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1.
Distribution of indole-producing urease-negative pasteurellas in animals.   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
Three hundred fifty-six animal isolates of indole-positive urease-negative cultures of Pasteurella, which would formerly have been classified as P. multocida, were examined with respect to their relationship to the recently described P. multocida subspecies (ssp.) multocida, septica, and gallicida and P. canis, P. stomatis/Taxon 16, and Pasteurella sp. B. Two hundred sixty-three (73.9%) of the cultures could be identified with one of these taxa, and 93 isolates (26.1%), representing 17 different biotypes, were unassignable. Pasteurella multocida ssp. multocida was the predominant taxon throughout and in most of the 25 animal species from which isolations were made. In dogs, P. canis was the most frequent. Different degrees of host predilection were observed also in P. multocida ssp. septica for cats, P. canis for sheep, and 2 of the unassignable biotypes for cattle and dogs, respectively. Overall, the respiratory tract was the most frequent source of isolates, but a propensity of P. multocida ssp. septica for localization in the central nervous system of cats was noted.  相似文献   

2.
In this study, 15 bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV) isolated from the field in Turkey were characterised for their biotype, cloned and eventually analysed for their epitopic composition in terms of glycoprotein E2. Immunoplaque assay, plaque assay, limiting dilution and streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase techniques were used for biotype characterisation, cloning of cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp) biotypes and epitope analysis, respectively. While 14 out of 15 BVDV isolates were distinguished as ncp biotype, 1 isolate was found to be containing both biotypes (cp + ncp). According to the reactivity patterns of isolates with 15 monoclonal antibodies, 4 different antigenic groups could be formed. There were no antigenic differences between the isolates derived from the same animal with various time intervals. On the other hand, biotype clones isolated from the same animal exhibited difference in one epitope. This is the first study describing antigenic characterisation of BVDV field isolates in Turkey.  相似文献   

3.
Enterotoxin production by 194 strains of Straphylococcus aureaus isolated from animals and man was investigated. The organisms were also classified into biotypes, irrespective of sources. Human biotypes isolated from people had the highest proportion of enterotoxigenic strains (39%). The animal biotypes isolated from human beings were not enterotoxinenic, but 8.8% of the human biotypes isolated from animals yielded enterotoxin. About 18% of the animal biotypes isolated from animals were enterotoxigenic, while 25% of the untypable biotypes from all the sources investigated were enterotoxin producers. The predominant enterotoxins were A and B, with A accounting for 55%5% of the entrotoxins produced by human biotypes. Enterotoxins A, B and C were produced by some animal biotypes, and three canine biotypes produced enterotoxin combinations, BE, CE and ABE, respectively. From goat isolates, only four of the caprine biotypes were enterotoxigenic, including the only isolate producing enterotoxins B, C and E. The isolates obtained from horses and chickens were non-enterotoxigenic regardless of the biotypes. It is concluded that strains producing enterotoxins A and B may be responsible for outbreaks of staphylococcal food poisoning in Nigeria. The close association between man and his animals in this environment may account for the high prevalence (47%) of human biotypes in animals.  相似文献   

4.
Characters of Escherichia coli 078 isolated from septicaemic animals   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Twenty-one Escherichia coli isolates of serogroup 078 from animal septicaemia were obtained from laboratories in France, England and Canada. The bacteria were compared for outer membrane protein (OMP) patterns, lipopolysaccharide patterns, surface proteins of fimbrial types, biotypes, antibiotypes, colicin production, hydroxamate production and virulence in mice. Sixteen isolates from bovine, ovine, porcine and avian species in France and England had a similar OMP pattern. This characteristic associated with minor properties like surface proteins type, colicin V production and virulence in mice made these 16,078 E. coli isolates from 4 animal species, good candidates for the same clonal grouping. The five other bovine isolates with "Vir" or "31a" phenotypes were heterogeneous for most of the characteristics studied.  相似文献   

