共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
畦田灌水质量评价及水分利用效率分析 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：6
畦田灌水质量是影响作物产量和水分利用效率的重要因素。针对现有评价灌水质量存在工作量较大的问题,根据田间实测资料,利用SIRMOD模型、SRFR模型和田间实测方法分别计算灌水效率和灌水均匀度,结果表明根据较少的观测资料利用SIRMOD模型或SRFR模型也可对畦田灌水质量进行评价。根据模拟结果初步得出了在一定条件下单宽流量、平整精度和田面坡度对灌水质量的影响规律,并对不同规格畦田小麦全生育期的平均灌水质量对产量和水分利用效率的影响进行了分析,得出畦长45 m,畦宽分别为5.0和7.5 m的畦田在获得较高产量的条件下,水分利用效率由现状的1.10 kg/m3分别提高到1.38 kg/m3和1.35 kg/m3,从田间试验角度论证了对灌区较大规格畦田进行缩块改造的必要性。 相似文献
2.
新型氮肥肥料效应与氮素利用率对比研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
旱地和水田施用新型N肥试验结果表明,与普通尿素相比,施用腐殖酸尿素、木质素尿素和涂层尿素对水稻、小麦均具有明显增产效果,稻谷增产率为14%～16%,小麦籽实增产率为4%～17%,肥效为腐殖酸尿素≥木质素尿素＞涂层尿素。水稻对肥料N素利用率提高7%,差异达显著水平,小麦对肥料N素利用率提高2.7%～17%。 相似文献
3.
水稻氮素利用效率的研究进展及其动向 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15
本文综述了国内外有关水稻基因型、根系生长、物质积累、生理代谢、植株性状与氮素利用效率关系的研究进展。指出水稻发根力强、根系发达的品种有利于提高对土壤氮素的吸收能力;分蘖力强,齐穗期粒叶比大,抽穗后干物质积累量大,库容量大,结实率、千粒重、生物产量和收割指数高的品种对氮素的利用效率高;其生理学特征表现为硝酸还原酶、谷氨酸合成酶和RuBP羧化酶的活性高。总结了从氮肥种类与平衡施肥、施肥方法与肥水运筹、氮肥精准施用技术方面提高稻田氮肥利用率的有效途径。提出了提高水稻氮效率的研究重点,即建立水稻氮素效率间接评价的有效方法、突出水稻氮素效率的遗传规律与品种选育工作、协调氮素高效吸收与高效利用矛盾的栽培策略和深化以叶色为基础的高效定量施氮技术研究4个方面。 相似文献
4.
5.
Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho Roberto Luciano Coelho Tatiana Pagan Loeiro da Cunha 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(18):2532-2539
An experiment was conducted to develop a model of vegetative growth based on the nitrate concentrations in nutrient solutions using the nutrient film technique and to determine the best cultivar for each concentration. The chicory cultivars (“Pão de Açúcar,” “Folha Larga,” “Precoce de Trieste” and “Catalonha”) and the subplots corresponded to different nitrate concentrations (6.68, 10.0, 13.32 and 16.64 mmol L?1). There was an interaction between the evaluated factors, such that there was no similarity in the response of the chicory cultivars to the N concentrations in the nutrient solution. The most productive chicory cultivar was “Pão de Açúcar,” which exhibited 10.5% higher productivity than the average, and the least productive was “Folha Larga,” which showed approximately 8.5% lower productivity than the average. 相似文献
6.
Grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (1.) Moench has not been fully evaluated for its variability in nitrogen efficiency. A 2‐year study using 12 hybrids was conducted and nitrogen efficiency was calculated as: 1. total dry matter (DM) per unit N uptake (NE1), 2. total grain yield per unit N uptake (NE2), and 3. the product of NE2 and the grain N:stover N ratio (NE3). NE1 values increased with plant age and were significantly different among hybrids at all stages of growth. A 20% difference in NE1 was found between the least and most efficient hybrids at maturity. A significant hybrid x year interaction showed that the environment strongly influenced hybrid ranking. Hybrids which ranked high in one year often did poorly the other year and visa versa for NE1, NE2, or NE3. Each N efficiency criterion ranked the hybrids differently, although NE1 and NE2 appeared to be the most closely related. Hybrids generally maintained satisfactory values for NE3 if one parent (either male or female) had a high NE3 value in hybrid combination. Differences were more dramatic for partitioning of N between grain and stover than for NE values among hybrids. Due to environmental influences, it appears that at least 3 or more years of data may be needed in order to establish consistent trends for N efficiency in grain sorghum. 相似文献
7.
