共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
为了探明烟蚜体躯的酶活性分布特征,对烟蚜羧酸酯酶(CarE)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的体躯分布进行了研究。结果表明:成虫的头、胸、腹羧酸酯酶的活性分别为19.80%、40.14%和40.78%;3龄若蚜的头、胸、腹羧酸酯酶的活性分别为13.50%、44.50%和42.00%;4龄若蚜的羧酸酯酶的活性分别为17.51%、41.67%和40.82%。成虫、3龄若蚜和4龄若蚜均以头部的活性最低,并且均极显著低于胸部和腹部(p0.01)。成虫、3龄若蚜和4龄若蚜的头部乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性分别占总活性的32.09%、32.00%和32.05%,并且头部活性显著低于胸部和腹部的活性(p0.05)。 相似文献
2.
Heinrich B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1970,168(3931):580-582
The sphinx moth, Manduca sexta, maintains its thoracic temperature within a degree of 42 degrees C while in free flight over a range of air temperatures from about 17 degrees to 32 degrees C. Tying off the dorsal vessel abolishes temperature control. Moths with tied off vessels overheat and then stop flying at air temperatures of about 23 degrees C. However, flight at this temperature is possible when the thoracic scales are removed. The mechanism of temperature control involves transfer of the heat produced in the thorax to the blood pumped from the dorsal vessel, and the subsequent dissipation of this heat when the blood returns to the relatively cool abdomen. 相似文献
3.
中华稻蝗不同体段镉与铅含量及抗氧化酶的比较 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
采用现场采样及室内测试方法,对中华稻蝗不同体段的镉与铅含量、MDA及H2O2自由基含量、GSH含量及其相关酶(GST、GPx、GR)活性、SOD及CAT活性进行了研究.结果表明,镉与铅含量均在胸部最高,其次为腹部和头部,后足含量最低.胸部镉含量分别是腹部、头部和后足的2.83、3.40和5.67倍,铅含量分别是腹部、头部和后足的1.29、1.39和1.41倍.GSH、MDA、H2O2含量及SOD、CAT活性均为后足最高,其次为头部和腹部,胸部最低.GST在4个体段的活性无显著差异.GR活性的顺序为头部>胸部>腹部>后足,GPx活性的顺序为头部>腹部>胸部>后足.进入土壤中的镉与铅经食物链转运后,在中华稻蝗体内富集,据此可将中华稻蝗作为农业环境中镉与铅污染的指示生物. 相似文献
4.
本文详细报导了大中华鱼蚤的口器、胸部、腹部、排卵孔及日本鲺的背甲、腹部、吸盘、口器及雄鲺副性征的超微结构,并对大中华鱼蚤口器各附肢在取食时的动作、功能及日本鲺雄性副性征的功能作了观察。 相似文献
5.
本文着重研究了木通食植瓢虫(Epilachna clematicola Cao et Xiao)卵壳以及幼虫体表超微形态,为其分类提供了依据。通过对其年生活史、发育起点温度、有效积温的研究,建立了不同虫期及全世代的历期预测式;测定结果表明:木通食植瓢虫在昆明地区一年发生2代,与野外实际发生情况比较,基本上是吻合的。 相似文献
6.
The aposematic cantharid beetle Chauliognathus lecontei produces a defensive secretion, from glands in its thorax and abdomen, containing 8-cis-dihydromatricaria acid. Similar acetylenic compounds are known only from certain fungi and flowering plants. 相似文献
7.
CLYNES M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1960,131(3396):300-302
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in waking man is described by differential equations which relate thorax circumference acceleration to instantaneous heart rate. Consequent experiments show that the arrhythmia is initiated by stretch receptors within the thorax rather than by hemodynamic or central factors, and that it is due mainly to superimposed biphasic inspiratory heart rate transients of about 15 seconds' duration. Analysis of respiration heart rate reflex provides a new quantitative physiological tool. 相似文献
8.
Interneurons involved in the generation of motor activity for flight in the locust were found in the first three abdominal ganglia as well as in thoracic ganglia. The evidence that sets of homologous flight interneurons occur in abdominal and thoracic ganglia supports theories that insect wings originated from movable appendages which were serially distributed along the thorax and abdomen and which were under central nervous control. 相似文献
9.
