共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
通过对2008年4月21日河北省正定1次飞机探测气溶胶垂直分布和云微物理结构的资料进行分析,结果表明：探测的气溶胶数浓度为10^2～10^3个／cm^3,平均直径为0．19～0．70μm;云滴数浓度为10^0～10^2／cm^3,云滴平均直径为4～15μm。边界层是气溶胶和云凝结核（CCN）最密集处,云区为1176～2465m,云底云滴数浓度低,蒸发释放核膜态粒子使得气溶胶进入云层后数浓度减少幅度较小,另云滴对CCN有消耗作用。气溶胶平均谱基本为双峰型,高层云区云滴增加促使气溶胶由核膜态向积聚模态、粗模态转变。云滴谱较复杂,具有单峰型和双峰型,云顸平均谱最宽。 相似文献
2.
《现代农业科技》2016,(18)
采用中尺度数值模式MM5,嵌套北京大学和中国科学院人工影响天气所改进后的云微物理过程方案,对2016年4月1—2日发生在内蒙古的降水过程进行模拟与验证,将MM5模式的预报产品与实况资料进行对比发现,MM5模式对内蒙古的天气过程具有一定的预报能力。模拟结果表明:针对受高空低槽影响的内蒙古东部地区的降水过程,综合云和降水预报产品的云系发展演变特征、云系宏观特征、云垂直结构和性质、降水场检验分析,模式较好地预报出了此次降水过程。在云系的发展演变、移动路径、云系垂直结构、降水落区和雨量等方面的预报效果较好,而对内蒙古东部地区云系性质、云系覆盖范围、降水范围与观测结果还有一定差距。其中可降水量的预报能够把握住可降水量的大值区和高值中心等;云水含量和冰晶浓度的预报能给出不同高度层上不同位置上的变化情况;云场的预报所涉及的云的范围、边界形状和趋势预报均同实际情况相符,说明模式对云的预报是可信的;降水的预报与实际情况十分吻合,降水的落区、降水的等级以及降水预报的准确率等均能较好地反映出实际的情况。因此MM5模式用于内蒙古地区的降水预报是可行的,但本文中MM5模式对降水的模拟结果与实况相比仍然偏大,其原因可能与模式的初始场和边界条件的处理有关,以及与所用资料的精度也是有一定联系。 相似文献
3.
对1981年5月9日伊犁河谷层积云飞机探测资料进行了分析。结果表明,伊犁河谷层积云的云滴谱谱宽为4~28μm,随着滴谱直径的加大,滴谱浓度呈对数减少;云滴浓度在云底部最大,云中部较大,云上部较小;云滴平均直径随高度的分布,在云底部迅速加大,云中部呈增加的趋势,云顶部呈减小的趋势;平均立方根直径随着高度的增加而增大,到云中部时达到最大,之后随着高度的增加逐渐减小;云滴含水量的最大值出现在云底部,随着高度的增加迅速减小。 相似文献
4.
对伊犁河谷春季高层云滴谱进行了分析。结果表明,1981年5月9日伊犁河谷春季高层云的云滴谱宽为4~48μm,云滴谱平均浓度随云滴直径的变化呈单峰型分布,云滴直径12μm时浓度最大,为2.8个/cm3;云滴浓度随高度的变化范围为0.2~10.5个/cm3,云上部云滴浓度大于云底部;云滴平均直径最大值出现在云的中下部,平均为10.5μm;云中部云滴平均立方直径最大,平均为13.8μm;高层云中上部液态含水量最大,平均为68.8×10-5g/m3。 相似文献
5.