5.
A total of 444 samples of raw chicken meat (thighs, breasts, wings, livers, gizzards, hearts and ovaries) that retailed at 145 different supermarkets in 47 prefectures in Japan were examined for contamination with Staphylococcus aureus in association with its enterotoxigenicity. S. aureus was isolated from 292 (65.8%) of the samples, and from 131 of the 145 supermarkets. There was no significant difference in the detection rate of S. aureus according to the type of meat examined. About 80% of 714 isolates belonged to the poultry (57.1%) and human biotypes (22.1%). Seventy-eight (21.7%) of 360 isolates were enterotoxigenic and isolated from 78 samples in 53 supermarkets in 31 prefectures. Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced were SEB (50 isolates), SEA (14), SEC (8), SED (2), SEA+SEB (2), and SEA+SEC (2). Most of the enterotoxigenic isolates belonged to the human and poultry biotypes, coagulase type VII, VIII or IV, and were lysed by phages of group III. Identical SE types, biotypes, coagulase types and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were shown in isolates from different types of meat at the same supermarket and from samples taken from different supermarkets in the same prefectures or in isolates from samples obtained from several different prefectures. Among the 50 SEB-producing isolates, 27 yielded three similar PFGE patterns that differed by only a few fragments, suggesting that they were closely related genetically. The three patterns were found in isolates of samples that retailed at 17 supermarkets in 11 prefectures, indicating that they may be disseminated among raw chicken meat in Japan.  相似文献   

6.
A total of 314 clinical and non-clinical isolates of the genus Staphylococcus was tested for coagulase production and glucose and mannitol fermentation. The isolates were tested for thermonuclease production and agglutination by sera 17H and 61218, which were specific for human and canine S. aureus biotypes, respectively. All produced coagulase and fermented glucose. A majority fermented mannitol anaerobically except for the canine isolates. A majority of human isolates produced thermonuclease (64.3%) and most were agglutinated by serum 17H. There was good correlation between thermonuclease production and agglutination by serum 17H of human and bovine clinical isolates (86.6 and 80%, respectively). This was also true of clinical canine isolates agglutinated by serum 61218, of which 75% were thermonuclease-positive. Over half of canine isolates (52.8%) were thermonuclease-positive and most were agglutinated by serum 61218. Bovine and caprine isolates were 34.1 and 25% thermonuclease-positive, respectively, while ovine isolates were only 14.2% thermonuclease-positive. Isolates from these ruminant sources were also poorly agglutinated by either serum. It was concluded that a greater number of clinical human and canine biotypes of S. aureus produced thermonuclease than their non-clinical isolates, and that a majority of other animal isolates were negative for thermonuclease. Therefore, the thermonuclease test may not be very useful for confirming the animal origin of S. aureus isolates.  相似文献   

7.
This study describes the analysis of 432 isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). PFGE had a high level of discrimination with biotype 1A isolates (Simpson's Diversity Index 0.997), but with the clinically important biotypes 2, 3 and 4, the discriminatory ability of PFGE was so low as to severely limit its usefulness (DI <0.6). For biotypes 2, 3 and 4, 79% or more of isolates of each biotype were of just three different PFGE profiles. Because of this, four known outbreaks of yersiniosis would not have been identified by PFGE analysis. However, a previously unrecognized potential outbreak of yersiniosis caused by biotype 4 isolates was identified on the basis of a rare PFGE genotype with spatial and temporal clustering. We conclude that PFGE has a very limited application to the genotyping of Y. enterocolitica biotypes 2, 3 and 4, and inferences based on finding indistinguishable PFGE profiles among cases or between cases and sources need to be substantiated using alternative typing tools, or strong epidemiological evidence.  相似文献   

8.
The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution of Klebsiella species and phylogenetic groups in animal clinical samples and to determine the levels of antimicrobial resistance of animal Klebsiella clinical isolates. One hundred Klebsiella veterinary clinical isolates were identified using gyrA PCR-RFLP and rpoB gene sequencing as a confirmatory method. Klebsiella pneumoniae phylogenetic group KpI was dominant (78 isolates), but KpII, KpIII (K. variicola), K. oxytoca, K. planticola and K. terrigena were also represented. The relative frequencies in animal infections of Klebsiella species and phylogenetic groups were similar to those observed in human nosocomial infections, suggesting that similar ecological and molecular factors cause Klebsiella infections in both situations. Resistance was common against ampicillin (99%) and cephalexin (43%) but not against ceftazidime, ceftiofur, tetracycline, enrofloxacin, gentamicin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Thirteen isolates resistant to three or more antimicrobials or combinations thereof were found, but acquired antimicrobial resistance remains lower among animal isolates than among human nosocomial isolates.  相似文献   

9.
The Sensititre method specially designed for MIC determinations of animal pathogenic bacteria is evaluated. The MIC values of 251 clinical isolates belonging to different genera were determined by a modified Sensititre method and by a standard agar dilution method. Of all the compared MIC values, 90.7% were within one doubling dilution and 97.7% within two doubling dilutions. For ampicillin, oxacillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin and nitrofurantoin more than 96% of the MIC pairs compared with less than 90% for neomycin, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulpha-methoxazole were within one doubling dilution. With regard to organisms, the best agreement was for pasteurellae and the lowest for streptococci of which 95.8% and 87%, respectively, were within one doubling dilution. The Sensititre method modified for use in veterinary clinical bacteriology was found to be a reliable method for MIC determinations of common animal pathogens.  相似文献   