8.
油菜硼高效的遗传 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Field experiments were conducted to study the inheritance of boron efficiency in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) by evaluating the boron (B) efficiency coefficient (BEC, the ratio of the seed yield at below the critical boron level to that at the boron-sufficient level) with 657 F2:3 lines of a population derived from a cross between a B-efficient cultivar, Qingyou 10, and a B-inefficient cultivar, Bakow. Qingyou 10 had high BEC as well as high seed yield at low available soil B. On the contrary, Bakow produced low seed yield at low B status. Boron deficiency decreased the seed yield of the F2:3 lines to different extents and the distribution of BEC of the population showed a bimodal pattern. When the 657 F2:3 lines were grouped into B-efficient lines and B-inefficient lines according to their BEC, the ratio of B-efficient lines to B-inefficient lines fitted the expected ratio (3:1), indicating that one major gene controlled the B-efficiency trait. 127 F2:3 lines selected from the population at random, with distribution of BEC similar to that of the overall population, were used to identify the target region for fine mapping of the boron efficiency gene. 相似文献
9.
Manganese (Mn) deficiency is a widespread problem on the alkaline soils, particularly for durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), which is more sensitive than either bread wheat or barley. The existence of considerable genetic variation in current germplasm of durum wheat (a relative yield of 58% in Stojocri 2 compared to 15% in check cv Yallaroi) and the development of a consistent selection criterion (Mn content of 35‐day‐old seedlings) has made breeding for Mn efficiency feasible. The development of Mn‐efficient durum wheat would be facilitated if the mode of inheritance was well understood. F1 hybrid, F2, and F2‐derived families from a cross between Stojocri 2 (moderately efficient) and Hazar (inefficient) were studied under controlled‐environment conditions. F1 hybrid was intermediate to the parents, indicating incomplete dominance and dependence on external Mn concentration. Analysis of 110 F2 and 220 F3 single plants (including 20 F2‐derived F3 families) showed that the observed variance was in agreement with the expected variance of a population segregating for two genes. Chi‐square analysis of the segregation ratios of F3 families also supported the digenic segregation hypothesis. Currently Stojocri 2 is used in a breeding program for the transfer of Mn efficiency to commercial varieties, by backcrossing (two backcrosses retain about 88% of recurrent parent genotype). 相似文献
10.
11.
Resource use efficiency of field-grown sunflower, sorghum, wheat and chickpea: I. Radiation use efficiency 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Radiation use efficiency () is a crop parameter widely used in crop simulation models, derived here as the slope of the relationship linking crop carbon gain to cumulative intercepted solar radiation. Our objectives were to: (i) determine of field-grown sunflower, sorghum, wheat and chickpea, at three levels of aggregation—day-time net assimilation (A), daily net carbon gain as difference between A and night-time dark respiration (R) and biomass; (ii) assess the robustness of parameter in terms of ability to discriminate between C3 and C4 species, pre- and post-anthesis and impact of nitrogen status; (iii) evaluate the opportunity to normalize for climate. Field experiments were conducted in 1998 and 1999 in southern Italy. All crops were well watered. Sunflower and sorghum had two nitrogen application treatments, wheat only one and chickpea had no added nitrogen. Daily intercepted solar radiation was derived from measurements of daily incident solar radiation and the percentage of mid-day light interception. Closed-system canopy chambers monitored canopy gas-exchange rates. , expressed in terms of A, A − R or above-ground biomass, was linear over the entire growth cycle of sorghum and wheat, and up to anthesis in sunflower and chickpea, independent of temperature, vapour pressure deficit and radiation regimes. In sunflower, deviation from linearity was observed after anthesis, due to higher carbon cost in yielding oil seeds. No conclusions could be drawn for post-anthesis chickpea due to the interruption of the experiment caused by a thunderstorm. Overall results showed a great variability in values, independently of classes of species (C4 and C3), crops and nitrogen treatments. This indicates that the robustness of to predict biomass productivity in crop simulation models is constrained. Attempts to normalize by vapour pressure deficit (D), for reducing its variability due to climate and overlaps between crops failed. 相似文献
12.