昆虫具有极其敏锐的味觉感受系统,昆虫的味觉系统对其取食选择、交配和产卵等多种行为反应起到重要的作用。荔枝椿平腹小蜂(Anastatus japonicus)作为膜翅目中一种重要的寄生蜂,具有防治荔枝椿象的作用。研究对荔枝椿平腹小蜂触角进行转录组测序,从数据库进行筛选鉴定得到5个味觉受体基因。借助RT-PCR对荔枝椿平腹小蜂的雌性触角、雄性触角、胸、腹和腿部味觉受体的表达量进行比较,发现Ajap GR58,Ajap GR49和Ajap GR64f在成虫的各组织部位表达量一致并均较低,而Ajap GR38和Ajap GR2的表达量相对较高,同时,Ajap GR38只在雌性触角以及胸部特异性表达,Ajap GR2则是在雌性触角、雄性触角、胸部和腹部均有表达,而腿部却不表达。通过系统发育树可以看出,Ajap GR58和Ajap GR49同源,与DmelGR33a,Dmel GR43a聚在一起,Ajap GR38与Dmel GR28同源,与Dmel GR66a聚在一起,说明Ajap GR58、Ajap GR49以及Ajap GR38处于苦味受体家族中,可能也行使苦味感知功能。Ajap GR64f与Dme GRl5,DmelGR64f同源并与Dmel GR64a聚在一起,同时,Ajap GR2与Dmel GR64a,Dmel GR64b,Dmel GR64c,Dmel GR64f以及Dmel GR5所形成的一类并聚在一起,说明Ajap GR64f和Ajap GR2处于甜味受体家族中,可能也行使甜味感知功能。 相似文献
10.
褐飞虱Yellow基因的克隆及功能 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】克隆褐飞虱（Nilaparvata lugens）Yellow基因（NlYellow）,研究该基因在褐飞虱不同发育时期和不同组织中的表达谱,通过RNA干扰沉默NlYellow了解其功能。【方法】使用网络版primer3设计引物克隆NlYellow,将得到的cDNA序列翻译为氨基酸序列后,与GenBank数据库中其他物种的Yellow序列进行同源比对,并构建系统发育树。采用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）技术,研究褐飞虱胚胎、1-5龄若虫以及成虫期NlYellow的相对表达量,并检测该基因在雌、雄成虫头、胸、腹、足、翅、卵巢和睾丸等组织中的相对表达量。向褐飞虱5龄若虫体内注射0.4 µg针对NlYellow的双链RNA,待羽化为成虫后观察表型。【结果】克隆得到NlYellowORF序列,通过序列比对发现它与豌豆蚜（Acyrthosiphon pisum）Yellow的氨基酸序列同源性最高(98%),但与黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）、家蚕（Bombyx mori）等物种的氨基酸序列同源性较低。系统发育树分析显示它与豌豆蚜的亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR显示NlYellow在胚胎期表达水平具有波动性,其中第1、3、4和5天中的表达量低于其他时段的表达量。此外,NlYellow在3龄和5龄若虫期表达量高于其他若虫期（P＜0.05）;该基因在雄虫头、胸、翅、足、中肠和睾丸中均有表达,但前4个组织中表达量相对较高（P＜0.05）;而在雌虫中,该基因只在头、胸、翅、足中表达。另外,该基因在短翅成虫中表达水平显著高于长翅成虫（P＜0.05）,并且在短翅成虫当中,雄虫中的表达量高于雌虫并达到显著水平（P＜0.05）。采用RNA干扰技术沉默NlYellow后,褐飞虱成虫整体体色变黄,胸、腹和足颜色变化尤其明显。【结论】初步推测NlYellow的功能是参与外表皮色素沉积,改变体色。 相似文献
11.