10.
Staphylococci were found in the tonsils of 121 (75.2%) of 161 cattle. There were 15 different species, 10 belonging to novobiocin-sensitive species. The most predominant species was S. simulans (79.3% of the 121 carriers), followed by S. aureus (20.7%), S. chromogenes (10.7%) and S. epidermidis (8.3%). The other 11 species were present in 0.8 to 5.8%. Twenty-six unidentifiable isolates were isolated from 26 (21.5%) carriers. Sixty-two (51.2%) of the 121 carriers yielded two to five Staphylococcus species together while only one species could be found in each of the other 59 (48.8%). Combinations of S. simulans and other species were most frequently encountered in 50 (41.3%) of the 121 carriers. Twenty-four (96.0%) out of 25 S. aureus isolates, 3 (42.9%) of 7 S. hyicus isolates and 45 (25.4%) of 177 coagulase-negative staphylococci (13 species and unidentifiable isolates) isolates were phage typable. Most of S. aureus isolates were lysed by bovine phages 119 (n = 16) or 116 (n = 5). Thirty-three (25.4%) of 45 coagulase-negative staphylococci typable isolates with Pulverer's phage set showed the phage pattern ph5/ph9/ph10/ph12/ph13/U4/U14/U16/++ +U20/U46. The tonsils of cattle thus appear to be a suitable environment for Staphylococcus species, particularly novobiocin-sensitive species.  相似文献   

11.
Antigenic diversity within a collection of 18 isolates of Dermatophilus congolensis from different Continents was examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by Western blotting with sera from cattle with clinical dermatophilosis using whole cell extracts obtained by three methods and one extract of extracellular products of D. congolensis. One of the methods involving the release of a lysostaphin-solubilized protein (LSP) of whole cells of D. congolensis revealed a number of discrete and easily-identifiable bands in SDS-PAGE which were found suitable for characterizing protein patterns and was, therefore, subsequently used for a comparative analysis of the proteins of all the D. congolensis isolates. Six electropherotypes (ET) of D. congolensis were identified among the 18 isolates using the protein profiles based on the presence of four protein bands at Molecular weights (MW) 62, 28, 17.4 and 16.4 kDa. The ETs were found among isolates from different animal species and from different sources with ET1 consisting of three bovine and two equine isolates; ET2, two bovine and three ovine isolates; ET3, two bovine isolates; ET4, two bovine isolates; ET5, one bovine and one ovine isolates and ET6, two bovine isolates. Immunoblotting of the extracts of D. congolensis isolates with sera from cattle with clinical dermatophilosis infection demonstrated protein bands of MW ranging from 9 kDa to 188 kDa. Sera from chronic dermatophilosis infection demonstrated a 28 kDa protein which was immunodominant in the LSP extracts of all the 18 isolates of D. congolensis tested while sera from mild infections demonstrated mainly the 62 kDa protein in the same extracts. However, many protein bands were demonstrated in surface membrane (TSMP) and extracellular protein extracts with sera from only mildly infected animals. The protein patterns observed in all isolates of D. congolensis revealed global antigenic similarities and distinct differences among isolates which could not be associated with either geographic, climatic or host factors. Also sera from infected animals from endemic regions of dermatophilosis could not differentiate isolates of D. congolensis. This suggests the possibility that such sera must have come from animals that had been infected by a multitude of D. congolensis strains present in the herd environment and strains an animal could have come across during the 'ritual' annual cross-country migration of the cattle herds.  相似文献   

12.
Two hundred healthy horses housed at 23 different farms and one clinic and 42 persons in close contact with these horses were screened for the presence of methicillin resistant staphylococci. Samples were taken from the nose and the pastern of the horses and from the nose and throat of the humans and incubated in selective media. Isolates were identified by standard techniques and their susceptibilities were tested using an agar diffusion method. Methicillin-resistant strains were tested for the presence of the mecA gene by PCR. In 45 horses (22.5%) and 15 humans (35.7%) mecA positive staphylococci were found. All isolates were coagulase negative staphylococci, except for one methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a veterinarian. Staphylococcus sciuri was the predominant species found among the methicillin resistant staphylococci (MRS) in the horses, whereas S. epidermidis predominated in the humans. From the horses, often more than one species of MRS could be isolated, resulting in a total of 175 mecA positive equine isolates. The equine isolates were predominantly susceptible to most antimicrobials tested, whereas the human isolates showed more resistance. In conclusion, no methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was found in healthy horses in the Netherlands, but methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci were found frequently. Further studies are needed in order to investigate whether horses can be a reservoir for MRS or the mecA gene for humans.  相似文献   