Chang-Song Chen Qiu-Sheng Zhong Wen-Quan Yu Ming-Kuang Wang Zhi-Hui Chen 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(12):1797-1804
In pursuit of highyield, blind application of a large number of nitrogen fertilizer in tea plantation has not only seriously affected the quality of tea, but also resulted in environmental degradation. This study aimed to screenvarieties of tea cultivars with nitrogen efficiency. Twenty five different tea cultivars were collected and transferred into pot planting experiments to study their changes of total nitrogen and nitrogen utilization efficiency under absence nitrogen supply [0 mmol L?1 ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)] and normal nitrogen (6 mmol L?1NH4NO3). Comparison with normal nitrogen supply, the biomass, total uptake of nitrogenand nitrogen utilization efficiencyof most tea cultivars under nitrogen deficiency tended to decrease. The cluster analysis of relative indices (RI) of biomass, total nitrogen contents, and nitrogen utilization efficiencyindicates that the Fudingdahao (#3), Zimudan (#23), and Huangdan (#24) tea cultivars are not sensitive to nitrogen deficiency and it can greatly resist with low nitrogen supply. 相似文献
13.
Yingying Xing Wenting Jiang Xiaolong He Sajid Fiaz Shakeel Ahmad Xin Lei 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(19):2624-2641
Nitrogen (N) is a primary nutrient for crop growth. In most agricultural areas, crop production relies heavily on the supply of exogenous N fertilizers. Globally, a large amount of nitrogenous fertilizer is applied to achieve maximum crop productivity. However, N fertilizer application is costly and negatively impacts the environment. One way around these problems is to provide a new N-use efficiency (NUE) framework that promotes the efficient acquisition and use of N and high N translocation rates from vegetative organs to reproductive organs under reduced N inputs. This review integrates the current knowledge about the direct and indirect effects of soil properties, crop varieties, soil water status, soil N fertilizers, and soil microbes on N translocation. In addition, we explore strategies that specifically accomplish N translocation via mycorrhizal fungi. Finally, we discuss recent advances in plant physiology, demonstrating that N translocation is an effective target to improve cereal yields and NUE. Although the relationship between crop variety and N translocation is mostly unknown, understanding this relationship is necessary to select and breed crop varieties that exhibit high yields and N translocation efficiency. 相似文献
14.
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate factors contributing to phosphorous (P) efficiency of ornamental plants. Marigold (Tagetes patula) and poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherima) were cultivated in a peat substrate (black peat 80% + mineral component 20% on a volume basis), treated with P rates of 0, 10, 35, 100, and 170 mg (L substrate)–1. During the cultivation period, plants were fertigated with a complete nutrient solution (including 18 mg P L–1) every 2 d. Both poinsettia and marigold attained their optimum yield at the rate of 35 mg P (L substrate)–1 and the critical level of P in shoot dry matter of both crops was 5–6 mg g–1. After planting, plant‐available P increased at lower P rates to a higher level for poinsettia than for marigold, but no significant change was observed at higher P rates. Balance sheet calculations indicated that at lower P rates more P was fertigated than was taken up by the plants. Root‐length density, root‐to‐shoot ratio, and root‐hair length of marigold were doubled compared to that of poinsettia. Root‐length density increased with crop growth, and 10 d after planting the mean half distance between roots exceeded the P‐depletion zone around roots by a factor of 3 and 1.5 for poinsettia and marigold, respectively. Thus, at this early stage poinsettia exploited only 10% of the substrate volume whereas marigold utilized 43%. Later in the cultivation period, the depletion zones around roots overlapped for both crops. Taking into account P uptake via root hairs, the simulation revealed that this was more important for marigold compared to poinsettia especially at low P‐supply levels. However, increase of P uptake due to root hairs was only 10%–20% at optimum P supply. For the two lower P levels, the P‐depletion profile around roots calculated for 10 d after planting showed that after 2 d of depletion the concentration at the root surface was below the assumed Km value (5 μM) and the concentration gradient was insufficient to fit the demand. A higher content of plant‐available P in the substrate was observed for poinsettia compared to marigold in the treatment with P application adequate for optimum growth, because more fertigated P was accumulated during early stages of cultivation due to lower root‐length density of poinsettia. The observed difference of root morphological parameters did not contribute significantly to P‐uptake efficiency, since P mobility in the peat substrate was high. 相似文献
15.