Thermoregulation in endothermic insects 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
B Heinrich 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1974,185(153):747-756
On the basis of body weight, most flying insects have higher rates of metabolism, and hence heat production, than other animals. However, rapid rates of cooling because of small body size in most cases precludes appreciable endothermy. The body temperature of small flies in flight is probably close to ambient temperature, and that of flying butterflies and locusts is 5 degrees to 10 degrees C above ambient temperature. Many moths and bumblebees are insulated with scales and hair, and their metabolism during flight can cause the temperature of the flight muscles to increase 20 degrees to 30 degrees C above ambient temperature. Curiously, those insects which (because of size, insulation) retain the most heat in the thorax during flight, also require the highest muscle temperature in order to maintain sufficient power output to continue flight. The minimum muscle temperature for flight varies widely between different species, while the maximum temperature varies over the relatively narrow range of 40 degrees to 45 degrees C. As a consequence, those insects that necessarily generate high muscle temperatures during flight must maintain their thoracic temperature within a relatively narrow range during flight. Active heat loss from the thorax to the abdomen prevents overheating of the flight motor and allows some large moths to be active over a wide range of ambient temperatures. Bumblebees similarly transfer heat from the flight musculature into the abdomen while incubating their brood by abdominal contact. Many of the larger insects would remain grounded if they did not actively increase the temperature of their flight muscles prior to flight. Male tettigoniid grasshoppers elevate their thoracic temperature prior to singing. In addition, some of the social Hymenoptera activate the "flight" muscles specifically to produce heat not only prior to flight but also during nest temperature regulation. During this "shivering" the "flight" muscles are often activated in patterns different from those during flight. The muscles contract primarily against each other rather than on the wings. However, the rate of heat production during shivering and flight is primarily a function of the action potential frequency rather than of the patterns of activation. Thermoregulation is a key factor in the energetics of foraging of some of the flower-visiting insects. The higher their muscle temperature the more flowers they can visit per unit time. When food supplies are ample, bees may invest relatively large amounts of energy for thermoregulation. While shivering to maintain high body temperatures during the short intervals they are perched on flowers (as well as while in the nest), bumblebees often expend energy at rates similar to the rates of energy expenditure in flight. Unlike vertebrates, which usually regulate their body temperature at specific set points, the body temperature of insects is labile. It often appears to be maintained near the lower temperature at which the muscles are able to perform the function at hand. The insects' thermal adaptations may not differ as much from those of vertebrates as previously supposed when size, anatomy, and energy requirements are taken into account. 相似文献
12.
茶茸毒蛾是云南省茶园上九十年代以来发生的重要害虫之一,它是一种能对茶园造成毁灭性灾害的新害虫。本文对茶茸毒蛾进行了形态特征研究,包括从卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫各个发育时态的形态特征;成虫的头、胸、腹、腿、翅脉的特征,特别是外生殖器的结构和形态特征作了描述并附了特征图。 相似文献
13.
Pulsating hemolymph pressures of remarkable magnitude for invertebrates are prevalent in the Pacific gooseneck barnacle. Mean pressures of 250 centimeters of water are common with pulse pressures up to 70 centimeters of water. The pulsations are distinctly rhythmical and the pulsation rate is highly temperature-dependent. The results strongly suggest that in cirripeds hemolymph is circulated by muscular contractions of a functional heart. 相似文献
14.
《中国农业科学(英文版)》2010,9(4)
A gene encoding a novel G protein β subunit of β1 subclass, GβMmed was isolated from Microplitis mediator (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The full-length sequence of GβMmed is 1 119 bp, the cDNA contains a 1 023 bp open reading frame that encodes a protein with 340 amino acids, and the predicted molecular weight of GβMmed is 37.23 kDa and isoelectric point is 5.86. By the quantitative real-time RT-PCR method, the tissue-specific expression and quantitative changes in the developmental expression profile of GβMmed were detected. It was found that GβMmed was abundantly expressed in M. mediator antennae, head (without antennae), thorax, abdomen, legs and the wings, and especially at high levels in abdomen. In antennae, expression varied through 1st day before emergence to 5-d-old adults, and had equal expression levels detected in females and males in total. In head, GβMmed expresses while initially high in females, and have another peaked in stage 4 and 1st day, in males showed a peak of GβMmed expression prior to emergence and relatively low levels after emergence. In female abdomen GβMmed expression levels have two peaks in stage 1 and the 5th d, but just have one peak in male abdomen in stage 1. In all other tissues expression was low and stable. 相似文献
15.