利用2007年3月23日PMS机载云粒子测量系统所观测的河南层状云微物理资料,结合雷达、卫星、探空等资料,分析了云宏微观物理结构特征。结果表明,在云的暖层,FSSP-100测量的小云滴平均直径多在5～12μm,平均7.33μm;小云滴最大直径变化在14～47μm,平均27.80μm;小云滴总数浓度取值范围为47.73～352.00个/cm3,平均160个/cm3。在云的冷层,FSSP-100测量的小云粒子（包括云滴、冰晶）最大直径平均24.8μm;小云粒子总数浓度取值范围为0.899～641.000个/cm3,平均297个/cm3。机载King热线液态含水量仪观测云中存在过冷液态水,过冷云水含量变化在0.02～0.20 g/m3,平均0.093 g/m3。最大值0.202 g/m3,出现在4 368 m（温度-8.5℃）高度。云中粒子谱型主要为负指数型和单峰型。 相似文献
6.
北京地区强冰雹风暴的双偏振特征观测分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对2008年6月23日北京地区出现的冰雹天气过程,结合再分析资料(NECP)分析此次降水天气过程的天气背景,利用中国科学院大气物理研究所车载X波段双偏振天气雷达的差分相位移ΦDP、差分反射率ZDR、相关系数ρhV等偏振参量的图像和数值分布数据,得到此次强冰雹云的偏振参量结构和演变特征;然后利用模糊逻辑算法对强冰雹云粒子进行相态识别,结果与分析一致,表明双偏振雷达在强对流风暴云和降水微物理结构分析中具有重要作用。 相似文献
7.
基于Parsival激光雨滴谱仪和多普勒雷达资料对呼伦贝尔地区两次降水过程进行了分析,对比了层状云降水和对流云降水的雨滴谱特征值。结果显示了这两种云系降水的微物理特征差别,层状云降水与对流云降水过程中雨滴平均浓度分别为234.1个·m~3和568.25个·m~3,液态含水量分别为0.07g/m~3和0.36g/m~3,平均雨强分别为0.98mm/h和8.76mm/h,雷达反射率因子分别为22.67dBZ和38.4dBZ,平均直径分别为0.65mm和0.82mm,最大直径分别为1.54mm和2.01mm。 相似文献
8.
对安徽省滁州地区和大别山区的44个雨量站资料进行相关分析.结果表明,森林能增加大气降水,森林覆盖率增加1%,丘陵地区年平均降水量增加7.99 mm,山区年平均降水量增加约16.59 mm.森林对局地降水量影响大,对过程降水影响小. 相似文献
9.
徐小琪 《河北北方学院学报(自然科学版)》2023,(7):17-22+28
目的 降尘以不同形式存在于大气、水体、土壤和植物体内,作为物质交换的介质,通过食物链给人类身体健康造成威胁,为了调节云滴粒子半径,确定降尘过程的约束条件,数学建模分析云滴数浓度对大气颗粒污染物浓度的影响。方法 获取云滴数浓度半径表达式,得出云滴浓度越大其半径越大,分析巨盐核与准稳态质量、热量的扩散传输过程对云滴数浓度与质量产生的影响,从而调节云滴粒子谱分布情况;依据云滴本身与云滴数浓度对降尘影响的分析结果,确定云滴数浓度大可以降低尘粒表面张力,使尘粒被吞没。结果 云滴数浓度与大气降尘之间有最佳粒径比值,在该比值范围内云滴数浓度越大降尘效果越好。结论 采用该方法可以获取云滴数浓度与大气颗粒污染物浓度之间的关系,为降尘技术提供参考价值。 相似文献
10.
云降水物理研究与人工影响天气具有紧密的联系,云降水物理分析可以作为人工影响天气的理论依据,而人工影响天气属于云降水物理研究的重要成果。基于此,本文首先从积云、层状云、积层混合云等方面对云降水物理进行了分析,其次从人工防雹以及人工降雨两方面对人工影响天气进行了深刻研究,具有重要的理论意义与现实意义。 相似文献
11.