13.
Twenty-nine Staphylococcus sciuri strains isolated from free-living insectivores and rodents were comparatively analysed for their biochemical capacities and their SmaI macrorestriction patterns. The 29 S. sciuri isolates represented 21 different biotypes and 22 different SmaI macrorestriction types. This observation confirmed that S. sciuri isolates obtained from insectivores and rodents living in natural environments constituted a heterogeneous population. Cluster analysis revealed that the macrorestriction patterns and the biochemical profiles matched in some cases. However, S. sciuri isolates that exhibited the same or closely related biochemical profiles were also found to be associated with different macrorestriction patterns. Analysis of the 29 S. sciuri isolates for their plasmid content and their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents showed that most of the isolates were plasmid-free and susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested.  相似文献   

14.
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a common cause of salmonellosis in people in the UK. This study aimed to assess the degree of genetic diversity among animal and human isolates from UK, Wales and northern Ireland. A total of 250 isolates from humans (n=59) and animals or their environment (n=191), belonging to the most common phage-types, were fingerprinted by a combination of PFGE, PS ribotyping and plasmid profiling. The different techniques identified different degrees of polymorphism (PS ribotyping (52 types)>PFGE (22 types)>plasmid profiling (17 types)). A prevalent genomic clone, as well as a variety of less frequent clones are present for each of the phage-types. In most cases, the prevalent clones appeared within isolates from several animal species and from several geographical locations. The percentage of sporadic clones found in animal and human populations were very similar. There was not clear evidence of a higher degree of diversity for human or animal isolates. Some clones were found to be present in both human and animal.  相似文献   

15.
The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) biotypes and subgenotypes was determined from 131 BVDV positive samples from a diagnostic laboratory. The majority of the isolates were from Oklahoma; however, other states including Kansas, Texas, and Arkansas were represented. These BVDV samples were from submissions of 76 live animals and 55 necropsy samples. There were 131 BVDV samples represented by 117 noncytopathic (NCP), 11 cytopathic (CP) and 3 cases with mixed NCP and CP biotypes. The NCP isolates were more common (P < 0.05) than the CP and NCP/CP combination. The BVDV samples were segregated into three subgenotypes by differential PCR and sequencing of a viral genomic region, 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR). There were more BVDV1b subgenotypes 60/131 (45.8%) than BVDV1a, 37/131 (28.2%) or BVDV2a, 34/131 (26.0%) (P < 0.05). The organ system involvement included the major categories such as respiratory, digestive, mixed/multiple organs, abortions, and persistent infections (PI). All three BVDV subgenotypes were found in persistently infected (PI) cattle and respiratory diseases, both major requests for BVDV diagnosis. Only one of the 131 viruses was genetically similar to the strains present in U.S. vaccines.  相似文献   

16.
Blastocystis infection in amphibians was surveyed in three species of anuran and one species of urodele amphibians captured at two distinct locations in Japan. All three species of frogs were highly infected with Blastocystis, while 69 individual urodele newts, Cynopus pyrrhogaster, were negative for infection. Eleven Blastocystis isolates (47.8%) were recovered from 23 Rana nigromaculata leopard frogs. Twenty-three (92%) of 25 Rana catesbeiana bullfrogs and all (100%) of 24 Bufo japonicus japonicus toads were positive for Blastocystis. Two distinct populations of the toad and bullfrog showed a high prevalence (100 or 84.6%) of Blastocystis infection, while in two populations of the leopard frog only one population was positive for Blastocystis (84.6%). Three Blastocystis isolates from different species of the frogs were established. Since none of the three isolates could survive at 37 degrees C, a temperature tolerance assay was performed to assess the optimal growth temperature and to determine the range of non-lethal temperatures. During the exponential growth phase of 3- or 4-day cultures at 25 degrees C, three isolates were exposed to 4, 28, 31, or 34 degrees C for 3 days and then returned to 25 degrees C to monitor the cell growth. Based on the optimal growth temperatures and different ranges of temperature tolerance among the three new isolates from frogs and two known species, Blastocystis hominis and Blastocystis lapemi, it was established that the three isolates recovered from different species of frogs had different physiological features from B. hominis and B. lapemi.  相似文献   