详细研究了甜菜夜蛾[Spodoptera exigua(Huebner)]在胚胎发育中呼吸、消化、神经、生殖系统的发育过程及特点。呼吸系统由中、后胸及1～8腹节外胚层内陷而成，到发育后期，中胸气门移至前胸，后胸气门退化；前肠、后肠分别来自原口陷和原肛陷，前肠分化为食道、嗉囊和前胃，后肠分化为前后肠和直肠，中肠来自中肠前基和中肠后基两群内胚层细咆，6条马氏管的末端插入直肠后端的肠壁内形成“隐肾”；腹神经索呈梯状，口道神经系出现额神经节和嗉囊神经节两大细胞群；原始生殖细胞来自极细胞，分两团移至胚胎腹部侧背面，被中胚层细胞包裹，形成生殖脊。 相似文献
16.
Gerould JH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1931,73(1890):323-325
(1) Premature reversal of direction of heart-beat in Bombyx was induced in spinning larvae and those about to spin by blocking the 3 most posterior pairs of spiracles with Brunswick black, in accordance with the experiments of Yokoyama. (2) This method and the injection of lactic and other acids paralyze the muscles of the body wall and heart in that region, thus preventing forward and permitting backward beating. (3) Attempts to produce periodic reversal in the larva in the early days of the 5th stage by Yokoyama's methods failed. (4) The application of ether, alcohol, or xylol to the 3 posterior pairs of spiracles, or immersion of these segments in alcohol, was effective in inducing premature reversal at the close of the 5th stage, exclusively forward beating being resumed as soon as narcosis disappeared. (5) Amputation of the posterior end of the body of the larva, including the end of the dorsal vessel in abdominal segments 7 and 8, did not prevent forward peristalsis. (6) Amputation of head and thorax from the abdomen of a pupa did not interfere with normal periodic reversal in the abdomen. (7) Thus periodic reversal in the dorsal vessel takes place without the intervention of any terminal ganglia. (8) The suggestion of Yokoyama and earlier writers (Bataillon, Fischer) that general acidosis initiates normal backward beating is not corroborated. (9) The metabolic gradient of the larval dorsal vessel is never lost, but intermittently neutralized in the prepupa, pupa and adult by increased metabolic action at two other points: the central node (in the young pupa) and the aorta with its mesothoracic pulsating vesicle (in the adult). (10) These gradients are adaptations to the large influx of hemolymph into the dorsal vessel at three principal regions. 相似文献
17.
Heinrich B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1979,205(4412):1269-1271
At high ambient temperatures, honeybees regulate head teriperature by evaporative cooling of regurgitated honeycrop contents. Thoracic temperature is secondarily stabilized as heat flows from thorax to head by means of passive conduction and physiological facilitation resulting from accelerated blood flow. The mechanism permits flight at the extraordinarily high ambient temperature of 46 degrees C without overheating the head and thorax despite prodigious amounts of heat produced as a by-product of flight metabolism. In contrast, at low ambient temperatures, thoracic rather than head temperature is regulated; no liquid is regurgitated, and the head is heated passively by conduction both in flight and while stationary. 相似文献
18.