Flood or drought: how do aerosols affect precipitation? 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Rosenfeld D Lohmann U Raga GB O'Dowd CD Kulmala M Fuzzi S Reissell A Andreae MO 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5894):1309-1313
Aerosols serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and thus have a substantial effect on cloud properties and the initiation of precipitation. Large concentrations of human-made aerosols have been reported to both decrease and increase rainfall as a result of their radiative and CCN activities. At one extreme, pristine tropical clouds with low CCN concentrations rain out too quickly to mature into long-lived clouds. On the other hand, heavily polluted clouds evaporate much of their water before precipitation can occur, if they can form at all given the reduced surface heating resulting from the aerosol haze layer. We propose a conceptual model that explains this apparent dichotomy. 相似文献
12.
Particulate air pollution has been shown to strongly suppress precipitation from convective clouds over land. New observations show that precipitation from similar polluted clouds over oceans is much less affected, because large sea salt nuclei override the precipitation suppression effect of the large number of small pollution nuclei. Raindrops initiated by the sea salt grow by collecting small cloud droplets that form on the pollution particles, thereby cleansing the air. Therefore, sea salt helps cleanse the atmosphere of the air pollution via cloud processes. This implies that over oceans, the climatic aerosol indirect effects are significantly smaller than current estimates. 相似文献
13.
Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Andreae MO Rosenfeld D Artaxo P Costa AA Frank GP Longo KM Silva-Dias MA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5662):1337-1342
Heavy smoke from forest fires in the Amazon was observed to reduce cloud droplet size and so delay the onset of precipitation from 1.5 kilometers above cloud base in pristine clouds to more than 5 kilometers in polluted clouds and more than 7 kilometers in pyro-clouds. Suppression of low-level rainout and aerosol washout allows transport of water and smoke to upper levels, where the clouds appear "smoking" as they detrain much of the pollution. Elevating the onset of precipitation allows invigoration of the updrafts, causing intense thunderstorms, large hail, and greater likelihood for overshooting cloud tops into the stratosphere. There, detrained pollutants and water vapor would have profound radiative impacts on the climate system. The invigorated storms release the latent heat higher in the atmosphere. This should substantially affect the regional and global circulation systems. Together, these processes affect the water cycle, the pollution burden of the atmosphere, and the dynamics of atmospheric circulation. 相似文献
14.
15.
利用新一代非静力平衡中尺度数值模式WRF模拟,从动力、热力机制和微物理过程等方面分析了2009年4月30日08:00～5月2日02:00发生在华北地区的一次积层混合云降水过程。结果表明,水汽辐合主要是由西南暖湿气流提供,且西南暖湿气流区域的大气层结始终处于对流不稳定状态,为华北地区对流的发展提供了热力机构基础,而均匀上升气流场中的波动导致了对流云镶嵌其中;降水云系中冷云降水机制与暖云降水机制共存,主要降水由对流云提供,而播撒-供应机制可能是导致此次积层混合云降水的主要原因。 相似文献
16.
[目的]分析山东秋季一次积层混合云云物理结构。[方法]综合利用多普勒雷达资料、激光雨滴谱仪观测的雨滴谱资料、L波段探空秒数据以及其他常规资料,分析了2009年8月29日积层混合云云物理结构。[结果]这是一次典型的积层混合云降水过程,主体降水持续10 h,雨强最大为6.5 mm/h,一般雨强3.0 mm/h,雨强随时间有明显的起伏变化。雨滴浓度为5～300个,雨滴谱以双峰和多峰型为主。探空秒数据分析的云垂直结构显示,降水云以冷云为主,暖层发展不充分。多普勒雷达资料分析表明,整个降水过程可以分为4个阶段:降水前期、初始、发展成熟和减弱阶段,不同阶段的回波结构明显不同。[结论]该研究为探讨此次降水机制和人工增雨潜力奠定了理论基础。 相似文献
17.
18.