17.
Temporal study of staphylococcal species on healthy dogs   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
During a 1-year period, specimens were obtained monthly from 5 hair coat and 7 mucous membrane sites of 11 healthy dogs. Among 804 isolates of staphylococci, 13 species were identified. Staphylococcus intermedius was the most frequently isolated (40.2% of total isolates) coagulase-positive species, and S xylosus was the most frequently isolated (17.3%) coagulase-negative species. Moreover, S intermedius was the most frequently isolated species from the 12 sites evaluated and was isolated persistently from 8 of the 9 dogs that completed the 1-year study. On the basis of a commercial identification system, 14 profile numbers were identified for isolates of S intermedius. However, 2 profile numbers accounted for a majority (70.9%) of the isolates. Specific S intermedius biotypes identified on the basis of hemolysis, coagulase production, beta-lactamase activity, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were found repeatedly in 3 dogs. Seemingly, S intermedius was a resident of the normal bacterial microflora of these dogs; however, the inability to isolate S intermedius from 1 dog during the study year indicated that not all dogs harbor S intermedius as a resident microorganism.  相似文献   

18.
Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, known to affect a wide range of domestic as well as wild animal and avian species throughout the world by causing either systemic or localized infections termed as ‘pasteurellosis’. P. multocida isolates are known to possess type IV fimbriae (pili) as one of the major virulence factors based on their role in adhesion to host surfaces and subsequent pathogenesis. In the present study, ptfA gene of Indian P. multocida isolates (n?=?8) originated from different animal (buffalo, sheep, goat, pig) and avian host species (chicken, turkey, duck, quail) were amplified, cloned, sequenced and compared with available ptfA/fimbrial protein sequences in GenBank/publications (n?=?22) to understand its variability with respect to geography/host/serogroup/disease specific patterns. Multiple sequence alignment revealed highly conserved N-terminus α-1 helix region and heterogeneous C-terminus (68–137 aa) comprised of β-strand regions (β1, β2, β3, β4) with conserved two pairs of cysteine residues. Interestingly, an existence of absolute homogeneity among the P. multocida isolates that caused haemorrhagic septicaemia in bovines and septicaemic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats was noticed. Pig isolates had 99.3 % homogeneity. On contrary, more diversity (35.8 %) was observed among isolates that caused fowl cholera in avians irrespective of identical capsular/somatic serogroup and similar host species. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of ptfA gene revealed formation of mixed clusters with isolates representing different disease conditions as well as serogroups irrespective of country of origin which indicated the possible role of cross-species transmission among different animal/avian species. The study indicated highly conserved and host specific fimbriae among animal species than relatively divergent fimbriae among avian species.  相似文献   

19.
The effect of sources of Staphylococcus aureus and plasmas, concentration of plasma, temperature and duration of incubation on coagulase-test results was evaluated. Using S. aureus strains of food origin, the value of plasmas in coagulase tests was, in order of superiority, human and rabbit greater than pig greater than donkey greater than chicken greater than cattle greater than duck greater than goat greater than dog. However, with staphylococcal isolates of animal origin the order was cattle greater than pig greater than human greater than duck greater than goat greater than dog greater than rabbit greater than chicken greater than donkey. Regardless of the source of staphylococci, horse plasma was found unsuitable in coagulase tests as it clotted spontaneously. The temperature (25 and 37 degrees C), and duration of incubation and type of anticoagulant had no significant (P greater than 0.05, X2) effect on coagulase-test results. It is concluded that in testing staphylococcal isolates from various sources for coagulase production, it is imperative to use plasmas from several animal species whenever practicable as staphylococcal biotypes display variable ability to coagulate different plasmas.  相似文献   

20.
A total of 218 isolates of Staphylococcus hyicus from pigs in eight countries (Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Japan, Korea, Slovenia, the uk and the usa) and 44 isolates from other animals in Belgium, India, Japan and the usa were examined for the genes encoding the exfoliative toxins ExhA, ExhB, ExhC and ExhD by multiplex pcr. The expression of the toxins was confirmed by immunoblot analysis, using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies specific for each of the toxins. The porcine isolates were from pigs with exudative epidermitis, pigs with other lesions and from healthy pigs, and one or more of the toxins could be found among the isolates from the pigs in all the countries. Toxigenic strains of S hyicus were isolated from both healthy and diseased pigs, but the chance of isolating toxigenic strains from pigs with exudative epidermitis was greater than from pigs with other lesions or healthy pigs. Of the 44 isolates from other animal species, only one isolate, from a hare from Belgium, produced ExhB, and one isolate, from a cow with mastitis from Japan, produced ExhA.  相似文献   

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