【目的】克隆获得中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)Acer OBP14基因序列,并对其蛋白结构进行预测,分析其在不同组织和发育阶段的时空表达差异,为该基因的功能研究提供参考。【方法】以中华蜜蜂全组织c DNA为模板利用RT-PCR技术扩增和克隆获得Acer OBP14 c DNA全长序列,并提交至Gen Bank数据库;利用多种生物信息学软件预测分析其编码蛋白的理化特性和结构特征;采用MEGA5.2软件中的邻位相连法(neighbor-joining,NJ)构建Acer OBP14及其同源膜翅目昆虫OBPs的系统发育树;通过实时荧光定量PCR技术分析Acer OBP14在1、5、10、15、20、25和30日龄中华蜜蜂不同组织(触角、头、胸、腹、足和翅)中m RNA的表达情况。【结果】克隆获得了中华蜜蜂气味结合蛋白基因Acer OBP14的c DNA序列(Gen Bank登录号为KT24648)。Acer OBP14的开放阅读框(ORF)长度为408 bp,编码135个氨基酸,预测其蛋白分子量为15.08 k D,理论等电点为5.44,有信号肽,无跨膜结构,且第18—127位氨基酸之间存在一个昆虫气味结合蛋白家族PBP-GOBP superfamily保守结构域;存在多个比较明显的疏水区域,可能是脂溶性气味分子的结合位点;含有4个保守的半胱氨酸位点,属于Minus-C OBP亚家族。亚细胞定位分析表明,Acer OBP14属于分泌型蛋白,主要集中在内质网-高尔基体-质膜分泌途径上。Acer OBP14蛋白具有7个α螺旋,α1—α6属于典型OBPs核心螺旋,α7位于C端且暴露在蛋白表面。氨基酸同源序列比对结果显示,Acer OBP14与西方蜜蜂Amel OBP14的氨基酸序列一致性最高,达到86%;其次是大蜜蜂Ador GOBP56a-like,一致性为55%。系统进化树分析表明,同为蜜蜂属的中华蜜蜂Acer OBP14、西方蜜蜂Amel OBP14、大蜜蜂Ador GOBP56a-like、中华蜜蜂Acer OBP21和小蜜蜂Aflo GOBP56d-like聚为一个分支,切叶蜂属的苜蓿切叶蜂Mrot GOBP56a-like、侧沟茧蜂属的毁侧沟茧蜂Mdem GOBP83a-like、壁蜂属的角额壁蜂Ocor OBP3和熊蜂属的Bter GOBP56d-like和Bimp GOBP56d-like聚为另一大分支。荧光定量PCR结果显示,Acer OBP14在成蜂不同发育期的触角、头、胸、腹、足和翅中均有表达,其表达程度有差异。1日龄工蜂的胸部表达量最高,触角次之,且两者均极显著高于头、腹、足和翅(P0.01);其他日龄工蜂触角表达量均极显著高于其他组织(P0.01),其中20日龄工蜂的触角表达量最高。从各组织在不同发育阶段的表达量来看,触角的表达量在1日龄最低,极显著地低于其他日龄(P0.01);5、10日龄逐渐增加,15日龄突然下降,20日龄达到最高,极显著高于其他日龄(P0.01);之后又呈逐渐下降趋势。头、胸、腹、足和翅膀表达量总体上随日龄增加而呈下降趋势,5日龄之后大幅下降,之后趋于平稳且呈低丰度表达。【结论】Acer OBP14属于Minus-C OBP亚家族,具有PBP-GOBP家族的典型结构;组织表达谱结果暗示,Acer OBP14属普通气味结合蛋白GOBP,在中华蜜蜂中除嗅觉识别之外还参与其他生理功能。 相似文献
19.
The cardiac glycosides that monarch butterflies sequester from milkweed plants during the larval stage differ remarkably in their emetic potency and are concentrated to different degrees in the various parts of the body as well as in the two sexes (Fig. 1). The very high concentrations of these compounds in the wings probably facilitate learned taste rejection in predators and account for the relatively high frequency of Danaid butterflies with beak-marked wings in natural populations. The cardiac glycosides in the abdomen have a much higher emetic potency than those in the rest of the body. Consequently, naive, extremely hungry, or forgetful birds which capture and peck off the wings but eat the abdomen discard the least emetic glycosides and ingest the most emetic, and thus again experience emesis. The nonrandom distribution of cardenolides in the wings, abdomen, and thorax, together with the fact that monarch males not only contain lower concentrations of cardiac glycosides than females but also contain cardenolides that are overall less emetic than those in females, is interpreted as evidence that these poisons are incorporated at a physiological cost. This cost, balanced against the benefits of protection from predation, provides a selective basis for the occurrence of both emetic and nonemetic individuals in natural populations. Since birds can discriminate emetic from nonemetic monarchs on the basis of taste, it is not necessary to invoke theories of kind of group selection to explain the evolution of this kind of unpalatability. 相似文献
20.
张春玲 《山东农业大学学报(自然科学版)》1993,(4)
在扫描电镜下对16种瓢虫幼虫的气门结构作了观察,发现同种幼虫胸部和腹部气门结构相一致,不同种幼虫的气门可分为内闭式和外闭式两种类型;气门上的关闭或过滤机构有3种类型。气门及关闭或过滤结构具有种的特异性,并与类群食性有一定关系,表明具有形态和分类学及进化上的意义。 相似文献