Braham RR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1959,129(3342):123-129
On the basis of presently available data, combined with present-day knowledge of the physics and chemistry of cloud particle development, it is possible to make the following generalizations about the mode of precipitation in natural clouds. 1) The all-water mechanism begins to operate as soon as a parcel of cloud air is formed and continues to operate throughout the life of the cloud. The ice-crystal mechanism, on the other hand, can begin to operate only after the top of the cloud has reached levels where ice nuclei can be effective (about -15 degrees C). Some clouds never reach this height; any precipitation from them must be through the all-water mechanism. In cold climates and at high levels in the atmosphere, the cloud bases may be very close to this critical temperature. In the tropics, approximately 25,000 feet separate the bases of low clouds from the natural ice level. 2) The number of large hygroscopic nuclei in maritime air over tropical oceans is entirely adequate to rain-out any cloud with a base below about 10,000 feet, provided the cloud duration and cloud depth is sufficient for the precipitation process to operate. Extensive trajectories over land will decrease the number of sea-salt particles, both because of sedimentation and removal in rain. Measurements show an order-of-magnitude decrease in the number of large particles as maritime air moves from the Gulf of Mexico to the vicinity of St. Louis, during the summer months. Measurements in Arizona and New Mexico show even smaller chloride concentrations, presumably because of the long overland trajectories required in reaching these areas. The maritime particles lost in overland trajectories apparently are more than replaced by particles of land origin. The latter are usually of mixed composition and are less favorable for the formation of outsized solution droplets. 3) Ice nuclei, required for the formation of ice crystals and for droplet freezing, are rather rare at temperatures higher than about -10 degrees C. This, of course, accounts for the fact that natural clouds undergo extensive undercooling. Because of the scarcity of suitable nuclei, precipitation through the ice phase usually is not found in clouds warmer than about -15 degrees to -20 degrees C. Natural cirrus clouds might provide ice nuclei for precipitation at somewhat higher temperatures, but this possibility has not been extensively studied. 4) Precipitation in tropical clouds invariably first develops through the all-water mechanism; points discussed in paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 above all work toward this end. Tropical clouds which reach to heights above about 25,000 feet also develop precipitation through snow pellets. The data for mid-latitude clouds are conflicting. Some measurements suggest that summer clouds in the central United States and in the semiarid Southwest develop rain largely through the all-water process; existing theories support such a suggestion. However, flight measurements indicate that there is considerably more ice and snow in the clouds than can be accounted for by present theory; as a consequence, one must be careful in ruling out the ice mechanism in these areas. It appears to me, however, that the ice particles in these clouds are best accounted for through the hypothesis of freezing of drops which have grown to fairly large size through diffusion of vapor. Thus, the ice would be only incidental to the precipitation development. Winter clouds in the central United States and almost all of the clouds of northern United States and Canada appear to precipitate largely through the ice-crystal mechanism. The relatively cold cloud bases and the continental sources of air masses in these regions appear to retard the warm-rain mechanism to the point where the ice mechanism dominates. But here again, a great deal of research must be completed before a firm conclusion can be drawn (18). 相似文献
19.
Smoke and pollution aerosol effect on cloud cover 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pollution and smoke aerosols can increase or decrease the cloud cover. This duality in the effects of aerosols forms one of the largest uncertainties in climate research. Using solar measurements from Aerosol Robotic Network sites around the globe, we show an increase in cloud cover with an increase in the aerosol column concentration and an inverse dependence on the aerosol absorption of sunlight. The emerging rule appears to be independent of geographical location or aerosol type, thus increasing our confidence in the understanding of these aerosol effects on the clouds and climate. Preliminary estimates suggest an increase of 5% in cloud cover. 相似文献
20.
Heymsfield AJ Thompson G Morrison H Bansemer A Rasmussen RM Minnis P Wang Z Zhang D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6038):77-81
Hole-punch and canal clouds have been observed for more than 50 years, but the mechanisms of formation, development, duration, and thus the extent of their effect have largely been ignored. The holes have been associated with inadvertent seeding of clouds with ice particles generated by aircraft, produced through spontaneous freezing of cloud droplets in air cooled as it flows around aircraft propeller tips or over jet aircraft wings. Model simulations indicate that the growth of the ice particles can induce vertical motions with a duration of 1 hour or more, a process that expands the holes and canals in clouds. Global effects are minimal, but regionally near major airports, additional precipitation can be induced. 相似文献