Branimir Urlić Gvozden Dumičić Smiljana Goreta Ban Marija Romić 《Journal of plant nutrition》2016,39(3):389-398
Understanding the mechanisms of phosphorus (P)-use efficiency (PUE) may contribute to enhancing crop P nutrition because species growth variability at low-P is well known. The experiment was carried out to evaluate the response of kale genotypes to different P supply in randomized block design in three replications. Low-P supply led to a decrease in most parameters, whereas an increase was recorded in root growth parameters. Genotypes differed in shoot dry weight (DW), leaf area, root length and area, and shoot and root P content and concentration. Root traits significantly positively correlated with PUE. Genotypes Red Russian (RR) and IJK 17 were superior in terms of shoot DW production at low P supply, and had the highest uptake efficiency. Genotypes IJK 17 and 81 had the highest P utilization efficiency, while Vates blue curled (VBC) showed the lowest PUE. Genotypes had similar shoot P content and concentration at low P supply, but large PUE differences, implying the importance of P utilization efficiency. 相似文献
16.
17.
以水培方法研究不同施磷水平对不同基因型棉花4个生育期干物质积累和磷效率的影响。结果表明,无论低磷条件或是高磷条件磷高效基因型棉花的生物量明显高于磷低效基因型,磷高效基因型含磷量显著低于磷低效基因型,说明高效基因型棉花能以较低的磷积累较多的干物质。各基因型棉花均表现出高磷条件下磷吸收效率大于低磷,而低磷条件下磷利用效率大于高磷;磷高效型品种的磷吸收效率和磷利用效率均高于磷低效型。其中磷吸收效率表现突出的是磷高效品种新陆早19号,4个时期中,低磷和高磷条件的平均值分别是14.62、137.48 mg/株;磷利用效率能力较强的是磷高效品种中棉42号,低磷和高磷条件下4个时期的平均值分别是590.71、182.27 g/g。 相似文献
18.
Greenhouse studies were undertaken to determine the differential Ca absorptive capacity of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fruit of 7 selected cultivars. The cultivars were selected to give a wide range in differential cultivar response to Ca fertilization. Individual fruit were grown in a beaker containing a well stirred and aeriated nutrient solution of 125 ml containing an initial 1.5 mg of Ca. Water was replenished periodically to maintain a total volume of 125 ml. At timely intervals 1 ml aliquots were removed from each beaker and analyzed for Ca. The lowest Ca concentration to which the peanut fruit reduced the Ca concentration in the solution was taken as the Ca absorption efficiency. No difference was found among genotypes for Ca absorption efficiency suggesting other mechanisms of Ca nutrition or plant utilization as the important factors in the Ca nutrition of peanut fruit. 相似文献
19.
不同玉米品种水分利用效率的差异性研究 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
通过盆栽试验结果表明：12个品种在生物学产量、耗水量和水分利用效率上存在显著或极显著差异;12个品种的气孔导度与光合速率、蒸腾速率均呈直线相关,但气孔导度对蒸腾速率的相关系数＞气孔导度对光合速率的相关系数;品种间气孔调节能力为农大60＞中单2号＞陕单911;正常供水条件下三个品种的根冠比相差不大,中度胁迫根系的相对总量为农大60＞中单2号＞陕单911,在正常水分条件下,三个品种的根系导水率为陕单911＞农大60和中单2号,PEG中度渗透胁迫下根系导水率农大60增加了54.64%,中单2号下降了50.94%,陕单911下降了63.00%;渗透调节能力为陕单911＞中单2号＞农大60,三个品种的失水速度为陕单911＞农大60＞中单2号。 相似文献
20.
省域水资源可持续利用效率分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
我国正面临着严峻的水资源短缺、水质恶化和水生态退化问题,高效、可持续地利用水资源至关重要。为了通过省域之间的相互比较来提高我国省域水资源可持续利用效率,本文从水资源可持续利用的基本要求出发,以国土面积和Ⅲ类以下水资源量为投入变量,以地区生产总值和人口数量为产出变量,应用DEA(BCC)-Tobit两步法测算了中国26个省域水资源可持续利用相对效率,分析了影响省域水资源可持续利用效率的关键因素。结果表明,规模偏大与不合理用水导致我国省域水资源的可持续利用效率总体较低,综合效率均值为0.303,纯技术效率均值为0.592,规模效率均值为0.513。水资源可持续利用效率的省际差异很大,综合效率值的变异系数达1.010,效率提升的潜力很大。第一产业增加值占地区生产总值的比重、单位国土面积环保投资额和耕地占国土面积比重是影响省域水资源可持续利用效率的3个关键因素,影响系数依次为0.015 7、0.014 2和0.004 9。综合分析可知,在充分保护和持续利用耕地的基础上推进工业化、城镇化和农业现代化,调整经济发展结构,加大环保投资有利于提高省域水资源可持续利用效率。 相似文献