-scale official efforts and can fill in gaps where flexible operations relying on the quality of ideas and strong personal relationships offer high returns. 相似文献
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森林有害生物风险分析研究进展 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
有害生物风险分析 (PRA)是植物检疫决策工作的重要环节 ,对保护生态安全、减少经济损失、促进贸易发展具有十分重要的意义 .该文简要回顾了国内外开展有害生物风险分析的历史 ,对有害生物风险分析的概念 ,有害生物风险分析工作主要包括的内容、研究途径、研究方法等进行了比较详细的阐述 ,介绍了国际及国内目前在有害生物风险分析工作方面的基础研究及其主要的进展 .强调了在我国进行森林植物有害生物风险分析的重要性 ,并着重分析了我国森林有害生物风险分析的现状及存在的主要问题 ,指出了今后的发展趋势 相似文献
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王传玲 《黑龙江八一农垦大学学报》2011,23(4):79-82
农村社会保障体系的建设与完善是我国农村社会发展的重要方面，也是社会和谐的重要环节。目前，我国农村社会保障体系已经初步形成，但在开展与实施的过程中效果并不明显。探究其中隐含的问题，对其展开问题视域的深入研究与思考，从对社会保障的理解、农村经济形势的分析以及制约农村社会保障体系根源性因素等几个维度阐述农村社会保障体系的问题... 相似文献
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森林有害生物风险分析研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
有害生物风险分析(PRA)是植物检疫决策工作的重要环节,对保护生态安全、减少经济损失、促进贸易发展具有十分重要的意义.该文简要回顾了国内外开展有害生物风险分析的历史,对有害生物风险分析的概念,有害生物风险分析工作主要包括的内容、研究途径、研究方法等进行了比较详细的阐述,介绍了国际及国内目前在有害生物风险分析工作方面的基础研究及其主要的进展.强调了在我国进行森林植物有害生物风险分析的重要性,并着重分析了我国森林有害生物风险分析的现状及存在的主要问题,指出了今后的发展趋势. 相似文献
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应用参与式农村评估（PRA）的调查方法和技术,调查并分析了云南省金平县马鞍底乡的森林资源管理模式,对保护社区居民利益、森林资源可持续管理和利用、社区发展等提出建议． 相似文献
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Stakeholders in the field of food safety management in China can be classified into three categories,government,food producers(farmers and enterprises),and the third-party regulatory bodies. The third-party regulation has experienced rapid development in past twenty years,and recently received considerable attention from consumers and the central government. This paper provides a review about the development,problems and future trend of the third-party regulation on food safety in China. To be specific,five forms of the third-party regulation are assessed,including media exposure,the third-party certification,regulation by consumer associations,social movements promoted by non-governmental organizations(NGOs),and regulation by industry associations. The study concludes that media and consumer associations are the major players in the third-party regulation and are highly repudiated among customers. The food certification industry has developed rapidly,but is now facing crises of confidence among consumers because of its lack of self-regulation. NGOs and industry associations still remain in the early development stages of food safety management,and therefore,are of little importance in current regulatory bodies. 相似文献
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非政府组织在中国的成长和发展与中国的思想文化、政治生态、经济发展、民主法治具
有血浓于水的关系。同时,也与我国的实际国情密切相关,广大人民群众特别是弱势群体对非
政府组织的热切期待以及公民个体的踊跃参加。在经历了一段时间的发展,非政府组织发展由
前期的短期目标诉求过渡到由长远规划,并为政府和社会服务的宗旨。在这方面,江西赣江新
区对此做了不懈努力与推动。 相似文献